Goals

This document provides labeling guidelines that will inform classification of political content and related categories.

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Labeling Guidelines

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1. Can you evaluate this post?

a. Yes

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b. No

2. If this post cannot be evaluated, please select the reason(s) why:

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a. No content to review

b. Broken image
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c. The video is not playing

d. Broken URL

e. The post is in a foreign language

f. The job keeps loading

g. Sensitive content

h. Hashtag baiting
nf

i. Some other reason: [please describe]

3. [REVISED] Is this post about a law or proposed legislation, policy, regulation, or judicial
decision?

a. Yes

b. No
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4. [REVISED] Is this post about an election, proposition, ballot measure, or referendum?

a. Yes

b. No

5. [REVISED] Is this post about people or organizations (including political parties) who are or
have been involved in making laws, policies or regulations, or judicial decisions OR who are
or have been involved in elections, referendums, propositions, or ballot measures?

a. Yes

b. No

6. [OMITTED]

7. [OMITTED]

8. [OMITTED]
 9. Is this post about off-platform (i.e., not on Facebook or Instagram) protests, demonstrations,
appeals to government officials, or other efforts to influence or respond to laws, proposed
legislation, policies or regulations, or judicial decisions?

a. Yes

b. No

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10. Is this post created by or sharing information from a government department or
agency about public programs or services?

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a. Yes

b. No

11. Is this post created or sharing information from a government department or agency to
provide information about an event or (possibly developing) situation?

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b. No

12. Is this post about interactions between people from different countries (not including formal
interactions between governments)?
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a. Yes

b. No

13. Is this post about interactions between governments of different countries (or, competing
governments for the same country or territory)?

a. Yes

b. No

14. [REVISED] Does this post explicitly identify a problem that may becaused by the action or
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inaction of others, and/or society, in general?

a. Yes

b. No

15. [OMITTED]
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16. [OMITTED]

17. Is this post about non-political fundraising, volunteering, or other community organizing efforts?

a. Yes

b. No

18. Is this post about individual civic actions, service, or citizenship?

a. Yes

b. No

19. Does this post explicitly refer to an opposing party or group, contention/dispute over a law, proposed
legislation, policy, or judicial decision, or other people who may hold a different opinion?

a. Yes
 b. No

20. [REVISED] Is this post about one of the following topics? (Select all that apply)

a. Health (e.g., physical wellness; disease and disorders; reproductive health; healthcare
access; COVID)

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b. Wellbeing (e.g., social, emotional, mental wellness; self-esteem; mental health;
physical safety & security)

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c. Environment (e.g., environmentalism; climate change; animal protection and welfare;
agriculture; food production)

d. Economic conditions (e.g., inflation; recession; employment & economic opportunity;

fair labor & labor organization; housing access; food security; poverty; technology
access; transportation access; fuel prices)

3814 nt e. Education (e.g., schools; education access/opportunity; education quality; curriculum)

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f. Global conflict and peace (e.g., international relations; military conflict, conflict
resolution; immigration; migration/diaspora)

g. Natural disasters, humanitarian crises (e.g., hurricanes, flooding, earthquakes,

famine, refugee crises)
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h. Human rights & freedoms (e.g., privacy; freedom of assembly; journalist freedom;
legal protections; racial and ethnic equity & justice; disability rights; LGBTQIA+ rights)

i. Something else

[END]
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Detailed Guidance + Examples

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A. How to Review a Post

A post may contain only text, or text with a photo/photo albums, a link, or a video. It's important to review the post in its
entirety — that is, consider any text in conjunction with any media to fully understand the post's meaning. For example,
think about how a photo might be interpreted *in combination with* any text that's present.

Important note about linked content: While linked content may provide important context to a post, responses to
labeling guideline questions should be based primarily on content that is visible in the post (e.g., post text, content
previews, including headlines and summary text).

If the posts contains:

1. a photo/photo album, consider the photo(s), including any overlaid text, as well as any text
appearing above the photo/album.

2. text only, consider the text (including emojis) in the post.

 3. a link, click on the link and quickly scan the content on the page. As noted above, while linked
content may provide important context, responses to labeling guideline questions should be based
primarily on content that is visible in the post (e.g., post text, content previews, including headlines
and summary text). Responses to labeling questions should not incorporate content that is only
present in linked content.

4. a video, follow this guidance:

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a. For videos 90 seconds (1:30) or less in length, watch the entire video. For videos
longer than 90 seconds, you should watch at least the first 30 seconds, middle 30

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seconds, and final 30 seconds.

b. Consider the video content you watched in conjunction with the following:

i. Review the cover photo of the video for content related to Political/Social
Issues Topics.

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ii. Skim thumbnails (if available) at the bottom. If anything appears to be
related to Political/Social Issues Topics, jump to that timestamp and
watch about 15 seconds to verify.

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iii. If the video transcript is available, scan the text for Political/Social Issue
Topics. You may also jump to the timestamp and watch about 15
seconds to verify.
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iv. Always consider the video content in conjunction with any
accompanying text in the post itself.

C. Side Search Tips

Side search is an essential part of evaluating any post. Here are some tips on how to conduct side searches:
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• Please refer to Facebook Pages, first. Pages typically include short descriptions about the
Page/Entity in the “About” tab. Then, if there are names or phrases in a post that you do not
understand, you should look them up using a third-party search engine like Google or Bing.

• When a post contains only a photo without any caption, you may need to do a third-party search
engine’s Images search and read the accompanying text of the results to gain context.
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• Please use an incognito / private window when performing a side search. We do not want your
browser history to influence the results.

• Prioritize trusted / authoritative sources rather than blogs and other sites that can have a heavy
biased opinion on a topic. Examples of trusted / authoritative sources include the following:

o Recognized Sources - Recognized sources include pieces from credible publications,

established institutions, and industry experts. This could include government (.gov)
and educational or university websites (.edu). It could also include respected
publications like the Harvard Business Review, or sites by industry leaders like the
Google Webmaster Central Blog.

o Scholarly Sources - These are archived in academic and publicly accessible

databases, such as Google Scholar. To get published, these articles typically undergo
evaluations by qualified scholars and field experts.

o Credible News Sources - Keep in mind, the reliability of news outlets can vary
dramatically. Credible news sources include well-known trusted publications.
 • Please skim through the article / site and do not only read the headline as headlines can sometimes
be misleading. While skimming through the site, evaluate the source using the CRAP test to
evaluate the site’s credibility:

o Currency - How recently was the information published or updated? Is this date
current enough for the topic?

o Reliability - Can you trust the accuracy of the source? Does the source include

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evidence and references, and can you verify information through other sources?

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o Authority - Who is the author, and are they an authoritative expert on your topic,
industry, or field? Who were the publishers of the piece, and are they reputable?

o Purpose - Why was this information published? Was it to inform, teach, sell, persuade,
or entertain?

• Do not go past the first 10 results when conducting the side search.

3814 nt• If you do not feel like you have a solid understanding to determine if the topic of a post is political

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and/or social issue after performing these steps, please proceed to select the “cannot rate” option
(see section 1.2.5 - Reasons Why a Post Cannot be Rated for more details).
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C. Reasons Why a Job Cannot be Rated
If you answer NO to the question “Can you evaluate this post?” please choose the appropriate reason below:

1. No content to review: When there is no content available under “Content Under Review.” (i.e. no
images, no videos, no captions, or no URLs).

2. Broken image: The post has loaded, however the image associated with the post has not loaded.
nf

3. The video is not playing: The post has loaded, however the video associated with the post is not
able to play.

4. Broken URL: The post has loaded, however the URL associated with the post is broken and raters
are unable to access the external page.
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5. The post is in a foreign language: The post is in a language that you don't understand.

6. The job keeps loading: The post continues to load on the screen and is unable to display content
to review.

7. Sensitive content: The post contains sensitive content. See the section below on Sensitive
Content below for more information.

8. Hashtag baiting: The post includes more than *10+ hashtags* and is not topically related.

9. Reason not listed here: You encounter a different problem that prevents you from labeling.

Note: If linked content requires a subscription (i.e., is behind a paywall), please do your best to answer questions based on
content that is visible in the post. (This should not be a reason to not rate a post).

D. Sensitive Content
 “Sensitive content” refers to posts that contain, or potentially contain, any of the following information:

• Child Exploitation and/or Child Nudity

• Self Injury and Suicidal Content

• Credible Threats, Violence or Calls to Violence

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• Adult Sexual Content and/or Nudity

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• Hate Speech

• Acts of Terrorism

• Human Trafficking

3814 nt• Bullying and Harassment

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• Unlawful Sale of Animals: Consider the type of animal being sold as well as the seller. Sale of
animals by private individuals (rather than by businesses) is considered sensitive

• Violent, gruesome, or repulsive content, intended to shock users, for example dismembered body
parts or visible internal organs (unless in a medical setting)
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• Personally Identifiable Information (PII): This includes names, residential addresses, emails,
handles and phone numbers of private individuals. This does NOT include business addresses and
phone numbers, or business names (e.g., “Becky Smith Travel Agency” or “Law Offices of Perry R.
Clark”).

Note: Instructions for Immediate Escalation — If potential Child Exploitation and/or Child Nudity or Self-Injury/Suicidal
Content or Time-Sensitive Credible Threat is the reason for marking a job as “sensitive," escalate the Job ID immediately to
your manager. DO NOT TAKE A SCREENSHOT. Please refer to the Escalation Guidance handout for further details.
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E. General guidance for the evaluation of content about

historical events, people, etc.
Because it is difficult to know (or anticipate) the current political significance of historical events or political actors, the
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guidelines described in this document should be applied to all content, regardless of whether that content describes
current or historical events, people, etc..

F. Detailed instructions

3. [REVISED] Is this post about a law or proposed legislation, policy, regulation, or judicial decision?

a. Yes

b. No

Considerations:
 This question is intended to identify posts that are about existing laws or proposed legislation, policies or regulations that may
be implemented by government departments or agencies (including Executive Orders), or judicial decisions. These posts may
include discussions or analysis of the origins of a law, policy or regulation, or judicial decision, the potential implications of the
law, policy, etc., or compliance with the law, policy, etc.

• Laws or pending legislation may be passed or considered by local, state/regional, or national

governments. Similarly, policies or regulations may be passed by government agencies or

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departments that have jurisdiction over local, state/regional, or national areas. Finally, a judicial
decision may be delivered by courts with varying domains of jurisdiction, and may be the result of

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criminal or civil proceedings.

• Posts that are about proposed legislation or policies, and pending judicial decisions should be
labeled in the appropriate a-b category, even if, e.g., they do not result in a law, or the judicial
decision is ultimately overturned.

• In general, decisions made by panels or committees that are not part of a larger legislative or

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policy-setting process should not be identified with this question.

• Although posts need not refer to a law by its formal name, responses to this question should reflect

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the explicit reference to a law, decision, etc.

• Constitutions, and rights granted in constitutions should be considered foundational ‘laws.’ This
includes, for example, discussion of abortion rights, the second amendment, rights to free speech,
etc..
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Example: This post is about proposed legislation → “a. A law or proposed legislation“
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--------

Example: Although this post is about abortion, it does not explicitly reference either the right to abortion care, or to gun
ownership → “d. This post is not about laws, policies, regulations, or judicial decisions”
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--------

Example: Although this post is about a firearm, it does not explicitly reference any regulation of firearms → “d. This post is not
about laws, policies, regulations, or judicial decisions”
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4.[REVISED]Is this post about an election, proposition, ballot measure, or referendum? (Select all that apply).

a. Yes

b. No
 Considerations:

This question is intended to identify posts that are about elections (to local, state/regional, or national offices), or about
general votes by the electorate on specific questions. In some countries, referenda are usually held separately from an election,

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and include a single question (e.g., should a specific, proposed change to the constitution be adopted). In other places (e.g.,
California) there are often several `ballot measures’ about a variety of issues.

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• Posts should be classified as about elections, propositions, ballot measures, or referenda, if these
events are pending, or have already occurred.

• Posts about elections to corporate or other (non-public) oversight boards should not be identified
with responses to this question.

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Example: This post is about efforts to subvert a presidential election → “a. Election to a national legislature or office”
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nf
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--------
 Example: This post is about a 1973 proposition, passed by ballot measure → “d. Propositions, ballot measures, or referenda”

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5. [REVISED] Is this post about people or organizations (including political parties) who are or have been involved
in making laws, policies or regulations, or judicial decisions OR who are or have been involved in elections,
referendums, propositions, or ballot measures?
nf

a. Yes

b. No
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Considerations:

Note: Your responses to this question should reflect the content of the post only -- and NOT the post author. For example, if a
political actor posts content that does not refer to themselves, or the actions of other people or organizations that are or have
been active in law-making or elections, then do NOT identify the post in response to this question.

• People or organizations who are (or were) involved in the development of laws, etc., may not hold
formal positions. Posts about people who do not hold formal positions, but who nevertheless were
involved in the development of laws, etc, should be identified for this question.

• If you are unfamiliar with a person or organization identified in a post, please conduct a side search
to ensure that we are accurately identifying people and organizations that are involved (or have
been involved) in development of laws, etc.

• These laws, policies, or decisions may have been passed (or are being considered) by local,
regional, or national legislatures, agencies, or courts.

• Identify posts that include references to, e.g., “the left,” “the right,” “progressives,” “conservatives,”
etc. IF the implicit group of people would otherwise be identified by this question (i.e., they are
 people/orgs who do play a role in the development of legislation, etc.). Do NOT identify posts that
use “the left,” etc., to refer to the general population of people who hold “leftist” ideological views.

• Identify posts that include references to people who have been involved in the development of laws,
etc., even if they are no longer involved (e.g., posts about President Trump should be identified with
this question; posts about deceased political actors who have been involved in the development of
laws should be identified with this question).

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• Responses to this question should only identify members of royal families ONLY IF the content

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refers to their role in formal legislative or policy making processes, in elections, or if the content
describes actions they are taking as formal heads of state. Otherwise, posts about members of
royal families should not be identified in responses to this question.

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Example: This post is about the role a specific US Senator (Mark Kelly) was expected to play in the development of gun control
legislation, and about the decision of the committee re: who should be involved in this process → “a. Yes”

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nf
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--------
 Example: Rudy Guiliani is a public figure (in part) because of his past involvement in formal decision-making → “a. Yes”

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--------

Example: Responses to this question should only identify members of royal families if the content refers to their role in formal
legislative or policy making processes, in elections, or if the content described actions they are taking as formal heads of
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 state. This is not the case in the example below, and so in response to this (and the next) question, select → “a. No”

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6. [OMITTED]
nf

7. [OMITTED]
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8. [OMITTED]

9. Is this post about off-platform (i.e., not on Facebook or Instagram) protests, demonstrations, appeals to
government officials, or other efforts to influence or respond to laws, legislation, policies or regulations, or judicial
decisions?

a. Yes

b. No

Considerations:

This question is intended to identify posts that are about efforts to influence (or respond to) laws, proposed legislation, policies
or regulations, or judicial decisions through informal participation (e.g., protests, demonstrations, public appeals).
 • Content identified by this question is different from content about community organization, which
focuses on non-political organization (i.e., often civic goal-oriented efforts like beach clean ups,
etc.).

• If the post explicitly ties protests, demonstrations or appeals to actions/inaction of public officials,
including the police → “a. Yes”. If however, the post does not explicitly reference a law, legislation,
policy or regulation (including actions of public officials), or judicial decision, → “b. No”

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• Posts about this topic may include efforts to support, or oppose, a particular law, etc. -- what

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matters for this question is the form that these efforts take. Specifically, do these efforts include
protests, demonstrations, or appeals that are outside of formal government processes (i.e.,
hearings)?

• Do NOT include on-line appeals or responses to political actors in your response to this
question. The post should describe some action taken off-platform/off-line.

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Example: This post about protesters in Tunis, who are objecting to actions taken by government officials. → “a. Yes”

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--------

Example: This post is about an informal response to a government policy. Here, the action described is informal because the
complaint was not expressed through formal decision-making channels associated with this policy decision -- although it may
 have been described in an earlier post -- but was a response to the return-to-work policy, nonetheless. → “a. Yes”

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-------

Example: This post is about an informal action that was not tied to an effort to influence policy or legislation → “b. No”
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--------
 Example: This post makes an on-platform “appeal” to a civic actor, and responds to but does not describe an off-platform
action taken → “b. No”

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10. Is this post created by or sharing information from a government department or agency about public
programs or services?

a. Yes

b. No

Considerations:
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This question is intended to identify posts that share information about public programs and services, offered by government
agencies or departments operating at any level (i.e., local, regional, or national). Posts about this topic may focus on health or
social programs, as in the example below, recreational programs, as well transportation, housing, education, etc., programs
and services.

• Post authors (or post authors of reshared content) should be government departments and
agencies; do NOT include media reports about public programs.
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• Do NOT include content from private medical providers, including hospitals UNLESS the post
explicitly states that the programs or services are open to the public.

• Do NOT include content posted by elected government officials (unless they are sharing posts from
government departments or agencies).
 Example: This post is about a recreational program hosted by the NYC Department of Parks and Recreation → “a. Yes”

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--------

Example: This post is about a public education program → “a. Yes”

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-------
 Example: This is a media post about TSA slow down. --> “b. No” (If, instead, this post was created by the TSA about changes in
service delivery, this post should be identified in responses to this question)

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11. Is this post created or sharing information from a government department or agency to provide information
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about an event or (possibly developing) situation?

a. Yes

b. No

Considerations:
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This question is intended to identify posts created by (or sharing content from) government departments or agencies that
are primarily intended to provide important information about a specific event or (possibly developing) situation (e.g., fires,
power outages, public health concerns or emergencies).

• The events included in these information-providing posts may be related to public programs and
services (i.e., vaccine clinics), but also include “need to know” information.

• Posts about events that are not from a government department or agency source should NOT be
identified by this question.

• Responses to this question should not identify posts about campaign or partisan election events.

• Do NOT include content from private medical providers, including hospitals UNLESS the post
explicitly states that the events are open to the public.

• Do NOT include content posted by elected government officials (unless they are sharing posts from
government departments or agencies).
 Example: This post was created by a government agency to provide an update about current vaccine eligibility → “a. Yes”

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3814 nt
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nf
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--------

Example: This was created by a government agency post provides information about how to stay safe in a developing
situation → “a. Yes”
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nf
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--------

Example: Although this post addresses a developing/on-going situation, this post is created by a private medical facility → “b.
No”
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--------

Example: This post is about a developing situation (and provides information about how to address it) but is not created by a
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government department or agency. → “b. No”

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12. Is this post about interactions between people from different countries (not including formal interactions
between governments)?

a. Yes
 b. No

Consideration:

This question is intended to identify posts about experiences related to informal interactions between people from different
countries (i.e., not formal interactions between governments of different countries), which may include posts about
immigration/migration experiences, cultural exchanges, and/or expressions of support or solidarity.

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• Informal interactions typically involve people who do NOT hold official government positions, or

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claim to represent the interests of their countries to another-- posts about these informal
interactions should be identified in response to this question.

• Formal interactions include negotiated treaties and trade agreements, participation in alliances or
international organizations, or diplomatic activities (i.e., official visits, or other actions to formally
represent the interests of one country, to another, etc.). Posts about these formal interactions
should NOT be identified in response to this question.

3814 nt • Posts about historical interactions between people from different countries should also be identified

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with this post.
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Example: This post and linked article is about the experiences of recent immigrants to Finland from Russia, from the
perspective of someone who lives in Finland. There is no discussion of formal interaction between the governments of Finland
and Russia, or details of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, that prompted this migration → “a. Yes”.
nf
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--------
 Example: This post is about an expression of support from people in the US, for people living in Ukraine (but does refer to a
formal expression of support from a US government office or agency) → “a. Yes”

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nf
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 13. Is this post about interactions between governments of different countries(or, competing governments for the
same country or territory)?

a. Yes

b. No

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Considerations:

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This question is intended to identify posts about state craft, or the formal interactions between governments from different
countries (or possibly competing governments within a common territory) and possibly posts about treaties or agreements,
participation in international organizations (e.g., WHO, UN, UNESCO, G7, EU), military disputes or conflicts.

• Posts identified by this question may not include formal agreements or declarations of war, for
example, but should include actions taken by governments and/or government officials.

3814 nt • Posts about the military or military activities (not military service) should be identified in responses
to this question.

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• Posts about historical interactions between governments from different countries (or competing
governments for the same country) should be identified with this post.
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Example: This post is about an agreement reached by representatives of the UK and US, with regards to imports from Russia
nf
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→ “a. Yes”

--------
 Example: In general, posts about the military or military actions, should be identified in response to this question. However,
this post is only tangentially about the military, and is instead about an unexpected event related to bad weather → “b. No”

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 14. [REViSED] Does this post explicitly identify a problem that may be caused by the action or inaction of others,
and/or society, in general?

a. Yes

b. No

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Considerations:

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This question is intended to identify posts that are about social issues -- topics about which the post makes an explicit
statement that a problem exists, and that may be attributable to the action/inaction of others.

• These posts might include discussions of fairness and equity across gender, racial, and/or ethnic
groups, climate change, income inequality, education policy, gun rights, access to health care, etc.

• Posts identified by this question might also include discussions about why issues like those listed

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above are not problems, and/or not caused by others/society.

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Responses to this question should NOT consider the magnitude of the problem identified, or
whether or not “most people” would consider the problem identified to be a “real” problem. Instead,
responses to this question should only consider whether or not the post identifies a problem that is
attributed to others/society (i.e., the problem is not attributed to a specific person).

•
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Responses to this question should also not consider the size of the group affected by the problem,
as long as it is more than one person.

• News reports about events that may be related to social issues topics (e.g., news reports about
mass shootings) should NOT be identified in response to this question -- unless the post content
incorporates explicit commentary on the specific event described in that news report (e.g., mass
shootings increasingly undermine our general sense of safety).

• Posts identified by this question may include memes, or other posts that use humor to express a
point of view about social problems.

• Posts that include motivational messages, without reference to a specific problem, should not be
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identified by this question.

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 Example: This post is about professional norms and implications for gender equity, specifically the exclusion of women from
professional opportunities, within finance → “a. Yes”

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--------
 Example: This post identifies several social problems, including climate change, unequal access to education for girls and
women, and the vulnerability of Afghanistan to the effects of climate change, and implicates the Taliban government and
inaction on climate change → “a. Yes”

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--------
 Example: This post identifies an increase in crime as a social problem, caused by anti-gun politicians and the left (although no
specific person or law is identified) → “a. Yes”

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--------
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Example: In calling for peace, justice, non-violence, etc., this post makes a claim about the lack of these things in society, and
connects them to calls for racial equity through Dr. King’s quote → “a. Yes”

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nf
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--------
 Example: This post is about a problem that is not explicitly attributed to a specific group, or society in general → “b. No”

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 15. Is this post about non-political fundraising, volunteering, or other community organizing efforts?

a. Yes

b. No

Considerations:

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This question is intended to identify non-political community organization, including volunteering, fundraising, raising

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awareness for causes, and other community organizing efforts that are NOT intended as appeals to government officials,
efforts to influence law-making, or elections.

• Often these posts will be created by nonprofit organizations, or will include shared content from
these organizations. They may also include posts from local governments or neighborhood groups,
to facilitate local organizing (i.e., park clean-ups), or individuals who are hoping to support these
efforts (see the example below).

3814 nt • Although the organization may happen at a local level, the focus of the effort does not need to be
local (i.e., local organization collecting supplies for people affected by a distant crisis.

325
• Responses to these questions should focus on the actions being proposed or taken -- that is, posts
about community organizing are about efforts to help others through volunteering, fundraising,
connecting people with resources they might need, etc.. These actionsmay be proposed or taken
by established organizations or by individuals.
1212 ide
Example: This post is a person’s effort to support people who are experiencing crises → “a. Yes”
nf
Co

--------
 Example: This post reports on community efforts to support the local food bank and soup kitchen → “a. Yes”

l
56 ia
3814 nt
325
1212 ide
nf
Co
 16. Is this post about individual civic actions, service, or citizenship?

a. Yes

b. No

Considerations:

l
This question is intended to identify posts about public service, including military service, participation in civic programs,

56 ia
including local recycling programs, or national programs, e.g. censuses, or honoring people for their contributions to their
communities.

• Posts about citizenship may include references honoring the formal citizenship process,
discussions about what it means to be a good citizen, or posts that honor people because of their
community contributions or public service.

3814 nt
• Posts about military service (but not the military or military activities) should be identified in
responses to this question

325
1212 ide
nf
Co
 Example: This post honors new citizens → “a. Yes”

l
56 ia
3814 nt
325
1212 ide
nf
Co

--------
 Example: This post honors a person for his military service, and for his continued service as a nurse → “a. Yes”

l
56 ia
3814 nt
325
1212 ide
nf
Co

--------
 Example: This post honors military service and especially Adm. Fagan’s leadership role → “a. Yes”

l
56 ia
3814 nt
325
1212 ide
nf
Co
 17. [REVISED ORDER] Does this post explicitly refer to an opposing party or group, or to contention or disputes
over a law, proposed legislation, policy, or judicial decision, or other people who may hold a different opinion?

a. Yes

l
b. No

56 ia
Considerations:

This question is intended to identify posts that are about competition over policy or differences of opinion about laws,
proposed legislation, policies, etc.. Responses to this question should identify posts about parties, candidates, or other political
actors taking positions or acknowledging others who hold a different opinion or perspective

3814 nt
Example: This post makes explicit reference to different perspectives on a formal decision to support a new sports stadium →

325
“a. Yes”
1212 ide
nf
Co
 18. [REVISED] Is this post about one of the following topics? (Select all that apply)

a. Health (e.g., physical wellness; disease and disorders; reproductive health; healthcare
access; COVID)

b. Wellbeing (e.g., social, emotional, mental wellness; self-esteem; mental health;

physical safety & security)

l
c. Environment (e.g., environmentalism; climate change; animal protection and welfare;
agriculture; food production)

56 ia
d. Economic conditions (e.g., inflation; recession; employment & economic opportunity;
fair labor & labor organization; housing access; food security; poverty; technology
access; transportation access; fuel prices)

e. Education (e.g., schools; education access/opportunity; education quality; curriculum)

3814 nt f. Global conflict and peace (e.g., international relations; military conflict, conflict
resolution; immigration; migration/diaspora)

325
g. Natural disasters, humanitarian crises (e.g., hurricanes, flooding, earthquakes,
famine, refugee crises)

h. Human rights & freedoms (e.g., privacy; freedom of assembly; journalist freedom;
1212 ide
legal protections; racial and ethnic equity & justice; disability rights; LGBTQIA+ rights)

i. Something else

Considerations:

Please be sure to select all issues that apply. For example, posts about violence and crime, or perceptions of safety, should be
associated with well-being. Ethnic or racial violence, or violence against LGBTQ+ people or other socio demographic groups
may also be associated with Human Rights & Freedoms. Large scale violence may also be associated with Global Conflict &
nf

Peace. Similarly, weather events may be associated with Natural disasters, humanitarian crises and Environment.
Co