EASTERN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

BECAMEX BUSINESS SCHOOL

CULTURE
Course: SOC 144
Lecturers: Mrs. Truong Thi Kim Chuyen
Prepared by: Group 1

No. Name IRN Email

1 Nguyễn Phan Thị Mỹ Lụa 1932300100 lua.nguyenphan.bbs19@eiu.edu.vn

2 Trần Kim Ngân 1932399123 ngan.tran.bbs19@eiu.edu.vn

3 Đặng Thị Ngọc Ánh 1932300268 anh.dangthingoc.bbs19@eiu.edu.vn

4 Hoàng Khánh Vy 1932300459 vy.hoangkhanh.bbs19@eiu.edu.vn

5 Lê Thụy Gia Hạnh 2032300052 hanh.lethuy.bbs20@eiu.edu.vn

6 Thái Kim Ngân 2032300125 ngan.thai.bbs20@eiu.edu.vn

7 Nguyễn Thị Thương 2032300197 thuong.nguyen.bbs20@eiu.edu.vn

8 Phan Nguyễn Quỳnh Như 2032300266 nhu.phannguyen.bbs20@eiu.edu.vn

9 Vũ Ngọc Kiều My 2032300391 my.vungoc.bbs20@eiu.edu.vn

10 Thái Thanh Thanh 2032300520 thanh.thai.bbs20@eiu.edu.vn

Quarter 2: 2022-2023
1. Introduction 2
2. Culture and the Sociological Perspective 2
3. The element of Culture 3
3.1. Ideas 3
3.2. Material Culture 4
3.3. Nonmaterial Culture 4
3.4. Symbol 4
3.5. Language 5
3.6. Norm 6
3.7. Ritual 6
3.8. Value 7
3.9. Artefacts 7
3.10. Individualism in the United State 8
3.11. Work ethic 8
4. Cultural Diversity 9
4.1. Subculture 9
4.2. Counterculture 9
4.3. Cultural Relativism 10
4.4. Ethnocentrism 10
5. Conclusion 10
6. References 12

1
 1. Introduction
According to UNESCO: "Culture is the living sum total of past and present activities and
creations. Over the centuries, creative activity has formed a system of values, traditions, and
markets. filial piety - factors that determine the unique characteristics of each nation". This
definition emphasizes the creative activities of human communities associated with the
historical development process of each community over a long period of time creating
universal human values, and at the same time has the specificity of each community, its own
identity of each nation. Importance of culture in human life: “Culture is the sum of all the
forms of art, of love, and of thought, which, in the course of centuries, have enabled man to
be less enslaved.” ~ Andre Malraux. To be more specific, culture is the invisible bond that
ties people together. It refers to the pattern of human activity. The art, literature, language,
and religion of a community represent its culture. Our cultural values and beliefs manifest
themselves through our lifestyles. Our moral values represent our culture. The importance of
culture lies in its close association with the ways of thinking and living. Differences in
cultures have led to diversity in people from different parts of the world.

Cultural belief is defined as “a set of behavioral patterns related to thoughts, manners, and
actions, which members of society have shared and passed on to succeeding generations”.
Secondly, cultural values are human products, for the common benefit of each community,
dependent on the political, economic, social, and cultural development of each era, helping to
orient the goals, methods, and actions of each person, and help regulate the general
development of the whole society. Finally, cultural behavior is the behavior exhibited by
humans that is extra somatic or extragenetic—in other words, learned. More specifically,
culture affects an individual's eating, dressing, beliefs, and so on. Additionally, there are 8
characteristics culture is learned and acquired, shared by a group of people, cumulative,
diverse, culture changes, dynamic, culture gives us a range of permissible behaviour patterns,
and ideational. Here are a few examples of unique cultures around the world. Firstly, throw
children from a height of 15m. This ritual is believed to have existed for more than 500 years
and takes place in the village of Harangal in the state of Maharashtra in Western India. The
second example is living with the dead in Indonesia, and dancing with the dead is a very
bizarre custom of the Malagasy people of Madagascar.

2. Culture and the Sociological Perspective

Culture is an essential term from a sociological point of view since the culture we are
researching might affect our views and behaviour. For instance, depending on the region in
which they live, children growing up in the United States differ in various ways, some of
which are evident and some of which are less so. Culture influences the principles we believe
are most important for our children to learn, as well as the gestures we make while interacting
and how far apart we stand when speaking; these are just a few examples.
When we consider actions or circumstances like kissing, which is frequently seen as
biological in origin, or morning sickness and transitional discomfort, the huge impact of
culture becomes the most obvious. Both are quite familiar to expectant mothers both before
and after delivery. We would be shocked if the husbands of pregnant women woke up ill in
the morning or experienced excruciating abdominal pain when their wives gave birth on their

2
behalf. Each of these two types of discomfort has a verified biological cause for a surname.
That is the biological cause of either of these two types of discomfort.
People's responses to alcohol depending on their cultural background. When Americans
drink, they typically become noisier and lose their sexual inhibitions, but in some of the
cultures studied by anthropologists, people behave very differently, with many never being
loud or even indifferent.
It is reasonable to view alcohol's effects in this light, but how it influences our behaviour is
determined by our society. Small, traditional communities may allow people to drink till they
pass out without becoming noisy or appearing amused. In some groups, including our own,
alcohol intake regularly leads to people losing sexual self-control, but not in others.
The evidence from various cultures is extremely clear: alcohol as a drug affects human
behaviour, but culture influences the types of effects that occur. Our society teaches us how to
act while we are sober as well as when we are drunk. These examples imply that culture,
rather than biology, controls human behaviour. This is not to say that biology is unimportant,
However, when compared to other species, particularly primates such as monkeys and
gorillas, humans are substantially less impacted by biology. And, as we've seen, there are
numerous behaviours that differ significantly between countries in various ways, illustrating
the powerful influence of culture. Furthermore, biology struggles to explain why different
populations and locations display specific behaviours at varying rates.

3. The element of Culture

3.1. Ideas
● Value
One cannot meaningfully interpret many aspects of the culture of a group without a broad
acquaintance with the ‘values’ and ‘beliefs’ of the group. Widely acknowledging “values”,
and “beliefs” assist people in effectively understanding a variety of features of a group's
culture. Plus, Values are rarely questioned. These are unspoken agreements. Such ‘values’
may grow out of deep philosophical reflection, practical experience, and knowledge about the
physical, and social universe.
For example, The ideals that pervade Vietnam society and guide Vietnam's general thoughts
and behaviour are what we mean when we talk about the spirit of Vietnam culture or the
Vietnam way of life. In general, "Values" are placed in a hierarchy, with some being more
prominent than others and still some others secondary.

● Beliefs
'Beliefs' are more individualised than 'values,' which are primarily societal in character.
‘Beliefs’ are more personal. Like "values," "beliefs" do not establish any criteria by which to
assess if something is good or harmful. Suitable or ineffective, desired or undesired. There is
no such thing as real or erroneous beliefs. ‘Beliefs’ are neither true nor false. A belief's
efficacy or validity cannot be determined by knowledge of or exposure to the social and
physical worlds. Therefore, primitive people in every part of the world 'believed' in the spirit
world and used various means to appease or control evil spirits. And people nowadays with
modern scientific knowledge still keep these beliefs. Plus, It is incorrect to believe that
"beliefs" are restricted to the religious realm alone. To illustrate, economic, political, and
social "beliefs" now have a significant amount of weight in modern civilizations. For
instance, some governments go to great lengths to stifle ideas they perceive as being
detrimental to their security, whether they be political or social. These perceptions are
typically based on unproven knowledge and are essential "beliefs" in that sense.

3
 ● Ideologies
It is the prism through which a person views the world. In the field of sociology, ideology is
widely understood to refer to the sum total of a person's values, beliefs, assumptions, and
expectations. Ideologies are a fundamental concept in sociology. And also plays a powerful
role in shaping the way society is organised and how it functions. This is because it shapes
our thoughts, actions, and interactions, along with what happens in society at large.
Moreover, it is directly related to social structure, economic production system, and political
structure. It both emerges from these things and shapes them. It is a general character and is
unrelated to any specific manner of thinking. Sociologists describe ideology as one's
worldview in this way and acknowledge that numerous diverse and conflicting ideologies are
present in a society at any one moment and some of which are more successful than others.
Moreover, they also have particular ideologies. Usually, when people use the word
"ideology," they are referring to a specific ideology rather than the concept itself. For
example, many people, especially in the media, consider extremist views or actions to be
inspired by a particular ideology, for instance, "radical Islamic ideology" or "white man's
ideology of power".
In sociology, people pay much attention to the dominant ideology or the most prevalent and
strongest particular ideology in a given society.
For Marx, ideology means a set of ideas and beliefs that appear to be true and convincing but
are in fact not - this is what he calls false consciousness.

3.2. Material Culture

It is a physical object in a society that refers to all material. Material things that cultures past
and present have made, utilised, preserved, or left behind. All items created by humans,
tools, pottery, homes, furniture, buttons, roads, and even entire cities are considered to be part
of material culture.

3.3. Nonmaterial Culture

Thoughts or ideas that make up a culture. In contrast to material culture, non-material culture
does not include any physical objects or artefacts. Values, beliefs, symbols, and language that
define a society. The intangible components (nonmaterial culture) of culture would also
vanish if all humans on the planet became extinct. Material cultural artefacts, however, will
endure until they break down.

3.4. Symbol
Things that stand for something else and that often evoke various reactions and emotions.
Consciously and unconsciously, people are always attempting to make sense of the world around
them. People are assisted in understanding that world by symbols, including gestures, signs,
objects, signals, and words. By communicating identifiable meanings that are shared by
communities, they give hints to comprehending events.

● Nonverbal symbol - gestures

Let's begin by having a look at nonverbal signs. Shaking hands is often used to indicate
friendliness and is a sign of both arrival and departure. All communities likely include nonverbal

4
symbols known as gestures, which are movements of the hand, arm, or other body parts that are
intended to express certain thoughts or feelings. However, the same gesture may signify one thing
in one group and something quite different in another(Axtell,1998).

For instance, in the United States, nodding up and down indicates yes, whereas shaking it back
and forth indicates no. But in Bulgaria, nodding means "no," whereas head-shaking means "yes"!
Making an "O" with your thumb and forefinger together means "OK" in the United States, while
in some regions of Europe, the same gesture denotes an obscenity.

In the United States, giving someone the thumbs up is equivalent to saying "excellent" or
"amazing," yet in Australia, it implies the same thing as giving someone the middle finger.
Because they use their left hand for bathroom hygiene, several regions of the Middle East and
Asia would be upset if they observed you using your left hand to eat.

● Material objects (Some of our most important symbols are objects)

The American flag is a good illustration of this. The flag is more than simply a piece of fabric
with red, white, and blue stripes and stars for the majority of Americans. Instead, it represents
freedom, democracy, and other American principles and evokes feelings of pride and patriotism as
a result. The flag, however, came to represent violence and imperialism to many Americans
throughout the Vietnam War. In an act of protest, several people burnt the flag, which sparked irate
attacks from onlookers and bad press attention.

Other items have religious significance as symbols. The cross, the Star of David, and the crescent
moon, which stand for Christianity, Judaism, and Islam, respectively, are three of the most
well-known religious symbols in many countries. Despite the fact that these forms have no
religious meaning in many cultures, they have profound emotional importance for many
individuals all over the world. Hate groups have often desecrated these symbols in recognition of
this.

As these examples indicate, shared symbols, both nonverbal communication and tangible objects,
are an important part of any culture but also can lead to misunderstandings and even conflict.
These issues highlight how important symbols are for communication and meaning in society.

3.5. Language
Language is essential to communication and, by extension, to the culture of any civilization.
Similar to how they acquire handshakes, gestures, the meaning of the flag, and other symbols,
children learn language through their culture. No other animal species have the ability to
communicate through language as humans do. Our ability to communicate through language, in
turn, enables our rich cultural heritage.

Of course, there are both spoken and written languages. The invention of the written language was
one of the most significant social advancements. Anthropologists have investigated a variety of
preindustrial communities; some of these societies have written languages, while others do not; in
the latter society, the "written" language is primarily made up of images rather than words.

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis may also be demonstrated through gendered language.

5
To elaborate, in English, phrases like "fireman" and "policeman" are frequently used to imply that
only men are suitable for these positions. Similar to how "headmistress" and "manageress" imply
less significance or authority than their unmarked counterparts, other marked words (the modified
version of a word that is frequently ascribed lesser prestige than the normal unmarked term) do the
same. The same is true of phrases like "man nurse," which suggests that males are not the typical
workforce for this position. The belief that some occupations are only appropriate for particular
genders has changed as a result of the continued usage of these words.

Over time, as language usage changed, additional gender-neutral phrases were introduced:
"firefighter," "police officer," "head teacher," "manager," and "nurse."

3.6. Norm
The norms, or standards and expectations for behavior, vary greatly between cultures. As
we've previously seen, how people act while intoxicated relies on social norms. How we act
when we drink too much is influenced by social norms of intoxication.

Formal and informal norms are two categories that are frequently used to classify norms.
Laws and formal norms, or mores (MOOR-ayz), relate to the moral principles that are seen to
be most significant in any given culture. In the US, examples include traffic regulations,
criminal laws, and, in the context of colleges, student conduct policies that include issues like
plagiarism and bias. Informal norms sometimes referred to as folkways and traditions, are
moral guidelines that are not as significant but nevertheless have an impact on our conduct.
Informal standards include things like table manners, elevator etiquette, and other everyday
interactions with others.

Consider using a fork when eating, for instance. The Western world is accustomed to this.
However, if you travel to some regions of Asia, people can regard you as a bit strange or
perhaps less than dexterous if you don't know how to use chopsticks. The standard in many
Asian cultures is chopsticks.

The study of how men and women are expected to act in diverse communities provides more
support for cultural variance in norms. For instance, many traditional communities are
straightforward hunting-and-gathering societies. Men typically hunt in most of them while
women typically gather. Many observers explain this gender disparity by at least two
biological variations between the sexes. First off, men are often larger and stronger than
women, making them more equipped for hunting.
Both sexes hunt in the Tiwi, an Australian tribe, and the Agta, a Philippine tribe. Agta women
who become pregnant continue to hunt throughout most of their pregnancy and pick it up
again after the baby is born. (Brettell & Sargent, 2009).

3.7. Ritual
Rituals, or established practices and ceremonies, vary among cultures and are frequently used
to mark stages in the life cycle. As a result, rituals both reflect and transfer cultural norms and
other components from one generation to the next. College and university commencement
exercises are well-known instances of time-honored customs. Many communities use rituals
to express one's gender identity.

6
For instance, females all throughout the world participate in numerous initiation rituals to
symbolize their passage into maturity. Girls participate in a month-long initiation ritual called
the chisungu among the Bemba in Zambia, where they learn songs, dances, and taboo
terminology that is only known by women (Maybury-Lewis, 1998). A girl's first menstrual
cycle may be celebrated with elaborate rites in various cultures. In the United States, where a
girl's first period is a private affair, such celebrations are practically nonexistent. However, in
some cultures, the first period is a reason for a holiday celebration that includes food, music,
and presents (Hathaway, 1997).

The initiation rituals for boys vary, but some of them include circumcision. Nevertheless,
there are significant differences between the various circumcision methods and the associated
rituals. Boys getting circumcised in the US often have a brief operation in the hospital. The
circumcision will be carried out by a religious person known as a model as part of a religious
rite if their parents are devout Jews. The Maasai of East Africa, in contrast, use circumcision
as a measure of a man's masculinity. A youngster getting circumcised may receive jeer if he
exhibits any indications of fear (Maybury-Lewis, 1998).

Compared to modern societies like the United States, are rituals more prevalent in traditional
communities? Take the Nacirema for example, which was researched more than 50 years ago
by anthropologist Horace Miner (Miner, 1956). Due to the basic cultural notion that the
human body is unattractive and susceptible to various ailments, a variety of rituals have been
established in this civilization to address this issue. Every home has at least one shrine, which
is a reflection of this religion, where numerous rites are carried out to purify the body. These
shrines frequently include magic brews that were purchased from healers. Concerns
concerning oral illnesses are particularly important to the Nacirema. According to Miner,
"Were it not for the rituals of the mouth, they think that their teeth would fall out, their gums
would bleed, their jaws would shrink, their friends would forsake them, and their lovers
would reject them" (p. 505). Many Nacirema participate in "mouth-rites" and go to a
"holy-mouth-man" once or twice a year.

3.8. Value
Values are a culture’s standard for discerning what is right or wrong and desirable or
unpleasant. They are deeply embedded and critical for transmitting and teaching a culture’s
beliefs. Values influence a culture's norms. Group harmony, for instance, is a key value in
Japan. The Japanese place a high value on harmonious interpersonal connections and detest
confrontation. When interpersonal disagreements do occur, the Japanese try their best to
avoid conflict by mediating the disagreements graciously. Because of this, lawsuits are not
common in Japan.

3.9. Artefacts
Artefacts are society’s material. Artefacts are immensely useful to scholars who want to learn
about a culture. Archaeologists excavate areas where ancient cultures lived and use the
artefacts found to learn about the past. Many ancient cultures did not have a written language
or did not record their history, so artefacts sometimes provide only clues about how the
people lived. Take an example, the Vietnamese have The Dong Son culture which was a
Bronze Age culture in ancient Vietnam located in the Red River Valley of the north from
1000 BC until the first century AD. And the Dông Sơn drum is one of the artefacts shown in

7
Vietnam's ancient culture. The drums were produced from about 600 BCE or earlier until the
third century CE; they are one of the examples that can be shown of ancient metalworking.
And another clue about Dong Son's culture is the Chau Can ancient burial, which was found
in suburban Hanoi in 1974. It displays the ancient Vietnamese people's burial customs. The
frame and cover of the coffin were constructed from two halves of wood.

Technology plays an essential role in artefact development. Technology is the artefact of

culture and contains values.

Technology helps to preserve artefacts: The power of 3D printing helps historians repair and
recreate cultural heritage sites and their artefacts. The above image is an ancient bust from
Syria's Palmyra museum. Many believed these priceless artefacts to have been damaged
beyond repair, however, tourist photos have enabled historians to recreate the missing
sections of the statues.

With technology, humans have many modern artefacts. In addition, technology also plays an
important role in creating modern artefacts. Modern cultural artefacts are tangible items and
intangible items like intellectual property such as accessories of Mobile phones. Modern
cultural artefacts may be people or places like the Statue of Liberty. Social artefacts like
newspapers, magazines, and television programs, are examples of modern cultural artefacts.

3.10. Individualism in the United State

What distinguishes America from other nations? There are 2 elements.
Competition and individuality are important to Americans. Moreover, the American people
enjoy competition and even thrive on competition. They believe that competition is beneficial
because it motivates individuals to put in extra effort and create novel ideas in all spheres of
life, including business, sports, and other activities. For example, competition in business is
largely due to the capitalist economy. The business model in the US is to compete with
customers for the best price.
Therefore, Americans prioritize competitiveness with several sayings like "Watch out for
number one!". Similarly, Americans in the United States dislike the idea of being dependent
on anybody, including themselves. Americans also "compete" with themselves. So, many
Americans try to improve the things they do. For example, they may want to race faster than
they did last year, or at work, they want to sell more products than they did last year.
In addition, Americans highly value ideological and individualistic values, those values are
considered "industrial culture". In industrial societies, Maybury-Lewis says: “individualism
and the rights of the individual are celebrated and any one person’s obligations to the larger
community are weakened. Individual achievement becomes more important than values such
as kindness, compassion, and generosity”.

3.11. Work ethic

The work ethic is a key component of American society. People may achieve success if they
work hard enough and are closely tied to their work ethic. On the other hand, Americans are
significantly more prone to blame poverty on not working hard enough.
Like every culture, American work culture has its pros and cons. In essence, work is

8
everything to us – that was the original idea behind “The American Dream”. We take a very
little vacation, work long hours, and put the success of the individual over the group. The
American Dream was combined with the concept of Hustle Culture, which in a nutshell
means the harder you work, the more you can achieve.
For example, Americans will arrange a lot of activities. Even young children participate in
many activities outside of school, such as playing sports, learning music, and volunteering.
Sometimes you feel like Americans are racing because there is so little time to rest. But many
Americans are happy when they get things done.
Additionally, work life is often more important than private life in America. The numbers
show how this is true:
❖ The average full-time employee works an average of 47 hours per week (one
of the highest in the world)
❖ Americans receive two weeks of paid vacation on average and only half
actually take that allotted vacation (no annual leave is required by law either)
❖ Americans often receive no paid parental leave
❖ Americans often send emails after work hours
❖ Americans take very few breaks at work
Finally, they have progressive views. Contrary to other traditional countries, Americans do
not think men will have more rights to work than women when jobs are scarce. More than 80
percent of people in the US agree with this statement.

4. Cultural Diversity
4.1. Subculture
Refers to a group that shares the central values and beliefs of the larger culture but still
retains the distinctive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Example: The Amish in the United States live mainly in central Pennsylvania and parts of
Ohio.
They never use electricity and other modern conveniences, like cars, tractors, and
telephones. However, their way of life is increasingly threatened by the expansion of
non-Amish businesses and residences into the Amish area. Besides, the Amish life has
cost thousands of farming land by the development of Lancaster County,
Pennsylvania since the 1970s. Some Amish families have moved to other states or left
farming to start small businesses that use modern technology such as cell phones and
computers. But, most of the Amish live the way they always have. Most still do not
drive cars or even ride bikes. The case of the Amish illustrates the permanence of an
old-fashioned subculture and it is not easy to integrate with the larger, dominant
culture.

4.2. Counterculture
A group whose values and beliefs directly oppose those of the larger culture and even reject
it.

Example: The “Hippie” movement in the United States in the 1960s.

9
 The hippie style as a strong new breeze existed separately from the society and life
perspectives of the 60s people in the US. They build their own culture, customs, and
of course their own production mechanisms to serve their lives. In the 1960s, Hippies
became the largest counterculture group in America regarding the war in Vietnam.
They were also instrumental in the movement against the Vietnam War and the
excesses of capitalism. It rejected mainstream materialistic culture, as opposed to the
constant warfare that characterised international politics and believed in freedom.
This movement contributed to equality, world peace, and happiness.

4.3. Cultural Relativism

Refers to the belief that we should not judge any culture as superior or inferior to another
culture

4.4. Ethnocentrism
Refers to the tendency to judge another culture by the standards of our own and to the belief
that our own culture is indeed superior to another culture.

Some scholars think cultural relativism is absolute, that all cultures have their benefits and
disadvantages, and we should not automatically assume that our own culture is better and
“their” culture is worse. Other scholars think cultural relativism makes sense up to a point,
but there are some practices that violate the most basic standards of humanity that should be
condemned. For example, a common practice in areas of India and Pakistan is dowry deaths,
in which a husband and his relatives burn the husband’s wife with cooking oil or gasoline
because her family could not provide the dowry they promised. So the issue here is whether
we should practice cultural relativism and not disapprove of dowry deaths. Or is it fair to
condemn this practice, even if it is one that many people in those nations accept? Because
dowry death is so horrible, you might be sure we should not practice cultural relativism for
this example.

The fact of cultural diversity raises some important but difficult questions about cultural
relativism and ethnocentrism. An example is eating dog meat. In China, South Korea, and
other parts of Asia, dog meat is considered a delicacy while in Western, eating it can feel a
little strange. However, is it morally different from eating pork? Should we accept the
practice of eating dog meat on its own terms? Is it any worse than eating pork or slaughtering
cattle in order to eat beef? They are difficult to answer and lie on the two extremes.

5. Conclusion
According to the sociological perspective, scholars continue to debate the relative importance
of biology and culture for human behavior. Sociologists favor culture over biology for several
reasons, including the cultural variations existing around the world, the inability of biological
explanations to account for many differences in groups’ rates of behavior, and the support of
biological explanations of behavior for the status quo. In summary, there are 5 main elements
of culture containing symbols, language, norms and values, artifacts, and cultural diversity.
More specifically, symbols are an important part of the culture and help members of a society

10
interact. They include both objects and nonverbal means of communication. Failure to
understand the meanings of symbols can make it difficult to interact. In addition, language is
another important element of culture and fundamental to communication. A culture’s norms
and values influence how people behave. When we look around the world, we see several
dramatic illustrations of cross-cultural variations in norms and values. In Japan, for example,
harmony is a central value, while in the United States individualism and competition prevail.
Furthermore, artifacts are the final element of culture and may prove puzzling to people
outside a given culture. However, artifacts often make much sense from the perspective of the
people living in a given culture. Cultural diversity includes cultural relativism and
ethnocentrism are two sides of the same coin on the issue of cultural diversity. Many societies
have cultural practices that may surprise and even dismay us, and it’s often difficult to decide
whether we should accept or instead condemn these practices.

11
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