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CHAPTER 1, 1.2 Integration of Trigonometric Functions
CHAPTER 1, 1.2 Integration of Trigonometric Functions
CHAPTER 1, 1.2 Integration of Trigonometric Functions
1
� sin 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐵𝐵 = � cos 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 − cos 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵
2
1
� sin 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐵𝐵 = � sin 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 + sin 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵
2
1
� cos 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐵𝐵 = � cos 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 + cos 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵
2
sin ax
Example: Solve sin 5 x cos 3 x dx
∫ ∫ cos ax
= dx
a
+C
Solution:
1
S2
∫ sin 5 x cos
= 3 x dx ∫ [sin 2 x + sin 8 x ] dx
2
1
=
2 ∫ sin 2 x dx + ∫ sin 8 x dx
1 cos 2 x cos8 x
S1 = − +− + C
1 2 2 8
sin A cos= B [sin( A − B) + sin( A + B)]
2 1 1
− cos 2 x − cos8 x + C
=
1
sin 5 x cos=
3x
2
( ) (
sin 5 x − 3x + sin 5 x + 3x
) 4 16
1
= [sin 2 x + sin 8 x ]
2 DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 9
SUM AND DIFFERENCE FORMULA − cos ax
∫ sin=
ax dx
a
+C
sin ax
Example: Solve cos 6 x cos 4 x dx ∫
∫ cos ax
= dx
a
+C
Solution: S2 1
∫ cos 6 x =
cos 4 x dx ∫ [cos 2 x + cos10 x ] dx
2
1
S1 =
2 ∫ cos 2 x dx + ∫ cos10 x dx
1
cos A cos
= B [cos( A − B) + cos( A + B)] 1 sin 2 x sin10 x
= + +C
2
2 2 10
1
cos 6 x cos=
4x
2
( ) (
cos 6 x − 4 x + cos 6 x + 4 x
) 1 1
= sin 2 x + sin10 x + C
1 4 20
= [ cos 2 x + cos10 x ]
2
sin ax
Example: Solve sin 7 x sin 4 x dx
∫ ∫ cos ax
= dx
a
+C
Solution: 1
S2
∫ sin 7 x= ∫ [cos 3x − cos11x ] dx
sin 4 x dx
2
1
S1 = ∫ cos 3 x dx − ∫ cos11x dx
2
1 sin 3 x sin11x
= − +C
1 2 3 11
sin A sin
= B [cos( A − B) − cos( A + B)]
2 1 1
= sin 3 x − sin11x + C
1
sin 7 x sin=4x
2
( ) (
cos 7 x − 4 x − cos 7 x + 4 x
) 6 22
1
= [ cos 3 x − cos11x ]
2
DR WANMUNIRAH UITM PG 12
How to solve the integrals of POWER of sine
and cosine?
Integrals of power of sine and cosine generally has the form of
𝑚𝑚 and 𝑛𝑛 are
EVEN
∫ sin x cos x dx
m n
• Reduce both powers of sin 𝑥𝑥
and cos 𝑥𝑥 by using:
1
𝑚𝑚 is ODD 𝑛𝑛 is ODD
2
sin= x (1 − cos 2 x )
2
1
• Split off a factor of 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 • Split off a factor of 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙
2
cos= x (1 + cos 2 x )
2
• Apply the identity: • Apply the identity:
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥 • Apply the identity:
• Substitute 𝒖𝒖 = 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 • Substitute 𝒖𝒖 = 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 or
• Integrate • Integrate 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥
• Integrate
Solution:
S1
∫ sin 3 x cos 2 x dx = ∫ sin 2 x sin x cos 2 x dx
m ( the power of sine) is odd
Split of the factor of sin x
Solution:
S1
∫ ∫
2 3 2 2
sin x cos x dx = sin x cos x cos x dx Split of the factor of cos x
( x ) cos x dx
n ( the power of cosine) is odd
∫
2 2
S2 = sin x 1 − sin Apply the relevant identity
sin 2 x + cos 2 x =
1
let u = sin x ⇒ cos 2 x =
1 − sin 2 x
S3 Substitute u
du = cos x dx
with sin x
𝑢𝑢3 𝑢𝑢5
= � 𝑢𝑢2 (1 − 𝑢𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − + 𝑐𝑐
3 5
S4 1 1
2 𝑢𝑢4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= � 𝑢𝑢 − = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠5 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐
3
3 5
S2
π
2 Apply the relevant identity
π
Example: Evaluate
∫
2 2
sin x cos x dx 12 sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1
0 = ∫
40
(1 − cos 2 x ) dx
2
⇒ sin 2
x =1 − cos 2
x
Solution:
π π
2
S1 12 2 WRONG CONCEPT:
∫ sin x cos x dx = ∫ sin 2 x dx
2 2
m and n are even
40 sin 2 2 x = 2 sin x
0 sin 2 2 x + cos 2 2 x =
1
π
π
2
1 1 ⇒ sin 2 2 x =
1 − cos 2 2 x
1 2
1
= ∫0 2 (1 − cos 2 x ) (
⋅ 1 + cos 2 x ) =
dx
(1 − cos 4 x ) dx
2
Use the formula to reduce
4 ∫0 2
π
the power of sin 𝑥𝑥 and cos 𝑥𝑥 π
12 Use the formula to reduce the power of sin 𝑥𝑥
= ∫ (1 − cos 2 x ) ⋅ (1 + cos 2 x ) dx 1 2
40 = ∫ (1 − cos 4 x ) dx sin 2 =
x
1
( 1 − cos 2 x )
π
80 2
12 π
= ∫ (1 + cos 2 x − cos 2 x − cos 2 x ) dx
2
1 sin 4 x 2 ⇓
40 = x − 1
8 4 0 sin 2 2=
x
2
(
1 − cos 4 x )
DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 16
INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF SINE AND COSINES
π
2
Example: Evaluate
∫
2 2 Remark:
sin x cos x dx
0
1. The calculation should be in
RADIAN
Solution: 2. The integration can be a single
π π function
S3
2
1 sin 4 x 2 ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 or ∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
∫0 sin x cos x=
2 2
dx x−
8 4 0
π
sin 4
1 π
2 sin 4 ( 0 )
= − −0−
8 2 4 4
1 π 0 0
= − −
0 −
8 2 4 4
π NOTE:
= The calculation
16 should be in radian
17
DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH
INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF SINE AND COSINES
1 substitute u = sin x
Example: Evaluate∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 3 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑢𝑢 = sin 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
Solution:
= � 𝑢𝑢3 (1 − 𝑢𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
m, n ( the power of sin and cosine) is odd, choose either 01
one Substitute u
= � 𝑢𝑢3 − 𝑢𝑢5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Split of the factor of cos x 0
with sin x
1
= ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢4 𝑢𝑢6 1
=[ − ]0
4 6
2 2
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠4 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠6 𝑥𝑥 1
Apply the relevant identity, 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 =[
4
−
6
]0
1
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠4 1 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠6 1 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠4 0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠6 0 1
=[ − − − ]0
= � 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3 𝑥𝑥 (1 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥 ) cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 4 6 4 6
0
= 0.0662
𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒏𝒏−𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒙𝒙 𝒏𝒏 − 𝟐𝟐
If m is odd 𝒏𝒏
� 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = + � 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒏𝒏−𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏 𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏
o Split off a factor of sec 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝑥𝑥 (m-1)
o Apply the relevant identity, 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝑥𝑥 − 1
If m or n ∉ ℛ, ℛ +
o Substitute u = sec 𝑥𝑥
• Write in terms of since and cosines
o Integrate
∫ tan x sec x dx
m n
• Use formula to reduce power
to 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙
• Apply the identity
𝑛𝑛 is EVEN
𝑚𝑚 is ODD • Integrate
Solution: 1 + tan 2 x =
sec 2 x
∫ ∫
4 2 2
S1 tan 2 x sec 2 x dx = tan 2 x sec 2 x sec 2 x dx Split of the factor of 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝑥𝑥
n ( the power of secant) is even
1 + tan 2 2 x =
sec 2 2 x
= ∫ tan 2 x sec 2 x sec 2 x dx
2 2
S2
= ∫ tan 2 x sec 2
2 x ( tan 2
2 x + 1) dx 1 3
Substitute u
with tan 2x
let u = tan 2 x
=
S4
2 ∫ u + u du
S3
1 1 u4 u2
=du 2sec 2 2 x dx ⇒= du sec 2 2 x dx = + +C
2 2 4 2
1
( ) 2x
4 2
1 tan 2 x tan
∫
2
= u u + 1 du S5 = + +C
2
2 4 2
1 3
=
2 ∫ u + u du 1 1
= tan 4 2 x + tan 2 2 x + C
DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 8 4 21
INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF TANGENT AND SECANT
Example: Evaluate ∫
3 5
tan x sec x dx
Solution:
∫ ∫
3 5 2 4
S1 tan x sec x dx = tan x tan x sec x sec x dx
1 + tan 2 x =
sec 2 x
= ∫ tan 2 x sec 4 x sec x tan x dx ⇒ tan 2 x = sec 2 x − 1
S2
π
3 If m is even or n is odd
Example: Evaluate
∫ x dx
2
tan Apply relevant identity,
0
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 or
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥 or
Solution:
π π 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝑥𝑥 − 1
S1 3 3
x dx ∫ ( sec
∫ tan=
2 2
x − 1) dx 1 + tan 2 x =
sec 2 x
S2 0 0 ⇒ tan 2 x = sec 2 x − 1
π
S3 = [ tan x − x ]03
π π
= tan − − tan ( 0 ) − 0
3 3
= 1.7321 − 1.0472
The calculation should be
= 0.6849 in RADIAN
sec x
Example: Evaluate ∫ 2
dx
tan x let u = sin x
S2 du = cos x dx
Solution:
sec x cos x
= ∫ 2 dx
∫ tan 2 x dx = ∫ sec x ( tan x ) dx
−2
sin x
−2 1
1 sin x = ∫ 2 dx
S1 =∫ dx u
cos x cos x S4
2 = ∫ u −2 dx
1 cos x sec x 1
=∫ dx u −2 +1 ∴∫ dx =
− +C
cos x sin x =S3 +C
2
tan x sin x
cos x −2 + 1 =− cos ecx + C
= ∫ 2 dx u −1
sin x = +C
WRONG CONCEPT: −1
1
( )
2
sin x = sin x 2 =− + C
u
DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 24
INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF TANGENT AND SECANT
𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒏𝒏−𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒙𝒙 𝒏𝒏 − 𝟐𝟐
Solution: 𝒏𝒏
� 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 =
𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏
+
𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏
� 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒏𝒏−𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
By Alternative Method
3
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 3−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥 3−2
� 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = + � 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 3−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3−1 3−1
sec 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥 1
= + � sec 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 2
Answer
Answer