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1) Definition: The Napierian logarithm 𝑙𝑛 is the function defined over the interval ]0;   [
1
such that (𝑙𝑛𝑥)′ = and 𝑙𝑛(1) = 0.
𝑥

2) Curve of y = 𝒍𝒏𝒙:

* The function ln is continuous and strictly increasing over ]0;   [ .

* 𝑙𝑛(1) = 0 ,
𝑙𝑛(𝑒) = 1 𝑒 ≅ 2.718 …. (Euler’s number)

2
(C)

-4 -1 1 2 e 3 4
x' -3 -2 O x

-1

-2

-3

-4
y'

* Sign of ln:

 For 0 < 𝑥 < 1 → 𝑙𝑛𝑥 < 0

 For 𝑥 = 1 → 𝑙𝑛1 = 0
 For 𝑥 > 1 → 𝑙𝑛𝑥 > 0
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3) Properties
For all real numbers: a > 0, b > 0 :
𝑙𝑛(𝑎𝑏) = 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑏
𝑎
𝑙𝑛 ( ) = 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 − 𝑙𝑛 𝑏
𝑏
1
𝑙𝑛 ( ) = − 𝑙𝑛 𝑏
𝑏

1
𝑙𝑛 ( ) = − 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 = −1
𝑒
𝑙𝑛(𝑎𝑛 ) = 𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 , 𝑛 ∈ ℝ
𝑙𝑛(𝑒 𝑛 ) = 𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 = 𝑛 , 𝑛 ∈ ℝ

4) Equations and inequations:

∗ 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑏 ⇔ 𝑎 = 𝑏 (𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠)
∗ 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 < 𝑙𝑛 𝑏 ⇔ 𝑎 < 𝑏 (𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠)
∗ 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 = 𝛼 ⇔ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝛼 (𝛼 ∈ ℝ)
∗ 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 < 𝛼 ⇔ 𝑥 < 𝑒 𝛼

5) Derivatives:
1
∗ (𝑙𝑛 𝑥 )′ =
𝑥
𝑢′
∗ (𝑙𝑛 𝑢)′ =
𝑢

6) Limits:
∗ 𝑙𝑖𝑚+ 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 = −∞
𝑥→0
∗ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 = +∞ (𝑖. 𝑒: 𝑙𝑛(+∞) = +∞)
𝑥→+∞
𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑥
∗ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0 (𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙: 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑛 = 0, (𝑛 ≥ 1))
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥 𝑥→+∞ 𝑥

∗ 𝑙𝑖𝑚+𝑥. 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 = 0 (𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙: 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 𝑛 . 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 = 0, (𝑛 ≥ 1))

𝑥→0 𝑥→0

𝑙𝑛( 𝑥 + 1)
∗ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =1
𝑥→0 𝑥