CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature

Foreign Literature

We investigated how sleep deprivation affected the impression of one’s own motion

(vection). Using a between subjects’ approach, we assessed the strength of vection, its latency,

and its length under two conditions: sleep deprivation and regular sleep. Participants in the sleep

deprivation condition went without sleep for roughly 20 hours. With the help of subjective rating

scale that the participants completed, we also tracked subjective sleepiness. Results indicated that

there was no difference in vection strength between the two conditions. Lack of sleep did not

have any clear effect on vection. Consistent with expectations, subjective drowsiness rose

dramatically after sleep loss. Additionally, only in the Normal-Sleep condition did perceived

drowsiness significantly correlate with vection latency and duration. Vection was unaffected by

lack of sleep. We come to conclusion that when people are not sleep of deprived, sleepiness can

enhance the perceived strength of vection. (Masaki, O. et. Al. (2015, November). Twenty-Hour

Sleep Deprivation Does Not Affect Perceived Vection Strength)

University students are growing more concerned about the negative impacts of

technology, including smartphones; as a result, bedtime and leisure time are staying up later and

later each night. Additionally, the availability and necessity of adding more part-time hours have

been taken into account. The goal of this study was to ascertain how the nursing students at

university A’s lifestyle, sleep habits, and level of daytime sleepiness related to one another. The

study was carried out in June 2015, after two months of courses, when it was thought that the

rhythms of student life were steady. Inappropriate or missing values in the responses were
disregarded. Only 71 of the 96 respondents collected data were deemed acceptable. The survey

focused on lifestyle, subjective sleep quality, and daytime drowsiness (using the ESS: Epworth

drowsiness Scale). (Miki, S. et. Al. (January 2017). Relationship between Lifestyle, Quality of

Sleep and Daytime Drowsiness of Nursing Students of University A)

Kids today don’t get enough sleep for a variety of reasons, including staying up late to

watch TV or play video games, using social media till all hours of the night, and having to stay

up late to complete their homework or participate in extracurricular activities. However, this is

not a good thing. For starters, a child’s immune system can be negatively impacted by

insufficiently sleep by altering the balance between cells that fight infections and cells that cause

inflammation. (Gellener C. (June 2018). Lack of Sleep can Affect Children’s Performance in

School)

When someone doesn’t get the amount of sleep, they require to feel awake and attentive,

they are said to be sleep deprived. How little sleep is required to be deemed sleep deprived varies

greatly among people. While some people, particularly children and young adults, are more

susceptible to the negative consequences of sleep deprivation, some people, such as older adults,

appear to be more resistant to these effects. Even though brief sleep disruptions are usually

nothing more than an inconvenience, a consistent loss of sleep can result in excessive daytime

tiredness, emotional problems, poor job performance, obesity, and a reduced sense of life’s

quality. There is no denying the value of restorative sleep, and managing and avoiding sleep

deficiency both require a certain degree of effort. (Kathleen, D. FNP. (2018, January 25).

What’s to know about sleep deprivation?)

Foreign Studies

According to James Zeitzer 2016, Inadequate sleep can influence students’ performance

the following day. Two consecutive nights of less than six hours of sleep can make a student

inactive and cause dizziness for the remainder of the week. Even if a student gets a full night’s

sleep the following day, researchers found that staying up later the night before bed is associated

with poorer performance. However, there is little difference when you go to bed an hour earlier

than usual. The web-scale study is responsible for the perception of the effects of sleep

deprivation in the real world, especially in students who are prone to this type of situation, where

people make up for last sleep with more coffee and naps and otherwise adapt to life

circumstances that limit sleep. (Zeitzer, J. (2016) Sleep Deprivation Suffer Performance Loss,

According to new study).

Insomnia can make someone grumpy or irritated, but it can also make someone anxious

and depressed. Lower level cognitive activities known as executive functions may also be

hampered by weakening of the frontal lobe of the brain. This may impair one’s judgement,

critical thinking, interpersonal interactions, problem-solving abilities, and organizational skills.

People who get less than seven hours of sleep each night have reaction times that are comparable

to those of people who have no sleep at all for one or even two nights. Errors, accidents, and

poor work performance result from this. (Peters, B. MD. (2013). What are the consequences of

sleep deprivation?)

For the development of memory, learning, decision making, and critical thinking, sleep is

essential. In order for critical cognitive processes associated to academic and maybe social
achievement in higher education to work at their best, sleep is required. Because of the

extracurricular activities the students participate in, one of their first daily routines to change is

frequently how they sleep, and usually not for the better. Young adults and college students are

particularly susceptible to sleep deprivation and poor sleep quality. Indeed, we know that getting

a good night’s sleep is important for maintaining mood, motivation, memory, and cognitive

performance based on research in other academic domains like medicine and biology. The brain

integrates new information and creates new associations while you’re sleeping. (El, D. et. Al.

(2015). The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on the Academic Performance)

Students who lack of sleep are more likely to react and interact with others about their

performance right away, which reduces worry, vertigo, and unproductiveness and helps them

perform better in class. Finally, it is well established that a variety of behavioral, psychological,

cognitive, and emotional issues are associated with sleep deprivation and lower academic

performance. (Nathan. 2015). The effects of Sleep Deprivation on Online University Students’

Performance.)

Local Literature

Philips, the Sleep Society of the Philippines, and Centuria Medical Makati hosted the sleep

apnea forum on November 10, 2017 to inform healthcare professionals about the diagnosis and

treatment of OSA, or obstructive sleep apnea, and the lifestyle factors that contribute to sleep

deprivation in the Philippines. Filipinos have one of the highest rates of sleep deprivation in

Asia, according to the 2016 Healthy Living Index survey; 46% of Filipinos report not getting

enough sleep, and 32% report sleeping for less than six hours each night.
 A group of students were given a set of math problems along with some advice on how to

answer them as part of a study. They were informed that there was a simpler solution-or a

shortcut-to the issues that they were supposed to identify along the route. Twelve hours

following the training, they were tested. Only 20% of the pupils who were not permitted to sleep

before to the math test were able to find the shortcut. Students who were given permission to

sleep for eight hours, however, fared significantly better. Of these, 60% discovered the shortcut.

Students with higher grades reported getting more sleep, going to bed earlier on school nights,

and having fewer sleep schedule delays over the weekends than students with lower marks,

according to a study by Wolfson and Carskadon utilizing a behavior survey with self-reported

grades of 3,000 students. Similar findings were found in other investigation. (Philippine inquirer.

(2015). Students need more sleep.)

According to recent study on college students’ sleep patterns, staying up late to study for

an early exam may not be beneficial for college students. According to a study released on

Monday in the journal Scientific Reports, college students were more likely to receive poorer

grades if they did not go to bed or wake up at regular intervals each day. 61 Harvard College

students participated in the study by keeping online sleep diaries for 30 days. Regular sleepers,

or people who went to bed and woke up around the same time every day, and irregular sleepers,

or people who had different sleep patterns every day, were the two groups that the researchers

found. Regular and irregular sleepers differed significantly in a number of ways, including grade

point averages. Students with very irregular sleeping patterns received scores close to zero, while

those who slept more regularly received higher ratings close to 100 using a special scoring

system that ranged from zero to one hundred. (Knight, V. (2017). Study links college students’

grades to sleep schedules.)

 According to studies, children (and consequently, adults) have been sleeping less and less

over the past few decades. It has been shown that adults who grew up with tight bedtime

regulations from their parents sleep more than an hour longer than those who did not. A healthy

adult’s body chemistry will resemble that of someone who is literally twice his age if they are

deprived of sleep for six consecutive days, according to other research, and it will take them a

full week to bring their metabolism back to normal. (The Philippine Star) Velasco, B. (2015).

This nation is sleep-deprived).

Local Studies

Naturally, you wouldn’t want to wait for the extended version if your body is already

experiencing negative effects over the short term. Your immune system will be weakened by

ongoing sleep deprivation, making you more susceptible to major health issues. Chronic sleep

deprivation alters how your body uses glucose, which can result in adult-onset diabetes. Your

blood pressure and heart rate rise, which causes inflammation and raises your chance of

developing heart disease. Decreased levels of leptin, a hormone that makes you feel full, increase

your risk of gaining weight and obesity. The hormone ghrelin, which increase hunger, must be

dealt with; you may now understand why you have late night desires for fast food. And what’s

this? (Castro, M. (2017, July 18). Get the Zzzs Back in Your Life)

Lack of sleep can significantly reduce a person’s overall quality of life. Even if a bad night’s

sleep once in a while is not a serious issue in and of itself, persistent sleep deprivation can be.

Sleep restoration cannot be replaced. A considerable amount of caution should be exercised to

avoid sleep deprivation persisting in people of all ages. We are not in this world because we must
fulfill the obligations placed before us; rather, these obligations are the obvious reasons why we

require restful sleep. You can accomplish those goals with quality sleep care. (Tan, R. (July 19).

The Importance of Sleep)

The CDC also noted in Education that “respondents with a college degree or higher had the

highest prevalence of healthy sleep duration, at 71.5 percent.” Consider auditing a few classes or

pursuing an advanced degree if you frequently find yourself tossing and turning at night.

According to recent climate change research from Harvard, fewer hours of sleep associated with

rising temperatures. And a recent study found that air pollution, particularly nitrogen dioxide, has

an effect on how well we sleep. In addition to the additional stresses that come with living in

busy metropolitan areas, city people in particular are at danger. Data from the World Health

Organization show that since 2011, air pollution has grown by 8% worldwide, released by the

organization last year. (Zipkin, N. (2017, December 17). 15 Unexpected Things That Are

Stealing Your Sleep)

You undoubtedly already know that not getting enough sleep can lead to major health

problems, but you may not be aware that it can also negatively impact your relationships, your

chances of finding love, and this case, your sense of loneliness. Researchers from the University

of California discovered that sleep-deprived persons had a propensity to avoid social situations

and interactions, much like those who are coping with social anxiety, according to a recent study

that was highlighted on The Sleep Doctor. At first, it could seem commonplace-after all, who

doesn’t have those leisurely days at work when nobody can bother you? However, research

indicated that being Puyat all the time could make you socially “undesirable” to your peers.

(Owen, J. C (2019, May 27). Being Puyat All the Time Can Make You Feel Lonely, Says

Research Lack of sleep could affect your social life, too)