CASE

CASES OF ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 2398

Approval Date: February 14, 2003
See Numeric Index for expiration
and any reaffirmation dates.

Case 2398 DX p distance from the cylinder center line to

Alternative Method for Design of Reinforcement the nozzle center line
for Large Openings in Cylindrical Vessels Under E p the weld joint factor; E p 1.0 if the nozzle
Internal Pressure does not intersect a weld seam
Section VIII, Division 1 Fa p shell attachment factor
Fp p nozzle attachment factor
Inquiry: For Section VIII, Division 1 vessels, may fN p force from internal pressure in the nozzle
openings that exceed the dimensional limits given in outside of the vessel
UG-36(b)(1) and are located in cylindrical or conical fS p force from internal pressure in the shell
shells subjected to internal pressure be designed to fY p discontinuity force from internal pressure
--`,,``,,,,`,,,,`,,,,,``,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

rules other than those given in Appendix 1-7(a) and FP p nozzle attachment factor
1-7(b)? L41 p weld leg length of the outside nozzle fil-
let weld
Reply: L42 p weld leg length of the pad to vessel fillet
(a) It is the opinion of the Committee that openings weld
that exceed the dimensional limits given in UG-36(b)(1) L43 p weld leg length of the inside nozzle fillet
in cylindrical or conical shells may be designed for weld
internal pressure using the following rules in lieu of LH p effective length of nozzle wall outside the
those given in Appendix 1-7(a) and/or Appendix 1-7(b). vessel
(b) This Case number shall be shown on the Manufac- LI p effective length of nozzle wall inside the
turer’s Data Report. vessel
LR p effective length of the vessel wall
Lpr1 p nozzle projection from the outside of the
1 NOMENCLATURE vessel wall
Lpr2 p nozzle projection from the inside of the
A1 p area contributed by the vessel wall vessel wall
A2 p area contributed by the nozzle outside the Lpr3 p length of variable thickness, t from the
vessel wall outside of the vessel wall
A3 p area contributed by the nozzle inside the P p internal or external design pressure
vessel wall Pmax p nozzle maximum allowable pressure
A41 p area contributed by the outside nozzle fil- PL p maximum local primary membrane stress
let weld at the nozzle intersection
A42 p area contributed by the pad to vessel fil- R p inside radius of the vessel shell including
let weld any corrosion allowance
A43 p area contributed by the inside nozzle fil- Reff p effective pressure radius
let weld Rn p nozzle inside radius
A5 p area contributed by the reinforcing pad Rnc p radius of the nozzle opening in the vessel
Ap p area resisting pressure, used to determine along the long chord
the nozzle opening discontinuity force Sallow p allowable local primary membrane stress
AT p total area within the assumed limits of rein- S p the allowable stress of the nozzle and shell
forcement material given in Section II, Part D at design
␣ p one-half of the apex angle of a conical shell temperature
Di p inside diameter of a shell ␴avg p average primary membrane stress

The Committee’s function is to establish rules of safety, relating only to pressure integrity, governing the construction of boilers, pressure vessels, transport tanks
and nuclear components, and inservice inspection for pressure integrity of nuclear components and transport tanks, and to interpret these rules when questions arise
regarding their intent. This Code does not address other safety issues relating to the construction of boilers, pressure vessels, transport tanks and nuclear components,
and the inservice inspection of nuclear components and transport tanks. The user of the Code should refer to other pertinent codes, standards, laws, regulations or
other relevant documents.

1 (2398)

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 CASE (continued)
2398 CASES OF ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE

␴circ p general primary membrane stress LI1 p 0.78冪Rntn +

L43
(2.11)
␪ p angle between the nozzle center line and 2
the vessel center line LI2 p Lpr2 (2.12)
t p nominal thickness of the vessel wall LI3 p 8(t + te) (2.13)
te p thickness of the reinforcing pad LI p min [LI1, LI2, LI3] (2.14)
teff p effective thickness used in the calculation
of pressure stress near the nozzle opening 2.1.4 Step 4
tn p nominal thickness of the nozzle wall Determine the total available area near the nozzle
tn2 p nominal wall thickness of the thinner portion opening:
of a variable thickness nozzle
W p width of the reinforcing pad AT p A1 + A2 + A3 + A41 + A42 + A43 + A5 (2.15)

2 PRESSURE AREA DESIGN OF NOZZLE where

REINFORCEMENT IN CYLINDIRCAL AND
CONICAL SHELLS A1 p tLR (2.16)
A2 p tnLH (2.17)
2.1 Radial Nozzle in a Cylindrical Shell A3 p tnLI (2.18)
The maximum local primary membrane stress and
A41 p 0.5L241 (2.19)
the nozzle maximum allowable working pressure shall
be determined using the following equations. See Figs. A42 p 0.5L242 (2.20)
2.1 through 2.6 for details. A43 p 0.5L243 (2.21)
2.1.1 Step 1 A5a p Wte (2.22)
Calculate the limit of reinforcement along the ves- A5b p LRte (2.23)
sel wall: A5 p min [A5a, A5b] (2.24)
For integrally reinforced nozzles:
2.1.5 Step 5
LR p 8t (2.1)
Determine the effective radius of the shell as follows:
For nozzles with reinforcing pads: For cylindrical shells:
LR p 8t for te < 0.5t or W < 2t (2.2) Di
LR p 10t for te ≥ 0.5t and W < 8(t + te) (2.3) Reff p (2.25)
2
LR p 8(t + te) for te ≥ 0.5t and W ≥ 8(t + te) (2.4)
For conical shells Reff is the inside radius of the
conical shell at the nozzle centerline to cone junction.
2.1.2 Step 2 The radius is measured normal to the longitudinal axis
Calculate the limit of reinforcement along the nozzle of the conical shell.
wall projecting outside the vessel surface:
2.1.6 Step 6
L Determine the applicable forces:
LH1p t + te + 0.78冪Rntn + 41 (2.5)
2
LH2 p Lpr1 + t (2.6) fN p PRn (LH − t) (2.26)
LH3 p 8(t + te) (2.7) fS p PReff (LR + tn) (2.27)
LH p min[LH1, LH2, LH3] (2.8) fY p PReff Rnc (2.28)

If the nozzle neck has a variable wall thickness (see

Fig. 2.2) and LH > Lpr3 + t, then the limit of reinforce- 2.1.7 Step 7
ment is modified as follows: Determine the effective thickness for nozzles in
cylindrical or conical shells as follows:
冢 t 冣 冪R t
tn2
LH4 p Lpr3 + t + 0.78 n n2 (2.9)
n teff p t (2.29)
LH p min [LH1, LH2, LH4] (2.10)
If te 0.5t and W ≥ 8 (t + te) then the effective
2.1.3 Step 3 thickness is modified as follows:
Calculate the limit of reinforcement along the nozzle
wall projecting inside the vessel surface, if applicable: teff p t + te (2.30)

2 (2398)

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 CASE (continued)
CASES OF ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 2398

Leg41
Rn tn

Leg42 Lpr1 W
te
LH

LR
LI
Lpr2
Leg43
R
LR

For nozzle wall inserted For nozzle wall abutting the

through the vessel wall vessel wall

Determine the contributing areas as applicable where LR, LH, and LI are determined from
the procedures in para. LB-37.3.

= A1 = T LR Area contributed by shell

= A2 = tn LH Area contributed by nozzle projecting outward

= A3 = tn LI Area contributed by nozzle projecting inward

= A41 = 0.5 L412 Area contributed by outward weld

= A42 = 0.5 L422 Area contributed by pad to vessel weld

= A43 = 0.5 L432 Area contributed by inward weld

= A5 = MIN [W te , LR te] Area contributed by reinforcing pad

AT = A1 + A2 + A3 + A41 + A42 + A43 + A5 Total area contributed

GENERAL NOTE: Do not include any area that falls outside of the limits defined by LH, LR, and LI. For example, if W ≥ LR and LR
and A42 p 0.

FIG. 2.1 NOMENCLATURE FOR REINFORCED OPENINGS

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 CASE (continued)
2398 CASES OF ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE

L41 tn Rn tn2

Lpr1
LH
Lpr3

LR
LI Lpr2
--`,,``,,,,`,,,,`,,,,,``,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

L43
R
LR

For nozzle wall inserted For nozzle wall abutting the

through the vessel wall vessel wall

FIG. 2.2 NOMENCLATURE FOR VARIABLE THICKNESS OPENINGS

Rn
R
θ

Rnc

Di

FIG. 2.4 NOZZLE IN A CYLINDRICAL SHELL

FIG. 2.3 RADIAL NOZZLE IN A CYLINDRICAL ORIENTED AT AN ANGLE FROM THE
SHELL LONGITUDINAL AXIS

4 (2398)

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 CASE (continued)
CASES OF ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 2398
For nozzles subjected to internal pressure, the allow-
able stress is:

Sallow p 1.5SE (2.35)

Rn 2.1.11 Step 11
Di
Determine the maximum allowable working pressure
of the nozzle:
α
Sallow
Pmax p (2.36)

At冢 冣 冢 冣
2 Ap − Reff
teff

where

Ap p Rn (LH − t) + Reff (LR + tn + Rnc) (2.37)

FIG. 2.5 RADIAL NOZZLE IN A CONICAL SHELL

2.2 Nozzle in a Cylindrical Shell Oriented at an

--`,,``,,,,`,,,,`,,,,,``,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Angle From the Longitudinal Axis

The maximum local primary membrane stress and the
Rn nozzle maximum allowable working pressure shall be
Di determined following Steps 1 through 10 in para.2.1, but
substituting the following (see Fig. 2.5):
Rnc
Rn
α Rnc p (2.38)
sin

2.3 Radial Nozzle in a Conical Shell

The maximum loca1 primary membrane stress and the
FIG. 2.6 NOZZLE IN A CONICAL SHELL ORIENTED nozzle maximum allowable working pressure shall be
PERPENDICULAR TO LONGITUDINAL AXIS determined following Steps 1 through 10 in para. 2.1,
but substituting the following (see Fig. 4.5.6):

冢 冢 冣 冣
2.1.8 Step 8 P L + tn + Rnc
fs p R + R sin (LR + tn) (2.39)
Determine the average local primary membrane stress cos eff 2

冢 冣
and the general primary membrane stress in the vessel: Rnc
P Reff + sin Rnc)
2
(fN + fS + fY) fY p (2.40)
avg p (2.31) cos
AT
P(Reff + (LR + tn + Rnc)sin)
circ
PReff
(2.32) circ p (2.41)
p
teff teff cos
Sallow
Pmax p (2.42)
2.1.9 Step 9
冢 冣
A R eff + (L R + tn + Rnc)sin
2 p
Determine the maximum local primary membrane AT teff cos

冤 冥
stress at the nozzle intersection:

冢 冢 冣 冣
LR + tn +Rnc
PL p 2avg − circ (2.33) Rn(LH − t) + Reff + sin
2
Ap p
2.1.10 Step 10
冢 cos 冣 +
LR + t n Rnc(Reff + Rnc sin)
The calculated maximum local primary membrane ⴛ
cos
stress should satisfy the following:
(2.43)
PL ≤ Sallow (2.34)

5 (2398) SUPP. 1 – BPV

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 CASE (continued)
2398 CASES OF ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE
2.4 Nozzle in a Conical Shell Oriented Perpendicu-
lar to the Longitudinal Axis
The maximum local primary membrane stress and the
nozzle maximum allowable working pressure shall be
determined following para. 2.3, but substituting the fol-
lowing (see Fig. 2.6):
Rn
Rnc p
cos
E 3.0 CAUTION TO THE DESIGNER
Appendix 1-7(b) design methods are particularly appli-
cable to large bolted flanged nozzles in relatively thin
(D i /t > 100) vessels when the vessel nozzle flange is
located close to the nozzle/shell intersection. The nozzle/
shell intersection in these cases is more flexible and the
usual assumption of axial-only strain may not be valid.
SUPP. 1 – BPV
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This flexing results in strain redistribution around the
nozzle circumference. Strain redistribution may cause
distortion (ovaling) of the nozzle neck and flange such
that a proper seal at the bolted flange connection cannot
be obtained or maintained. Flanged connections with a
minimum projection from flange face to outside surface
of shell less than 3.0冪Rntn may be affected by ovaling
distortion and should be considered by the designer as
(2.44)
permitted by U-2(g) or by the rules presently in Appendix
1-7(b).
For radial openings that are within the parameters
defined in subparas. (a) through (c), consideration should
be given to design of reinforcement using the method in
Appendix 1-7(b) or by the rules of U-2(g).
(a) Nozzle ID (Di) is greater than 40 in. and exceeds
3.4冪Rt.
(b) D i /t exceeds 200.
(c) R n /R does not exceed 0.7.
--`,,``,,,,`,,,,`,,,,,``,`,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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