'2,

3LRWU:,/&=(.1

&KDSWHU0. $1$33/,&$7,212)7+(/2&$/%,1$5<3$77(51
$/*25,7+0$1',7681,)2509$5,$1772
,03529(7+(5(&855(1&($1'&5266-
-5(&855(1&(48$17,),&$7,21$1$/<6(62)7+(
3+$50$&2/2*,&$//<$1'3+<6,2/2*,&$//<
,03257$177,0(6(5,(6

10.1. ,QWURGXFWLRQ

6LQFH LWV LQWURGXFWLRQ LQ  E\ --3 (FNPDQQ HW DO [2] and WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI
VHYHUDO TXDQWLILFDWLRQ DSSURDFKHV WKH VR-FDOOHG recurrence plots 53V ZHUH ZLGHO\
XVHG IRU WKH VWXG\ RI FRPSOH[ V\VWHPV LQ D YDULHW\ RI VFLHQWLILF GLVFLSOLQHV DV
SK\VLRORJ\HFRORJ\ILQDQFHRUHDUWKVFLHQFHV>@7KH53DQGUHODWHGPHWKRGRORJLHV
DUH DLPHG WR YLVXDOL]H DQG TXDQWLWDWLYHO\ DVVHVV WKH UHFXUUHQFHV RI QRQOLQHDU
G\QDPLFDO V\VWHPV )RU LQVWDQFH LI ZH FRQVLGHU D WUDMHFWRU\ {‫ݔ‬Ԧ௜ }௡௜ୀଵ RI VRPH
G\QDPLFDO V\VWHP LQ LWV SKDVH VSDFH WKHQ LW LV VWUDLJKWIRUZDUG WR UHDOL]H WKDW WKH
HYROXWLRQRIWKLVV\VWHPFDQEHGHVFULEHGE\DWLPHVHULHVZKRVHFRPSRQHQWVDUHWKH
DERYH YHFWRUV 7KH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ 53 HIILFLHQWO\ YLVXDOL]HV UHFXUUHQFHV RI WKH
DQDO\]HGV\VWHPDQGFDQEHIRUPDOO\REWDLQHGIURPWKHIROORZLQJrecurrence matrix
(ܴ) [10]:
ܴ (ߝ ) ؔ ߆ ቀߝ െ ฮ‫ݔ‬Ԧ െ ‫ݕ‬Ԧ ฮ ቁ (1)
௜,௝ ௜ ௝ ଶ

for ݅, ݆ = 1, … , ݊ ZKHUH ݊ LV WKH QXPEHU RI measured time points ߝ LV D threshold
distance ߆(ή) LV WKH Heaviside function LH ߆(ή) = 0 if ‫ < ݔ‬0 and ߆(‫ = ) ݔ‬0
RWKHUZLVHDQGԡήԡଶ LVWKHEuclidean norm. For ߝ-UHFXUUHQWVWDWHVLHIRUVWDWHVZKLFK
are in an ߝ-QHLJKERXUKRRGLWLVSRVVLEOHWRLQWURGXFHWKHVXEVHTXHQWFRQGLWLRQ>@

‫ݔ‬Ԧ௜ ൎ ‫ݔ‬Ԧ௝ ՞ ܴ௜,௝ = 1. (2)

1
&RPSXWHU/DERUDWRU\3R]QDĔ3RODQG.

&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRUSLRWUZLOF]HNQHW#RQHWSO.
 

7KHQ WKH 53 VWUXFWXUH LV REWDLQHG E\ SORWWLQJ D EODFN GRW DW WKH FRRUGLQDWHV (݅, ݆) if
ܴ௜,௝ = 1 and DZKLWHGRWLIܴ௜,௝ = 0%RWKD[HVRIWKH53DUHLGHQWLILHGZLWKWLPHD[HV
6LQFHܴ௜,௜ = 1 E\FRQYHQWLRQWKH53KDVDOZD\VDEODFNPDLQGLDJRQDOOLQHLHWKH
OLQHRILGHQWLW\‫ܫܱܮ‬0RUHRYHUWKH53LVV\PPHWULFE\GHILQLWLRQZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKH
PDLQGLDJRQDOLHܴ௜,௝ = ܴ௝,௜ 5RXJKO\VSHDNLQJWKH53REMHFWMX[WDSRVHVWKHVWDWHV
oI D QRQOLQHDU V\VWHP DW WLPHV ݅ and ݆ LH LI VWDWHV DUH VLPLODU WKHQ ܴ௜,௝ = 1 and
RWKHUZLVHܴ௜,௝ = 0.
,QWXUQWKHcross-recurrence plot &53FDQEHXQGHUVWRRGDVDELYDULDWHH[WHQVLRQRI
WKH53DQGZDVSURSRVHGLQRUGHUWRDQDO\]HWKHGHSHQGHQFLHVEHWZHHQWZRGLIIHUHQW
QRQOLQHDUG\QDPLFDOV\VWHPVE\FRPSDULQJWKHLUVWDWHV>@1DPHO\LIZHFRQVLGHU
WZR V\VWHPV HDFK RQH UHSUHVHQWHG E\ WKH WUDMHFWRULHV ‫ݔ‬Ԧ௜ and ‫ݕ‬Ԧ௝ LQ WKH VDPH SKDVH
VSDFHWKHQWKHcross-recurrence matrix (‫ܴܥ‬LVGHILQHGE\WKe condition [10]:
௫Ԧ,௬
ሬԦ
‫ܴܥ‬௜,௝ (ߝ) ؔ ߆ ቀߝ െ ฮ‫ݔ‬Ԧ௜ െ ‫ݕ‬Ԧ௝ ฮଶ ቁ (3)

for ݅ = 1, … , ݊ and ݆ = 1, … , ݉ ZKHUHWKHOHQJWKRIWKHWUDMHFWRULHVRIERWKG\QDPLFDO

V\VWHPV LV QRW UHTXLUHG WR EH LGHQWLFDO DQG FRQVHTXHQWO\ WKH ‫ ܴܥ‬PDWUL[ LV QRW
QHFHVVDULO\ VTXDUH 7KHQ IRU ߝ-UHFXUUHQW VWDWHV LH IRU VWDWHV ZKLFK DUH LQ DQ
ߝ-QHLJKERXUKRRGLWLVSRVVLEOHWRLQWURGXFHWKHVXEVHTXHQWFRQGLWLRQ>@
‫ݔ‬Ԧ௜ ൎ ‫ݕ‬Ԧ௝ ՞ ‫ܴܥ‬௜,௝ = 1. (4)
)LQDOO\WKH&53LVREWDLQHGE\SORWWLQJDEODFNGRWDWWKHFRRUGLQDWHV (݅, ݆) if ‫ܴܥ‬௜,௝ = 1
DQG D ZKLWH GRW LI ‫ܴܥ‬௜,௝ = 0 7KXV LW FDQ EH HDVLO\ REVHUYHG WKDW WKH &53 VWUXFWXUH
FRPSDUHVWKHVWDWHVRIWZRQRQOLQHDUV\VWHPVDWWLPHV݅ and ݆LHLIVWDWHVDUHVLPLODU
then ‫ܴܥ‬௜,௝ = 1 DQGRWKHUZLVH‫ܴܥ‬௜,௝ = 0. ,QRWKHUZRUGVWKH&53REMHFWGHWHFWVWKRVH
WLPHSRLQWVZKHQ DVWDWHRIWKHILUVWV\VWHPUHFXUVWRRQHRIWKHVHFRQGV\VWHP7KHUH
LVXVXDOO\QRWDEODFNPDLQGLDJRQDOOLQHRQWKH&53VWUXFWXUHEHFDXVHWKHYDOXHVRI
WKHPDLQGLDJRQDO‫ܴܥ‬௜,௜ DUHQRWQHFHVVDULO\HTXDOWRRQH

,Q WKH SUHVHQW SDSHU ZH ZLOO VKRZ WKH XVHIXOQHVV RI WKH recurrence quantification
analysis 54$LQLQYHVWLJDWLQJWKHSKDUPDFRORJLFDODQGSK\VLRORJLFDOQRQOLQHDUWLPH
VHULHV0RUHRYHUZHZLOOSURSRVHWRDSSO\WKHlocal binary pattern /%3DOJRULWKP
DQG LWV XQLIRUP YDULDQW 8/%3 WR LPSURYH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH 53 DQG &53
PHWKRGRORJLHV 7KH SDSHU LV VWUXFWXUHG DV IROORZV 6HFWLRQ  GHWDLOV WKH 54$
FRPSOH[LW\GHVFULSWRUV6HFWLRQSUHVHQWVWKHQRYHO8/%3-EDVHG54$FRPSOH[LW\
LQGLFHV6HFWLRQGHVFULEHVWKHGDWDVHWVDQGFRPSXWDWLRQDOSURFHGXUHZKHUHDV6HFWLRQ
LQFOXGHVWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHDQDO\VLVRIWKHH[HPSODU\WLPHVHULHV)LQDOO\6HFWLRQ
FRQFOXGHVWKHSDSHU
 130

7KH54$FRPSOH[LW\GHVFULSWRUV

$FUXFLDOSDUDPHWHURIWKH53DOJRULWKPLVWKHWKUHVKROGGLVWDQFHߝ [10]. According to

-3=ELOXWDQGFRZRUNHUVLWLVSRVVLEOHWRFKRRVHߝ ZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHrecurrence rate
(ܴܴ (ߝ )) of the ܴ PDWUL[ >@ )RU WKH WLPH VHULHV RI WKH OHQJWK ݊ WKLV PDWUL[-
-WKHRUHWLFDOLQGH[LVH[SUHVVHGE\WKHIRUPXOD>@

1 ௡
ܴܴ(ߝ): = ෍ ܴ௜,௝ (ߝ ). (5)
݊ଶ ௜,௝ୀଵ

,WZDVVXJJHVWHGWRVHOHFWߝ VXFKWKDWWKHܴܴ (ߝ ) FRHIILFLHQWLVDSSUR[LPDWHO\HTXDOWR

 >@ 0RUHRYHU WKH 54$ GHYHORSHG VHYHUDO FRPSOH[LW\ GHVFULSWRUV LQ RUGHU WR
DQDO\]H QRQOLQHDU WLPH VHULHV GDWD DQG WR H[WUDFW PHDQLQJIXO VWDWLVWLFV DQG RWKHU
FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH GDWD >@ $OO OLVWHG EHORZ 54$ LQGLFHV UHIHU WR WKH 53 REMHFW
REWDLQHGIURPDWLPHVHULHVRIWKHOHQJWK݊.

10..1. 7KHFRPSOH[LW\PHDVXUHVEDVHGRQGLDJRQDOOLQHV

The histogram of diagonal lines of length ݈ (ܲ(ߝ, ݈ )KDVWKHIRUP>@

௡ ௟ିଵ
ܲ(ߝ, ݈ ) ؔ ෍ ቀ1 െ ܴ௜ିଵ,௝ିଵ (ߝ )ቁ ቀ1 െ ܴ௜ା௟,௝ା௟ (ߝ )ቁ ෑ ܴ௜ା௞,௝ା௞ (ߝ ). (6)
௜,௝ୀଵ ௞ୀ଴

,QWKHUHVWRIWKHSUHVHQWDUWLFOHWKHV\PEROߝ ZLOOEHRPLWWHGIURPWKH54$PHDVXUHV
IRU WKH VDNH RI VLPSOLFLW\ LH ܲ(݈ ) = ܲ(ߝ, ݈ ) 7KHQ WKH determinism (‫ )ܶܧܦ‬of the
53 VWUXFWXUH LV LGHQWLILHG ZLWK WKH UDWLR RI UHFXUUHQFH SRLQWV WKDW FRQVWLWXWH GLDJRQDO
VWUXFWXUHVRIDWOHDVWOHQJWK݈௠௜௡ WRDOOUHFXUUHQFHSRLQWV>@LH

σ௡௟ୀ௟೘೔೙ ݈ܲ(݈ ) 
‫ؔ ܶܧܦ‬ .
σ௡௟ୀଵ ݈ܲ(݈ )

7KLV GHVFULSWRU LV DLPHG WR TXDQWLI\ WKH SUHGLFWDELOLW\ RI WKH G\QDPLFDO V\VWHP ,Q
WXUQ WKH average diagonal line length (‫ܮ‬௠௘௔௡  RI WKH 53 VWUXFWXUH WKHlength of the
longest diagonal line (‫ܮ‬௠௔௫  IRXQG LQ WKH 53 DQG LWV inverse LH WKH VR-caOOHG
divergence – ‫ܸܫܦ‬DUHH[SUHVVHGE\WKHVXEVHTXHQWFRQGLWLRQV>@
 131

σ௡௟ୀ௟೘೔೙ ݈ܲ(݈ )
‫ܮ‬௠௘௔௡ ؔ ௡ ,
σ௟ୀ௟೘೔೙ ܲ(݈ ) (8)

೗ ௡
‫ܮ‬௠௔௫ ؔ max൫{݈௜ }௜ୀଵ ൯ 

DQGE\
1
‫ؔ ܸܫܦ‬ (10)
‫ܮ‬௠௔௫

ZKHUH݊௟ ؔ σ௟ஹ௟೘೔೙ ܲ(݈ ) UHIHUVWRWKHWRWDOQXPEHURIGLDJRQDOOLQHVUHVSHFWLYHO\,I

LQ WKH FRPSXWDWLRQ RI WKH ‫ܮ‬௠௘௔௡ LQGH[ ZH H[FOXGH WKH PDLQ GLDJRQDO OLQH WKHQ WKH
UHVXOWDQWGHVFULSWRULVGHQRWHGE\WKHV\PERO‫ିܮ‬௠௘௔௡ . ,IZHLGHQWLI\WKHprobability of
௉(௟)
finding a dLDJRQDOOLQHRIWKHOHQJWK݈ LQWKH53VWUXFWXUHZLWKWKHIRUPXOD‫ؔ ) ݈(݌‬ 
௡೗

then the Shannon entropy of this distribution (‫ܴܶܰܧ‬LVGHILQHGDV>@

௡
(11)
‫ ؔ ܴܶܰܧ‬െ ෍ ‫ ) ݈(݌‬ln ‫) ݈(݌‬.
௟ୀ௟೘೔೙

$IXUWKHUGHVFULSWRUXVHGWRTXDQWLWDWLYHO\DVVHVVWKH53REMHFWLVWKHratio (ܴ‫)ܱܫܶܣ‬
GHILQHGDVWKHUDWLREHWZHHQ‫ ܶܧܦ‬and ܴܴ)RUPDOO\WKLVLQGH[KDVWKHIRUP>@

σ௡௟ୀ௟೘೔೙ ݈ܲ(݈ )
ܴ‫݊ ؔ ܱܫܶܣ‬ ଶ
. (12)
(σ௡௟ୀଵ ݈ܲ(݈ ))ଶ

The ܴܴ PHDVXUH FRPSXWHG IRU D FHUWDLQ OLQH SDUDOOHO WR WKH‫ ܫܱܮ‬ZLWK WKH GLVWDQFH ߬
IURP WKH‫ ܫܱܮ‬LV FDOOHG WKH ߬-recurrence rate (߬ െ ܴܴ). The ߬ െ ܴܴ IRU WKH GLDJRQDO
OLQHVZLWKWKHGLVWDQFH߬ IURPWKH/2,LVJLYHQE\WKHIRUPXOD>@
௡ିఛ ௡ିఛ
1 1
ܴܴఛ ؔ ෍ ܴ௜,௜ାఛ = ෍ ݈ܲఛ (݈ ) (13)
݊െ߬ ݊െ߬
௜ୀଵ ௟ୀଵ

ZKHUHWKHV\PEROܲఛ (݈) UHIHUVWRWKHQXPEHURIGLDJRQDOOLQHVRIWKHOHQJWK݈ on each

GLDJRQDOܴ௜,௜ାఛ SDUDOOHOWRWKH‫ܫܱܮ‬1DPHO\߬ = 0 FRUUHVSRQGVWRWKHPDLQGLDJRQDO
߬ > 0 WRGLDJRQDOVDERYHDQG߬ < 0 WRGLDJRQDOVEHORZWKH‫ ܫܱܮ‬LHܴ௜ା|ఛ|,௜ 7KHQ
DOLQHDUUHJUHVVLRQFRHIILFLHQWRYHUWKH߬ െ ܴܴ RIWKHGLDJRQDOVSDUDOOHOWRWKH‫ ܫܱܮ‬DV
D IXQFWLRQ RI WKH GLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ WKHVH GLDJRQDOV DQG WKH ‫ ܫܱܮ‬LV FDOOHG WKH trend
(ܴܶ‫ܦܰܧ‬DQGLVGHILQHGDV>@
 132

ത ݊ത
σ௡ఛୀଵ ቀ߬ െ ቁ (ܴܴఛ െ ‫ܴܴۃ‬ఛ ‫)ۄ‬
2
ܴܶ‫ؔ ܦܰܧ‬ (14)
ത ݊ത ଶ
σ௡ఛୀଵ ቀ߬ െ ቁ
2
ZKHUH݊ത < ݊ DQGWKHV\PERO‫ۃ‬ή‫ ۄ‬GHQRWHVWKHDYHUDJHYDOXH

 7KHFRPSOH[LWy PHDVXUHVEDVHGRQYHUWLFDOOLQHV

7KH WRWDO QXPEHU RI YHUWLFDO OLQHV RI WKH OHQJWK ‫ ݒ‬LQ WKH 53 LV FDOFXODWHG IURP WKH
IROORZLQJKLVWRJUDP>@
௡ ௩ିଵ

ܲ(‫ ؔ )ݒ‬෍ ൫1 െ ܴ௜,௝ ൯൫1 െ ܴ௜,௝ା௩ ൯ ෑ ܴ௜,௝ା௞ . (15)

௜,௝ୀଵ ௞ୀ଴

7KHQ WKH UDWLR EHWZHHQ WKH UHFXUUHQFH SRLQWV FRQVWLWXWLQJYHUWLFDO VWUXFWXUHV DQG WKH
HQWLUH VHW RI UHFXUUHQFH SRLQWV LV NQRZQ DV WKH laminarity (‫ )ܯܣܮ‬of the RP object.
)RUPDOO\WKLVGHVFULSWRULVGHILQHGDV>@
σ௡௩ୀ௩೘೔೙ ‫)ݒ(ܲݒ‬
‫ؔ ܯܣܮ‬ . (16)
σ௡௩ୀଵ ‫)ݒ(ܲݒ‬
0RUHRYHU WKH maximal length of vertical lines (ܸ௠௔௫  LQ WKH 53 VWUXFWXUH DV ZHOO DV
WKH DYHUDJH OHQJWK RI YHUWLFDO OLQHV ܸ௠௘௔௡  LQ WKH 53 REMHFW DUH JLYHQ E\ WKH
FRQGLWLRQV>@
௡
ೡ
ܸ௠௔௫ ؔ ݉ܽ‫ݔ‬൫{‫ݒ‬௟ }௟ୀଵ ൯ 
ZKHUH݊௩ LVWKHDEVROXWHQXPEHURIYHUWLFDOOLQHVDQG
σ௡௩ୀ௩೘೔೙ ‫)ݒ(ܲݒ‬
ܸ௠௘௔௡ ؔ ௡ , (18)
σ௩ୀ௩೘೔೙ ܲ(‫)ݒ‬
UHVSHFWLYHO\(TXLYDOHQWO\WKHܸ௠௘௔௡ FRPSOH[LW\GHVFULSWRULVFDOOHGWKHtrapping time
[10].

10.3. 7KHQRYHO8/%3-EDVHG54$FRPSOH[LW\GHVFULSWRUV

7KHUHFXUUHQFHDQGFURVV-UHFXUUHQFHPDWULFHVZKRVHGHILQLWLRQVLQFOXGHWKHWKUHVKROG
GLVWDQFH ߝ FDQ EH UHJDUGHG DV WKH thresholded UHFXUUHQFH DQG FURVV-UHFXUUHQFH WZR-
-GLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\V %HVLGHV WKHVH WKUHVKROGHG REMHFWV LW LV SRVVLEOH WR GHILQH WKH
 133

unthresholded recurrence matrix (ܷܴDVZHOODVWKHunthresholded cross-recurrence

matrix (ܷ‫)@>ܴܥ‬RUPDOO\IRUDQRQOLQHDUG\QDPLFDOV\VWHPLWVܷܴ PDWUL[KDVWhe
IRUP>@

ܷܴ௜,௝ ؔ ฮ‫ݔ‬Ԧ௜ െ ‫ݕ‬Ԧ௝ ฮଶ 

for ݅, ݆ = 1, … , ݊ ZKHUH݊ LVWKHQXPEHURIPHDVXUHGWLPHSRLQWV,QWXUQLIZHVWXG\
WZRG\QDPLFDOV\VWHPVHDFKRQHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHWUDMHFWRULHV‫ݔ‬Ԧ௜ and ‫ݕ‬Ԧ௝ LQWKHVDPH
SKDVHVSDFHWKHQWKHLUܷ‫ ܴܥ‬PDWUL[LVJLYHQE\WKHFRQGLWLRQ>@
௫Ԧ,௬
ሬԦ
ܷ‫ܴܥ‬௜,௝ ؔ ฮ‫ݔ‬Ԧ௜ െ ‫ݕ‬Ԧ௝ ฮଶ (20)

for ݅ = 1, … , ݊ and ݆ = 1, … , ݉ ZKHUHWKHOHQJWKRIERWKWUDMHFWRULHVLVQRWUHTXLUHGWR

EH LGHQWLFDO DQG WKHUHIRUH WKH ܷ‫ ܴܥ‬DUUD\ LV QRW QHFHVVDULO\ VTXDUH 0RUHRYHU WKH
HQWULHV RI ERWK XQWUHVKROGHG PDWULFHV FDQ EH WUDQVIRUPHG DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH IROORZLQJ
UXOHV>@

࣯࣬௜,௝ ؔ ݁ ି௎ோ೔,ೕ (21)

and
ሬԦ,೤
ೣ ሬሬԦ
௫Ԧ,௬
࣯ࣝ࣬௜,௝ ؔ ݁
ሬԦ ି௎஼ோ೔,ೕ
, (22)

UHVSHFWLYHO\7KHUHVXOWDQWQHJDWLYHO\H[SRQHQWLDOO\WUDQVIRUPHGPDWULFHVDUHGHQRWHG
E\ WKH FDOOLJUDSKLF OHWWHUV 7KXV IRU YHU\ VLPLODU VWDWHV WKH YDOXHV RI WKH HQWULHV RI
ERWKPDWULFHVQHDURQHDQGIRULGHQWLFDOVWDWHVWKH\DUHH[DFWO\HTXDOWRRQH,Q WXUQ
IRU YHU\ GLVVLPLODU VWDWHV WKH YDOXHV RI WKH HQWULHV RI ERWK WZR-GLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\V
DSSURDFK ]HUR >@ 0RUHRYHU LQ WKH SUHVHQW SDSHU ZH SURSRVH WR GLYLGH WKH YDOXHV
RIWKHHQWULHVRIERWKWUDQVIRUPHGPDWULFHVLQWRWHQHTXLYDOHQFHFODVVHV7KHVHFODVVHV
DUH LGHQWLILHG ZLWK WKH YDOXHV   «   DQG WKH UHVXOWDQW coarse-grained
XQWKUHVKROGHG UHFXUUHQFH DQG FURVV-UHFXUUHQFH PDWULFHV DUH GHQRWHG E\ WKH V\PEROV
࣯ܿ݃࣬ and ࣯ܿ݃‫ ࣬ܥ‬UHVSHFWLYHO\ ,Q GHWDLOV XVLQJ WKH QRWDWLRQ RI WKH IRUP
‫࣯࣬{ א ܯ‬, ࣯‫ } ࣬ܥ‬and ܿ݃‫࣯࣬݃ܿ{ א ܯ‬, ࣯ܿ݃‫ }࣬ܥ‬WKH HTXLYDOHQFH FODVVHV LH WKH
HQWULHVRIERWKFRDUVH-JUDLQHGPDWULFHVDUHGHILQHGE\WKHFRQGLWLRQVLQFOXGHGLQ7DEOH
1 2 1H[W ZH SURSRVH WR UXQ WKH local binary pattern /%3 DOJRULWKP DQGRU LWV
VLPSOLILHG FRXQWHUSDUW RQ ERWK XQWKUHVKROGHG PDWULFHV DQG WKHLU FRDUVH-grained
FRXQWHUSDUWV LQ RUGHU WR REWDLQ WKH QRYHO DUUD\V ZKRVH HQWULHV DUH -digit binary
numbers XVXDOO\FRQYHUWHGWRdecimal numbers IRUFRQYHQLHQFH5HFDOOWKDWWKH/%3

2
,Q7DEOHWKHV\PERO‫ ר‬UHIHUVWRWKHORJLFDOconjunction.
 134

WHFKQLTXH LV D W\SH RI YLVXDO WH[WXUH GHVFULSWRU XVHG IRU FODVVLILFDWLRQ WDVNV LQ WKH
UHDOP RI computer vision >   @ $OWKRXJK WKH /%3 PHWKRGRORJ\ VWDUWHG LQ
>@WKHSUHVHQWFRQWULEXWLRQFDQEHUHJDUGHGDVDILUVWDWWHPSWWRDSSO\WKH/%3
DOJRULWKPDQGLWVPRGLILHGYDULDQWLQWKHDQDO\VLVRIWKHQRQOLQHDUG\QDPLFDOV\VWHPV
IRULQVWDQFHLQVWXG\LQJWKHGRVH-UHVSRQVHWLPHVHULHVGDWD
7DEOH
7KHIRUPDOFRQGLWLRQVGHILQLQJWKHFRDUVH-JUDLQHGXQWKUHVKROGHGPDWULFHV
ENTRY CONDITION ENTRY CONDITION
ܿ݃‫ܯ‬௜,௝ = 0.1 ‫ܯ‬௜,௝ < 0.1 ܿ݃‫ܯ‬௜,௝ = 0.6 ‫ܯ‬௜,௝ ൒ 0.5 ‫ܯ ר‬௜,௝ < 0.6
ܿ݃‫ܯ‬௜,௝ = 0.2 ‫ܯ‬௜,௝ ൒ 0.1 ‫ܯ ר‬௜,௝ < 0.2 ܿ݃‫ܯ‬௜,௝ = 0.7 ‫ܯ‬௜,௝ ൒ 0.6 ‫ܯ ר‬௜,௝ < 0.7
ܿ݃‫ܯ‬௜,௝ = 0.3 ‫ܯ‬௜,௝ ൒ 0.2 ‫ܯ ר‬௜,௝ < 0.3 ܿ݃‫ܯ‬௜,௝ = 0.8 ‫ܯ‬௜,௝ ൒ 0.7 ‫ܯ ר‬௜,௝ < 0.8
ܿ݃‫ܯ‬௜,௝ = 0.4 ‫ܯ‬௜,௝ ൒ 0.3 ‫ܯ ר‬௜,௝ < 0.4 ܿ݃‫ܯ‬௜,௝ = 0.9 ‫ܯ‬௜,௝ ൒ 0.8 ‫ܯ ר‬௜,௝ < 0.9
ܿ݃‫ܯ‬௜,௝ = 0.5 ‫ܯ‬௜,௝ ൒ 0.4 ‫ܯ ר‬௜,௝ < 0.5 ܿ݃‫ܯ‬௜,௝ = 1 ‫ܯ‬௜,௝ ൒ 0.9

0RUH VSHFLILFDOO\ RXU SDSHU SURSRVHV WR VFUXWLQL]H WKH UHFXUUHQFHV RI WKH VWXGLHG
G\QDPLFDO V\VWHP E\ H[WUDFWLQJ IURP LWV FRDUVH-JUDLQHG XQWKUHVKROGHG UHFXUUHQFH
DQG FURVV-UHFXUUHQFH PDWULFHV WKH XQLIRUP ORFDO ELQDU\ SDWWHUQV LQ WKH IRUP RI
IHDWXUHYHFWRUV7KH/%3SURFHGXUHFDQEHUXQRQany UHDOPDWULFHVIRULQVWDQFHRQ
the ࣯࣬, ࣯‫ ࣬ܥ‬RU RQ WKHLU FRDUVH-JUDLQHG DQDORJXHV ZKRVH HQWULHV DUH LQWHUSUHWHG DV
pixels $ VLQJOH LQVWDQWLDWLRQ RI WKH /%3 SURFHGXUH LV GHILQHG RQ × VXEPDWUL[ RI
WKHLQSXW݊ × ݉ WZR-GLPHQVLRQDOUHDODUUD\FRQVLVWLQJWKHFHQWUDOSL[HODWWKHSRVLWLRQ
DQGHLJKWQHLJKERULQJSL[HOV)RUPDOO\WKLVW\SHRIQHLJKERUKRRGLVFDOOHGWKH
Moore neighborhood LH DOO HLJKW QHLJKERULQJ SL[HOV DUH ORFDWHG DW WKH Chebyshev
distance HTXDO WR RQH IURP WKH FHQWUDO SL[HO ,Q WKH /%3 DOJRULWKP DOO QHLJKERULQJ
SL[HOVWKDWKDYHWKHYDOXHVKLJKHUWKDQRUHTXDOWRWKHYDOXHRIWKHFHQWUDOSL[HODUHVHW
WRRQHRWKHUZLVHWKH\DUHVHWWR]HUR7KHQVWDUWLQJIURPWKHSL[HOORFDWHGDWWKHFHOO
(DQGPRYLQJFORFNZLVHWRWKHSL[HOORFDWHGDWWKHFHOOZHREWDLQWKH-digit
ELQDU\ QXPEHU )RU FRQYHQLHQFH WKH UHVXOWDQW ELQDU\ QXPEHU LV FRQYHUWHG WR WKH
FRUUHVSRQGLQJGHFLPDOQXPEHU7KLVGHFLPDOYDOXHLVUHJDUGHGDVWKH/%3SDWWHUQRI
the cHQWUDOSL[HO&RQVHTXHQWO\LIZHUHSHDWWKHVDPHSURFHVVIRUDOO×VXEPDWULFHV
RI WKH LQSXW ݊ × ݉ UHDO PDWUL[ WKHQ ZH REWDLQ WKH KLVWRJUDP RI DOO /%3 YDOXHV
0RUHRYHUWKLVKLVWRJUDPFDQEHWUHDWHGDVWKHfeature vector)URPWKHIDFWWKDWWKH
QXPEHURf 8-GLJLWELQDU\words LV2଼ = 256LWIROORZVWKDWWKHGLPHQVLRQDOLW\RIWKH
RXWSXWIHDWXUHYHFWRULVHTXDOWR,QWXUQLWVOHQJWKLVHTXDOWR݊݉ െ 2݊ െ 2݉ + 4.
:H ZLOO GHQRWH WKLV QXPHULF REMHFW E\ WKH V\PERO ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺  $OWHUQDWLYHO\ WKH ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
YHFWRUFDQEHPDWULFL]HGLQWRWKH(݊ െ 2) × (݉ െ 2) PDWUL[GHQRWHGE\WKHV\PERO‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ .
 135

7KLV PDWULFL]DWLRQ LV SHUIRUPHG FROXPQ-ZLVH LH WKH ILUVW (݊ െ 2) YDOXHV RI WKH
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ REMHFWFRQVWLWXWHWKHILUVWFROXPQRIWKH‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ PDWUL[DQGWKHODVW(݉ െ 2) YDOXHV
of the ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ REMHFWIRUPWKHODVWFROXPQRIWKH‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ PDWUL[6RPHXVHIXOH[WHQVLRQRI
WKH RULJLQDO /%3 DOJRULWKP LV WKH VR-FDOOHG uniform local binary pattern 8/%3
RSHUDWRU 7KLV PRGLILHG SURFHGXUH FDQ EH XVHG WR UHGXFH WKH OHQJWK RI WKH RULJLQDO
IHDWXUHYHFWRU7KHFRQFHSWXDOLGHDRIWKLVPRGLILHGSURFHGXUHLVPRWLYDWHGE\WKHIDFW
WKDWVRPHELQDU\SDWWHUQVDUHPRUHIUHTXHQWLQWH[WXUHLPDJHVWKDQRWKHU7KH/%3LV
FDOOHGuniform LILWFRQWDLQVDWPRVWWZR-1 or 1-0 transitions)RULQVWDQFHWKHZRUG
000100 LQFOXGHV WZR WUDQVLWLRQV DQG LV WUHDWHG DV XQLIRUP EXW WKH ZRUG 
LQFOXGHV VL[ WUDQVLWLRQV DQG FRQVHTXHQWO\ FDQ QRW EH UHJDUGHG DV XQLIRUP ,Q WKH
FRPSXWDWLRQ RI WKH 8/%3 KLVWRJUDP WKH UHVXOWDQW KLVWRJUDP KDV D VHSDUDWH ELQ IRU
HYHU\XQLIRUPSDWWHUQZKHUHDVDOOQRQ-XQLIRUPSDWWHUQVDUHDVVLJQHGWRRQHELQ,WFDQ
EHHDVLO\REVHUYHGWKDWDPRQJ-GLJLWELQDU\ZRUGVLWLVSRVVLEOHWRVLQJOHRXW
XQLIRUPZRUGV&RQVHTXHQWO\E\XVLQJWKH8/%3DOJRULWKPWKHGLPHQVLRQDOLW\RIWKH
UHVXOWDQW IHDWXUH YHFWRU LV UHGXFHG IURP  WR  ,Q WKLV FDVH IRU WKH LQSXW ݊ × ݉
WZR-GLPHQVLRQDO UHDO DUUD\ WKH RXWSXW -GLPHQVLRQDO IHDWXUH YHFWRU KDV DOVR WKH
OHQJWK HTXDO WR ݊݉ െ 2݊ െ 2݉ + 4 ,Q WKH 8/%3 DSSURDFK DOO XQLIRUP ZRUGV DUH
LQGH[HG E\ WKH GHFLPDO QXPEHU IURP  WR  ZKHUHDV DOO QRQ-XQLIRUP ZRUGV DUH
DVVLJQHG WR WKH GHFLPDO YDOXH HTXDO WR  7KHUHIRUH WKH REWDLQHG -GLPHQVLRQDO
YHFWRU LV GHQRWHG E\ ܸ‫ܤ‬ହଽ ZKHUHDV LWV PDWULFL]HG IRUP LV GHQRWHG E\ ‫ܤ‬ହଽ . In the
UHPDLQGHURIWKHSUHVHQWDUWLFOHWKHERWKW\SHVRIIHDWXUHYHFWRUVLHܸ‫ܤ‬ହଽ and ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
DVZHOODVWKHLUPDWULFL]HGIRUPVLH‫ܤ‬ହଽ and ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ GHULYHGIURPWKHDUUD\V࣯࣬, ࣯‫࣬ܥ‬
࣯࣬ ࣯஼࣬ ࣯࣬ ࣯஼࣬ ࣯࣬ ࣯஼࣬ ࣯࣬
DUHGHQRWHGE\WKHV\PEROVܸ‫ܤ‬ହଽ ܸ‫ܤ‬ହଽ ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ DQGE\‫ܤ‬ହଽ ‫ܤ‬ହଽ ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ 
࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ UHVSHFWLYHO\,QWXUQWKHIHDWXUHYHFWRUVDQGWKHLUPDWUL[FRXQWHUSDUWVGHULYHG
௖௚࣯࣬ ௖௚࣯஼࣬
IURP WKH FRDUVH-JUDLQHG VWUXFWXUHV DUH GHQRWHG E\ WKH V\PEROV ܸ‫ܤ‬ହଽ  ܸ‫ܤ‬ହଽ 
௖௚࣯࣬ ௖௚࣯஼࣬ ௖௚࣯࣬ ௖௚࣯஼࣬ ௖௚࣯࣬ ௖௚࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ DQGE\‫ܤ‬ହଽ ‫ܤ‬ହଽ ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ UHVSHFWLYHO\

([DPSOH For the 6-HOHPHQWWLPHVHULHV‫( = ݏݐ‬2, 6, 4, 9, 0, 5)LWVܷܴ PDWUL[DQGLWV

QHJDWLYHO\H[SRQHQWLDOO\WUDQVIRUPHG࣯࣬ GHULYDWLYHKDYHWKHIRUPV
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 0 4 2 7 2 3
ተ2 4 0 2 3 6 1ተ
ܷܴ = 3 2 2 0 5 4 1,
ተ4 7 3 5 0 9 4ተ
5 2 6 4 9 0 5
6 3 1 1 4 5 0
 136

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 0.018 0.135 0.001 0.135 0.05
ተ2 0.018 1 0.135 0.05 0.002 0.368ተ
࣯࣬ = 3 0.135 0.135 1 0.007 0.018 0.368 ,
ተ4 0.001 0.05 0.007 1 0 0.018ተ
5 0.135 0.002 0.018 0 1 0.007
6 0.05 0.368 0.368 0.018 0.007 1
UHVSHFWLYHO\
7KHHQWULHVRIWKHFRDUVH-JUDLQHGFRXQWHUSDUWRIWKH࣯࣬ DUUD\DUHJLYHQEHORZ
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1
ተ2 0.1 1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4ተ
࣯ܿ݃࣬ = 3 0.2 0.2 1 0.1 0.1 0.4 .
ተ4 0.1 0.1 0.1 1 0.1 0.1ተ
5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 1 0.1
6 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 1
7KHIHDWXUHYHFWRUVREWDLQHGE\WKH/%3DQG8/%3DSSURDFKHV KDYHWKHIRUPV
࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼ = {58, 58, 58, 56, 58, 58, 58, 58, 58, 58, 58, 57, 56, 58, 57, 58},
࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ = {17, 226, 197, 254, 142, 17, 235, 93, 71, 175, 17, 255, 254, 117, 255, 17},
௖௚࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼ = {58, 58, 57, 57, 58, 58, 57, 57, 57, 57, 58, 57, 57, 57, 57, 58}
and
௖௚࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
= {17, 226, 255, 255, 142, 17, 255, 255, 255, 255, 17, 255, 255, 255, 255, 17},
UHVSHFWLYHO\7KHFRUUHVSRQGLQJPDWULFL]HGFRXQWHUSDUWVDUHJLYHQEHORZ
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1 58 58 58 56 1 17 142 71 254
࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼ = ተተ 2 58 58 58 ተ , ‫ܤ‬ ࣯࣬
58ተ ଶହ଺ ተ 2= ተ 226 17 175 117ተተ
3 58 58 58 57 3 197 235 17 255
4 56 58 57 58 4 254 93 255 17
and
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1 58 58 57 57 1 17 142 255 255
= ተተ 2 57ተተ , ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ = ተተ 2 226 17 255 255ተተ,
௖௚࣯࣬ ௖௚࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼ 58 58 57
3 57 57 58 57 3 255 255 17 255
4 57 57 57 58 4 255 255 255 17
UHVSHFWLYHO\
 

)RU WKH XQWKUHVKROGHG QRQ-VTXDUH FURVV-UHFXUUHQFH PDWULFHV DQG WKHLU FRDUVH-grained

GHULYDWLYHVWKHDERYHDOJRULWKPLVLGHQWLFDO

,Q WKH FXUUHQW SDSHU WR LPSURYH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH 54$ PHWKRGRORJ\ ZH
SURSRVHWRLQWURGXFHWKHVHYHUDOQRYHO/%3-EDVHGDQG8/%3-EDVHG54$GHVFULSWRUV
WR DQDO\]H QRQOLQHDU WLPH VHULHV 7KHVH QHZO\ VXJJHVWHG FRPSOH[LW\ LQGLFHV DUH
FODVVLILHGDVYHFWRU-EDVHGDQGPDWUL[-EDVHGFRPSOH[LW\PHDVXUHV1DPHO\WKHYHFWRU-
EDVHG PHWULFV DUH H[WUDFWHG IURP WKH IHDWXUH YHFWRUV REWDLQHG E\ WKH DFWLRQ RI WKH
8/%3 DOJRULWKP RQ WKH DUUD\V JLYHQ E\ WKH IRUPXODH  DQG  DV ZHOO DV RQ
WKHLU FRDUVH-JUDLQHG DQDORJXHV ,Q WXUQ WKH PDWUL[-EDVHG PHWULFV DUH H[WUDFWHG IURP
WKH PDWULFL]HG YHUVLRQV RI WKHVH YHFWRUV $FFRUGLQJO\ IRU DQ\ IHDWXUH YHFWRU ܸ‫ܤ‬
LQVWDQWLDWHGE\WKHFDVHV
௖௚࣯࣬ ௖௚࣯࣬ ௖௚࣯஼࣬ ௖௚࣯஼࣬
࣯࣬
ܸ‫ א ܤ‬൛ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯࣬
, ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ , ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯஼࣬
, ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ , ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯஼࣬
, ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ , ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼ , ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ൟ (23)

DQGLWVPDWULFL]HGGHULYDWLYH‫ ܤ‬LQVWDQWLDWHGE\WKHFDVHV
࣯࣬ ࣯࣬ ௖௚࣯࣬ ௖௚࣯࣬ ࣯஼࣬ ࣯஼࣬ ௖௚࣯஼࣬ ௖௚࣯஼࣬
‫ א ܤ‬൛‫ܤ‬ହ଼ , ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ , ‫ܤ‬ହ଼ , ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ , ‫ܤ‬ହ଼ , ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ , ‫ܤ‬ହ଼ , ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ൟ (24)

ZHVXJJHVWWRFRQVLGHUWZRW\SHVRIFRPSOH[LW\LQGLFHVZKRVHIRUPXODHDUHLQFOXGHG
LQ6XEVHFWLRQVDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\

10.37KHYHFWRU-EDVHGFRPSOH[LW\PHDVXUHV

)RUWKHIHDWXUHYHFWRUZKRVHHOHPHQWVDUHLQGH[HGE\݅ ‫{ א‬1, 2, … , |ܸ‫}|ܤ‬ZHZLOOWHVW

WKHIROORZLQJFRPSOH[LW\GHVFULSWRUV

10.3.1.1. The arithmetical mean (‫ۃ‬ή‫ۄ‬LH

|௏஻|
1
‫ؔ ۄܤܸۃ‬ ෍ ܸ‫ܤ‬௜ (25)
|ܸ‫|ܤ‬
௜ୀଵ

ZKHUH‫ۃ‬ή‫ ۄ‬UHIHUVWRWKHDULWKPHWLFDOPHDQDQG|ܸ‫ |ܤ‬LVWKHOHQJWKRIWKHVWXGLHGYHFWRU

10.3.1.2. The variance (ܸܽ‫ݎ‬LH

|௏஻|
1
ܸܽ‫ؔ )ܤܸ(ݎ‬ ෍(ܸ‫ܤ‬௜ െ ‫)ۄܤܸۃ‬ଶ . (26)
|ܸ‫|ܤ‬
௜ୀଵ
 138

10.3.1.3. The coefficient of variation (‫ ܸܥ‬DOVR NQRZQ DV WKH relative standard
deviationLH

ඥܸܽ‫)ܤܸ(ݎ‬
‫ؔ )ܤܸ( ܸܥ‬ . 
‫ۄܤܸۃ‬

10.3.1.4. The *LQLLQGH[ (‫݅ܩ‬LH

|௏஻|
2 σ௜ୀଵ ܸ݅‫ܤ‬௜‫כ‬ |ܸ‫ |ܤ‬+ 1
‫ؔ )ܤܸ(݅ܩ‬ െ (28)
|ܸ‫ |ܤ‬σ|௏஻|
௜ୀଵ ܸ‫ܤ‬௜
|ܸ‫|ܤ‬

ZKHUHܸ‫ܤ‬௜‫ כ‬GHQRWHVWKHYHFWRURIWKHܸ‫ܤ‬௜ YDOXHVDUUDQJHGLQQRQ-GHFUHDVLQJRUGHULH

ܸ‫ܤ‬௜ ൑ ܸ‫ܤ‬௜ାଵ .

10.3.1.5. The structural information content (‫ )ܤܸ( ܫ‬DOVR NQRZQ DV WKH parametric
entropy > @ 7R SUHVHQW WKLV LQGH[ WKH VXEVHTXHQW DX[LOLDU\ QRWLRQV PXVW EH
LQWURGXFHG)LUVWZHGHILQHWKHIROORZLQJTXDQWLW\>@

ܸ‫ܤ‬௜
‫ܤܸ(݌‬௜ ) ؔ |௏஻|
. 
σ௝ୀଵ ܸ‫ܤ‬௝

In &KHPLFDO*UDSK7KHRU\WKHTXDQWLW\H[SUHVVHGE\WKHFRQGLWLRQLVNQRZQDV
the information functional DQGLVLGHQWLILHGZLWKDpositive and monotonous IXQFWLRQ
WKDWFDSWXUHVVWUXFWXUDOLQIRUPDWLRQLQFOXGHGLQDchemical graph E\GHILQLQJWKHILQLWH
SUREDELOLW\ YDOXH IRU HDFK JUDSK QRGH ,Q WKLV FDVH WKH LQSXW IHDWXUH YHFWRU LV
LGHQWLILHGZLWKVRPHVHTXHQFHRIWKHYHUWH[LQYDULDQWV>@1H[WIURPWKHUHDVRQ
WKDWWKHIROORZLQJHTXDWLRQ‫ܤܸ(݌‬ଵ ) + ‫ܤܸ(݌‬ଶ ) + ‫ ڮ‬+ ‫݌‬൫ܸ‫|ܤ‬௏஻| ൯ = 1 LVa priori YDOLG
LW IROORZV WKDW WKH YHFWRU ܲ(ܸ‫ = )ܤ‬ቀ‫ܤܸ(݌‬ଵ ), ‫ܤܸ(݌‬ଶ ), … , ‫݌‬൫ܸ‫|ܤ‬௏஻| ൯ቁ FRQVWLWXWHV
a finite probability distribution,WVVWUXFWXUDOLQIRUPDWLRQFRQWHQWLVH[SUHVVHGE\WKH
IROORZLQJIRUPXOD>@
|௏஻|
ܸ‫ܤ‬௜ ܸ‫ܤ‬௜
‫ ؔ )ܤܸ( ܫ‬െ ෍ |௏஻|
log ଶ ൭ |௏஻|
൱. (30)
σ
௜ୀଵ ௝ୀଵ
ܸ‫ܤ‬௝ σ ௝ୀଵ ܸ‫ܤ‬௝

10.3.1.6. The mean information content (‫( ܫ‬ҧ ܸ‫) @ > )ܤ‬LUVW ZH GHILQH WKH
HTXLYDOHQFHUHODWLRQ؄ RQWKHDQDO\]HGYHFWRUJLYHQE\WKHFRQGLWLRQܸ‫ܤ‬௜ ؄ ܸ‫ܤ‬௝ ՞
ܸ‫ܤ‬௜ = ܸ‫ܤ‬௝ 7KHUHIRUHLWLVSRVVLEOHWRREWDLQWKHSDUWLWLRQRIܸ‫ܤ‬ZKHUHWKHUHVXOWDQW
 

SDUWLWLRQV DUH V\PEROL]HG E\ ܸ‫ܤ‬ଵ , ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶ , … , ܸ‫ܤ‬௛ , … , ܸ‫ܤ‬௞ ZKHUH ݇ ൑ |ܸ‫ |ܤ‬,Q WKLV
ห௏஻೓ ห
FRQWH[WWKHTXDQWLWLHV‫݌‬௛ = |௏஻|
for ݄ ‫{ א‬1,2, … , ݇} FDQEHUHJDUGHGDVSUREDELOLWLHV
IRUHDFKVLQJOHGRXWSDUWLWLRQܸ‫ܤ‬௛ 0RUHRYHULWLVDSSDUHQWWKDW0 ൑ ‫݌‬௛ ൑ 1 DVZHOODV
σ௞௛ୀଵ ‫݌‬௛ = 1 $FFRUGLQJO\ WKH YHFWRU ܲ(ܸ‫݌( = )ܤ‬ଵ , ‫݌‬ଶ , … , ‫݌‬௛ , … , ‫݌‬௞ ) FDQ EH DOVR
WUHDWHG DV D finite probability distribution RYHU WKH ܸ‫ ܤ‬REMHFW ,WV PHDQ LQIRUPDWLRQ
FRQWHQWLVJLYHQE\WKHH[SUHVVLRQ>@
௞

‫( ܫ‬ҧ ܸ‫ ؔ )ܤ‬െ ෍ ‫݌‬௛ log ଶ ‫݌‬௛ . (31)

௛ୀଵ

7KXVIRUDQ\IHDWXUHYHFWRUܸ‫ ܤ‬ZKLFKFDQEHSDUWLWLRQHGLQWR݇ PDQ\GLVMRLQWVXEVHWV

RI WKH FDUGLQDOLWLHV HTXDO WR |ܸ‫ܤ‬௛ | for ݄ ‫{ א‬1,2, … , ݇} ZH REWDLQ WKH IROORZLQJ
LQIRUPDWLRQ-WKHRUHWLFDOFRPSOH[LW\PHDVXUH>@
௞
|ܸ‫ܤ‬௛ | |ܸ‫ܤ‬௛ |
‫( ܫ‬ҧ ܸ‫ ؔ )ܤ‬െ ෍ log ଶ ቆ ቇ. (32)
|ܸ‫|ܤ‬ |ܸ‫|ܤ‬
௛ୀଵ

1RWHWKDWWKHVWUXFWXUDODQG PHDQLQIRUPDWLRQFRQWHQWFRPSOH[LW\LQGLFHVGHILQHGRQ
WKHJUDSKFHQWUDOLW\PHDVXUHVZHUHVXFFHVVIXOO\XVHGWRTXDQWLI\WKHLQWULFDF\RIWKH
FRPSOH[QHWZRUNVZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHVHYHUWH[LQYDULDQWV>@

The matrix-EDVHGFRPSOH[LW\PHDVXUHV

)RUWKHPDWUL[‫ ܤ‬ZKRVHURZVDQGFROXPQVDUHLQGH[HGE\݅ ‫{ א‬1, 2, … , ݊ െ 2} DQGE\

݆ ‫{ א‬1, 2, … , ݉ െ 2}UHVSHFWLYHO\ZHZLOOWHVWWKHIROORZLQJPDWUL[-EDVHGFRPSOH[LW\
GHVFULSWRUV

10.3.2.1. The Frobenius norm (ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡி )LH

ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡி ؔ ඥ‫)ܤ ்ܤ(ݎݐ‬ (33)

்
ZKHUH‫(ݎݐ‬ή) UHIHUVWRWKHWUDFHIXQFWLRQZKHUHDVWKHVXEVFULSW GHQRWHVWKHPDWUL[
WUDQVSRVLWLRQ

10.3.2.2. The maximum norm (ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡ௠௔௫ LH

ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡ௠௔௫ ؔ maxห‫ܤ‬௜.௝ ห. (34)

௜,௝
 140

10.3.2.3. The maximum absolute column sum norm (ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଵ LH

௡ିଶ

ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଵ ؔ max ൭෍ห‫ܤ‬௜,௝ ห൱ . (35)

௝
௜ୀଵ

10.3.2.4. The maximum absolute row sum norm (ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡஶ LH

௠ିଶ

ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡஶ ؔ max ቌ ෍ ห‫ܤ‬௜,௝ หቍ. (36)

௜
௝ୀଵ

10.3.2.5. The spectral norm (ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଶ LH

ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଶ ؔ ߪ௠௔௫ (‫)ܤ‬ 

ZKHUHߪ௠௔௫ LVWKHODUJHVWVLQJXODUYDOXHRI‫ܤ‬.

10.3.2.6. The UDQN(‫)ܤ(݇ݎ‬LH

‫ ؔ )ܤ(݇ݎ‬the number of non െ zero singular values. (38)

7KHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHDERYHGHVFULSWRUVZLOOEHTXDQWLWDWLYHO\DVVHVVHGLQWKHWLPH
VHULHVFODVVLILFDWLRQWDVNH[SHULPHQWVSUHVHQWHGLQ6HFWLRQ

.7KHGDWDVHWVDQGFRPSXWDWLRQDOPHWKRGRORJ\

,QWKHSKDUPDFRORJLFDOWLPHVHULHVDQDO\VLVWKHXVHRIWLPH-GHSHQGHQWPHDVXUHPHQWV
RI WKH FHOO SUROLIHUDWLRQ FDQ UHODWH GUXJ-UHVSRQVHV WR FHOO SKHQRW\SHV 7KH +76
GDWDVHW GRZQORDGHG IURP KWWSVGHPRWKXQRUQHW LQFOXGHV D SDQHO RI HLJKW EUHDVW
FDQFHU FHOO OLQHV WUHDWHG ZLWK DQWLFDQFHU GUXJV DW VHYHUDO GLIIHUHQW FRQFHQWUDWLRQV
7KHFHOOSUROLIHUDWLRQZDVTXDQWLILHGRYHUGD\V>@$OOWLPHVHULHVFRQWDLQHGLQWKH
DERYH GDWDVHW FRQVLVW RI  PHDVXUHG WLPH SRLQWV DQG WKH\ KDYH WZR FODVV ODEHOV
FRQWURO DQG QRQ-FRQWURO ,Q RXU FRPSXWDWLRQDO H[SHULPHQWV ZH VHOHFWHG HLJKW GRVH-
UHVSRQVH WLPH VHULHV FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR WKH IROORZLQJ DQWLFDQFHU GUXJV abemaciclib
alpelisib bleomycin cediranib dasatinib etoposide everolimus and ipatasertib
ZKRVHHIILFLHQF\ZDVWHVWHGRQWKH%7FHOOOLQH,QVXPRXUQXPHULFDOH[SHULPHQWV
ZHUH SHUIRUPHG RQ  WLPH-GHSHQGHQW FHOO SUROLIHUDWLRQ PHDVXUHPHQWV 0RUHRYHU
IRU D FRPSDUDWLYH SXUSRVH ZH WHVWHG RXU LPSURYHG 54$ PHWKRGRORJ\ RQ WKH
 141

ECG200 GDWDVHW FRPSRVHG RI  WLPH VHULHV 7KLV GDWDVHW ZDV GRZQORDGHG IURP
KWWSVZZZWLPHVHULHVFODVVLILFDWLRQFRP. (DFKWLPHVHULHVLQWKLVGDWDVHWFRQWDLQV
PHDVXUHGWLPHSRLQWV$OOWLPHVHULHVFRQWDLQHGLQWKH(&*GDWDVHWKDYHDOVRWZR
FODVV ODEHOV QRUPDO KHDUWEHDW DQG P\RFDUGLDO LQIDUFWLRQ ,Q WKH QXPHULFDO
FODVVLILFDWLRQ H[SHULPHQWV ZH SHUIRUP WKH -IROG FURVV YDOLGDWLRQ XVLQJ 1-nearest
neighbors classifier (1-11 FODVVLILHU ,Q WKH WUDGLWLRQDO 54$ H[SHULPHQWV ZH
IROORZHGWKHSURSRVDORI-3=ELOXWDQGFRZRUNHUVDQGZHVHWWKHWKUHVKROGGLVWDQFHߝ
VXFK WKDW WKH ܴܴ FRHIILFLHQW LV DSSUR[LPDWHO\ HTXDO WR  FI 7DEOH 2) [21].
0RUHRYHU WKH 54$ SDUDPHWHUV >@ LH ݈௠௜௡  ‫ݒ‬௠௜௡  WKH embedding dimension and
the time lag ZHUHVHWWRWZRWZRRQHDQGWR]HURUHVSHFWLYHO\$OOFRPSXWDWLRQVZHUH
SHUIRUPHGLQWKH5SURJUDPPLQJODQJXDJH>–@

10.5..5HVXOWVDQGGLVFXVVLRQ

7KH /3% DQG 8/3% DOJRULWKPV ZHUH UXQ RQ WKH PDWULFHV  DQG  7KH PDWUL[
ZDVREWDLQHGIURPWKHUDZWLPHVHULHVZKHUHDVWKHPDWUL[ZDVREWDLQHGIURP
WKH UDZ WLPH VHULHV DQG LWV ILUVW GLIIHUHQFHG YDULDQW ,Q RXU QXPHULFDO FODVVLILFDWLRQ
H[SHULPHQWV ZH WU\ WR SUHGLFW WKH FODVV ODEHOV RI WKH WLPH VHULHV FRQWDLQHG LQ WKH
+76DQG(&*GDWDVHWV7KHUHVXOWVRIWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKH-11FODVVLILHU
LHWKHQXPEHURIFRUUHFWO\FODVVLILHGWLPHVHULHVDUHUHFRUGHGLQSHUFHQWDJHVFDOHGWR
the UDQJHIURP]HURWRRQH,QWKHWDEOHVEHORZWKHQDPHVRIWLPHVHULHVDUHLGHQWLILHG
ZLWKWKHQDPHVRIWHVWHGDQWLFDQFHUGUXJV,QDOOFDVHVWKHEHVWUHVXOWVDUHLQEROG
7DEOH2
7KH54$UHVXOWVIRUILYHWLPHVHULHV
INDEX $%(0$&,&/, $/3(/,6, %/(20<&, CEDIRANI '$6$7,1,
% % N % %
ܴܴ   0.608 0.625 0.562
ܴ‫ܱܫܶܣ‬  0.696  0.688 0.646
‫ܶܧܦ‬  0.435  0.604 0.562
‫ܸܫܦ‬    0.688 
‫ܮ‬௠௔௫     
‫ܮ‬௠௘௔௡ 0.686 0.652 0.451 0.562 0.583
ି
‫ܮ‬௠௘௔௡ 0.6 0.522   0.604
‫ܴܶܰܧ‬  0.565 0.608 0.688 
ܴܶ‫ܦܰܧ‬  0.543   0.542
‫ܯܣܮ‬  0.696 0.588  0.5
ܸ௠௔௫  0.696   
ܸ௠௘௔௡    0.688 0.604
 142

7DEOH
7KH54$UHVXOWVIRUIRXUWLPHVHULHV
INDEX (72326,'( (9(52/,086 ,3$7$6(57,% ECG
ܴܴ 0.64 0.66  
ܴ‫ܱܫܶܣ‬ 0.64 0.62  0.56
‫ܶܧܦ‬ 0.48 0.6 0.51 
‫ܸܫܦ‬    0.64
‫ܮ‬௠௔௫   0.551 0.615
‫ܮ‬௠௘௔௡ 0.54 0.54  0.585
‫ିܮ‬௠௘௔௡ 0.64 0.66  
‫ܴܶܰܧ‬ 0.6 0.6 0.51 
ܴܶ‫ܦܰܧ‬ 0.6 0.62  0.6
‫ܯܣܮ‬ 0.58 0.62  
ܸ௠௔௫ 0.66 0.66  0.66
ܸ௠௘௔௡   0.551 0.63

7DEOH4
The 8/%3-EDVHG54$UHVXOWVIRU$EHPDFLFOLEXVLQJWKHYHFWRU-EDVHGGHVFULSWRUV
,QGH[ ࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼࣯஼࣬ ࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯஼࣬ ௖௚࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
‫ۄܤܸۃ‬  0.608    0.608 0.608 
ܸܽ‫   )ܤܸ(ݎ‬0.608 0.804   0.412 
‫   )ܤܸ( ܸܥ‬     
‫)ܤܸ(݅ܩ‬ 0.608 0.608 0.686     
‫)ܤܸ( ܫ‬ 0.451     0.608  
‫( ܫ‬ҧ ܸ‫)ܤ‬   0.608 0.824    
7DEOH5
7KH8/%3-EDVHG54$UHVXOWVIRU$EHPDFLFOLEXVLQJWKHPDWUL[-EDVHGGHVFULSWRUV
,QGH[ ‫ܤ‬ହ଼࣯࣬ ࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡி      0.686 0.608 
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଶ 0.588    0.824   0.686
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡ௠௔௫ 0.608 0.824 0.608 0.608 0.608  0.608 0.608
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡஶ   0.608 0.686   0.608 
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଵ      0.686 0.608 
‫)ܤ(݇ݎ‬ 0.608 0.608 0.608 0.608    
7DEOH6
7KH8/%3-EDVHG54$UHVXOWVIRU$OSHOLVLEXVLQJWKHYHFWRU-EDVHGGHVFULSWRUV
,QGH[ ࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
‫ۄܤܸۃ‬ 0.565 0.522 0.543 0.5    0.5
ܸܽ‫  )ܤܸ(ݎ‬0.565  0.565  0.652 0.543 
‫ )ܤܸ( ܸܥ‬0.522   0.63   0.565 
‫ܤܸ ݅ܩ‬ ( )   0.63 0.522  0.5 0.522 0.5
‫)ܤܸ( ܫ‬ 0.543 0.522   0.5 0.5 0.5 0.63
‫( ܫ‬ҧ ܸ‫)ܤ‬ 0.630 0.652  0.565 0.565  0.543 0.565
 143

7DEOH
7KH8/%3-EDVHG54$UHVXOWVIRU$OSHOLVLEXVLQJWKHPDWUL[-EDVHGGHVFULSWRUV
,QGH[ ࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡி     0.522  0.63 0.543
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଶ 0.63 0.565 0.5  0.543   0.543
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡ௠௔௫      0.522  
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡஶ   0.522 0.652 0.63   
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଵ 0.652 0.63 0.543  0.543   
‫)ܤ(݇ݎ‬      0.63  

7DEOH8
7KH8/%3-EDVHG54$UHVXOWVIRU%OHRP\FLQXVLQJWKHYHFWRU-EDVHGGHVFULSWRUV
,QGH[ ࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
‫ۄܤܸۃ‬ 0.451   0.51 0.608   
ܸܽ‫  ܤܸ ݎ‬0.588 
( )  0.588   
‫   )ܤܸ( ܸܥ‬0.608 0.608   0.451 
‫)ܤܸ(݅ܩ‬ 0.51 0.608   0.608 0.51  0.608
‫)ܤܸ( ܫ‬    0.431   0.451 
ҧ‫)ܤܸ( ܫ‬     0.333  0.431 

7DEOH
7KH8/%3-EDVHG54$UHVXOWVIRU%OHRP\FLQXVLQJWKHPDWUL[-EDVHGGHVFULSWRUV
,QGH[ ࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡி  0.51    0.51  0.608
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଶ      0.451  
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡ௠௔௫ 0.608  0.608 0.608 0.608 0.608 0.608 0.608
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡஶ 0.51 0.588 0.588  0.588  0.608 
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଵ 0.608   0.588  0.451 0.431 0.588
‫)ܤ(݇ݎ‬ 0.608 0.608 0.608 0.608  0.686 0.51 0.451

7DEOH10
7KH8/%3-EDVHG54$UHVXOWVIRU&HGLUDQLEXVLQJWKHYHFWRU-EDVHGGHVFULSWRUV
,QGH[ ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼࣯࣬ ࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯࣬ ௖௚࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼࣯஼࣬ ࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
‫ۄܤܸۃ‬ 0.562 0.604 0.604 0.521 0.646 0.583 0.646 0.604
ܸܽ‫   )ܤܸ(ݎ‬0.542  0.583 0.5 0.625 
‫ )ܤܸ( ܸܥ‬0.688 0.646 0.688 0.646  0.583 0.604 
‫)ܤܸ(݅ܩ‬  0.604  0.562 0.562 0.542  0.625
‫)ܤܸ( ܫ‬ 0.646 0.646  0.542  0.542 0.583 0.562
‫( ܫ‬ҧ ܸ‫)ܤ‬ 0.562 0.542  0.5 0.5 0.562 0.688 0.458
 144

7DEOH11
7KH8/%3-EDVHG54$UHVXOWVIRU&HGLUDQLEXVLQJWKHPDWUL[-EDVHGGHVFULSWRUV
,QGH[ ࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡி 0.604 0.625 0.625 0.646 0.5 0.458 0.646 0.688
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଶ 0.646    0.625 0.5 0.438 0.583
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡ௠௔௫ 0.646  0.646 0.646 0.646 0.688 0.646 0.646
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡஶ  0.604 0.583  0.458 0.625 0.688 
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଵ 0.604 0.562 0.438 0.688 0.625 0.542 0.542 0.562
‫)ܤ(݇ݎ‬ 0.646 0.646 0.646 0.646  0.604  

7DEOH12
7KH8/%3-EDVHG54$UHVXOWVIRU'DVDWLQLEXVLQJWKHYHFWRU-EDVHGGHVFULSWRUV
,QGH[ ࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯࣬ ௖௚࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼࣯஼࣬ ࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
‫ۄܤܸۃ‬ 0.604 0.688 0.646 0.458   0.562 0.542
ܸܽ‫  ܤܸ ݎ‬
( ) 0.5 0.625 0.562 0.604  
‫ )ܤܸ( ܸܥ‬0.562 0.688 0.604 0.562 0.604  0.438 
‫)ܤܸ(݅ܩ‬ 0.646 0.562  0.5 0.521 0.562 0.438 
‫)ܤܸ( ܫ‬  0.688  0.583 0.646 0.521 0.521 0.583
ҧ‫)ܤܸ( ܫ‬ 0.562 0.625 0.604 0.646 0.521 0.625 0.625 0.562

7DEOH13
The 8/%3-EDVHG54$UHVXOWVIRU'DVDWLQLEXVLQJWKHPDWUL[-EDVHGGHVFULSWRUV
,QGH[ ࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡி 0.625 0.562 0.583 0.583 0.5 0.625 0.562 0.5
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଶ 0.562 0.5 0.542 0.542 0.562 0.542  0.583
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡ௠௔௫ 0.646  0.646 0.646 0.646  0.646 0.646
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡஶ 0.604 0.583 0.625 0.604  0.562 0.604 
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଵ 0.604 0.542 0.625 0.625   0.562 0.542
‫)ܤ(݇ݎ‬ 0.646 0.646 0.646 0.646 0.625 0.625 0.625 0.625

7DEOH14
7KH8/%3-EDVHG54$UHVXOWVIRU(WRSRVLGHXVLQJWKHYHFWRU-EDVHGGHVFULSWRUV
,QGH[ ࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯࣬ ௖௚࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼࣯஼࣬ ࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
‫ۄܤܸۃ‬ 0.64 0.5 0.44 0.56 0.6 0.56 0.64 0.54
ܸܽ‫ )ܤܸ(ݎ‬0.62 0.66 0.56 0.56 0.52 0.52 0.46 0.58
‫ )ܤܸ( ܸܥ‬0.62 0.54 0.6 0.56 0.5 0.68 0.52 0.56
‫)ܤܸ(݅ܩ‬   0.54 0.5 0.6 0.58 0.5 0.48
‫)ܤܸ( ܫ‬ 0.62 0.52 0.68 0.56 0.5 0.54 0.38 0.66
‫( ܫ‬ҧ ܸ‫)ܤ‬ 0.42 0.4 0.64 0.58 0.52  0.54 0.48
 145

7DEOH15
The 8/%3-EDVHG54$UHVXOWVIRU(WRSRVLGHXVLQJWKHPDWUL[-EDVHGGHVFULSWRUV
,QGH[ ࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡி 0.64 0.5 0.52 0.56 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.62
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଶ 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.54  0.62 0.34 0.64
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡ௠௔௫ 0.62  0.62 0.62 0.62 0.44 0.62 0.62
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡஶ 0.66 0.42 0.58 0.56 0.68 0.62 0.62 0.62
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଵ 0.6 0.68 0.44 0.48 0.46 0.62 0.58 0.5
‫)ܤ(݇ݎ‬ 0.62 0.62 0.64 0.64  0.8 0.52 0.48

7DEOH16
7KH8/%3-EDVHG54$UHVXOWVIRU(YHUROLPXVXVLQJWKHYHFWRU-EDVHGGHVFULSWRUV
,QGH[ ࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯࣬ ௖௚࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼࣯஼࣬ ࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
‫ۄܤܸۃ‬ 0.66 0.5 0.42 0.56 0.6 0.56 0.62 0.54
ܸܽ‫ܤܸ ݎ‬( ) 0.62 0.66 0.56 0.56 0.52 0.52 0.46 0.58
‫ )ܤܸ( ܸܥ‬0.62 0.54 0.6 0.56 0.5 0.68 0.52 0.56
‫)ܤܸ(݅ܩ‬   0.54 0.5 0.6 0.58 0.5 0.48
‫)ܤܸ( ܫ‬ 0.62 0.52 0.68 0.56 0.5 0.54 0.38 0.66
ҧ‫)ܤܸ( ܫ‬ 0.42 0.4 0.64 0.58 0.52  0.54 0.48

7DEOH
7KH8/%3-EDVHG54$UHVXOWVIRU(YHUROLPXVXVLQJWKHPDWUL[-EDVHGGHVFULSWRUV
,QGH[ ࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡி 0.64 0.5 0.52 0.56 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.62
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଶ 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.54  0.62 0.34 0.64
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡ௠௔௫ 0.62  0.62 0.62 0.62 0.44 0.62 0.62
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡஶ 0.62 0.38 0.54 0.5 0.66 0.6 0.6 0.62
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଵ 0.6  0.54 0.48 0.42 0.64 0.56 0.54
‫)ܤ(݇ݎ‬ 0.62 0.62 0.64 0.64 0.8  0.56 0.52

7DEOH18
7KH8/%3-EDVHG54$UHVXOWVIRU,SDWDVHUWLEXVLQJWKHYHFWRU-EDVHGGHVFULSWRUV
,QGH[ ࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼࣯஼࣬ ࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
‫ۄܤܸۃ‬     0.612 0.633  0.51
ܸܽ‫  )ܤܸ(ݎ‬0.531 0.408 0.633  0.653  0.612
‫   )ܤܸ( ܸܥ‬ 0.612  0.531  
‫)ܤܸ(݅ܩ‬ 0.612   0.612    0.551
‫)ܤܸ( ܫ‬ 0.551    0.51  0.388 
‫( ܫ‬ҧ ܸ‫)ܤ‬ 0.551 0.551 0.612   0.531  
 146

7DEOH
7KH8/%3-EDVHG54$UHVXOWVIRU,SDWDVHUWLEXVLQJWKHPDWUL[-EDVHGGHVFULSWRUV
,QGH[ ࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡி  0.408 0.633 0.653   0.531 
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଶ 0.531  0.551   0.531  
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡ௠௔௫ 0.633  0.633 0.633 0.633  0.633 0.633
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡஶ 0.551 0.551 0.612 0.551 0.551 0.653  0.633
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଵ 0.633 0.612  0.551    0.653
‫)ܤ(݇ݎ‬ 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.531 0.551  

7DEOH20
7KH8/%3-EDVHG54$UHVXOWVIRU(&*XVLQJWKHYHFWRU-W\SHGHVFULSWRUV
,QGH[ ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼࣯࣬ ࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯࣬ ௖௚࣯࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ܸ‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯஼࣬ ௖௚࣯஼࣬
ܸ‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
‫ۄܤܸۃ‬ 0.565  0.61 0.645 0.61 0.52 0.54 0.61
ܸܽ‫ )ܤܸ(ݎ‬0.605 0.615 0.61 0.66  0.635 0.63 0.605
‫ )ܤܸ( ܸܥ‬0.62 0.64 0.6 0.61 0.6 0.58 0.62 0.64
‫)ܤܸ(݅ܩ‬   0.58 0.635 0.58 0.61 0.6 
(
‫ܤܸ ܫ‬ ) 0.655    0.61 0.635 0.585 0.64
‫( ܫ‬ҧ ܸ‫)ܤ‬ 0.655 0.6  0.625 0.62 0.55 0.54 0.585

7DEOH21
7KH8/%3-EDVHG54$UHVXOWVIRU(&*XVLQJWKHPDWUL[-W\SHGHVFULSWRUV
,QGH[ ‫ܤ‬ହ଼࣯࣬ ࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼ ࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺ ௖௚࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ହ଼
௖௚࣯஼࣬
‫ܤ‬ଶହ଺
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡி 0.62 0.51 0.55   0.585 0.515 0.605
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଶ 0.61   0.61 0.645 0.535 0.62 0.645
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡ௠௔௫ 0.665 0.665 0.665 0.665 0.665 0.665 0.665 0.665
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡஶ   0.665 0.56 0.645 0.58 0.605 0.61
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଵ 0.6 0.615 0.54 0.62 0.585 0.625 0.535 0.535
‫)ܤ(݇ݎ‬ 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.64  0.68 0.68

7DEOH22
7KHSDUDPHWHUVRIWKHWUDGLWLRQDO54$DOJRULWKP
DQGWKHLPSURYHPHQWDWWDLQHGE\WKHQRYHO8/%3GHVFULSWRUV
7LPHVHULHV 5DGLXV Mean RR coefficient ,PSURYHPHQW
$EHPDFLFOLE  0.1 
$OSHOLVLE 0.13 0.1 
%OHRP\FLQ 0.13 0.11 
Cediranib 0.11 0.1 
'DVDWLQLE 0.12 0.1 
(WRSRVLGH 0.11 0.1 
(YHUROLPXV 0.11 0.1 
,SDWDVHUWLE 0.13 0.11 
ECG200 0.11 0.11 
 

)URP WKH DERYH UHVXOWV LW IROORZV WKDW WKH QHZO\ SURSRVHG 8/%3-EDVHG DQG /%3-
EDVHG FRPSOH[LW\ GHVFULSWRUV DUH PRUH RU VLJQLILFDQWO\ PRUH HIILFLHQW LQ WKH
FODVVLILFDWLRQ WDVNV RI SKDUPDFRNLQHWLFDO DQG SK\VLRORJLFDO GDWD WKDQ WKHLU RULJLQDO
FRXQWHUSDUWV 7KLV UHJXODULW\ LV REVHUYHG IRU WKH UHODWLYHO\ VKRUW GRVH-UHVSRQVH WLPH
VHULHV DV ZHOO DV IRU WKH ORQJHU (&* WLPH VHULHV 6SHFLILFDOO\ LQ RXU QXPHULFDO
H[SHULPHQWV WKH LPSURYHPHQW DFKLHYHG E\ WKH QHZO\ VXJJHVWHG 8/%3-EDVHG
LQGLFHVUDQJHVIURPWR
,QWKHVHFRQGPHDVXUHPHQWZHSHUIRUPWKHprincipal component analysis (PCA) [5]
RQ WKH (&* GDWDVHW LQ RUGHU WR YLVXDOL]H WKH PXWXDO UHODWLRQVKLSV EHWZHHQ WKH
WHVWHGFRPSOH[LW\GHVFULSWRUV,Q)LJ. DQGWKHDQDO\]HGLQGLFHVDUHODEHOHGDV
IROORZV  – ܴܴ  – ܴ‫ܮ –  ܸܫܦ –  ܶܧܦ –  ܱܫܶܣ‬௠௔௫   – ‫ܮ‬௠௘௔௡   – ‫ିܮ‬௠௘௔௡ 
8 – ‫ܸ –ܯܣܮ –ܦܰܧܴܶ –ܴܶܰܧ‬௠௔௫ – ܸ௠௘௔௡ – ‫)ܤܸ(ݎܸܽ –ۄܤܸۃ‬
15 – ‫( ܫ –  )ܤܸ( ܫ –  )ܤܸ(݅ܩ –  )ܤܸ( ܸܥ‬ҧ ܸ‫ –  )ܤ‬ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡி   – ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଶ 
21 – ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡ௠௔௫ – ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡஶ – ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଵ – ‫ )ܤ(݇ݎ‬ZKHUHWKHLQVWDQWLDWLRQVRIWKHܸ‫ܤ‬
YHFWRU DQG WKH ‫ ܤ‬PDWUL[ DUH OLVWHG E\ WKH FRQGLWLRQV  DQG  UHVSHFWLYHO\
0RUHRYHU LQ ERWK .V WKH FRPSOH[LW\ GHVFULSWRUV GHULYHG IURP WKH FRDUVH-grained
GHULYDWLYHDUUD\VDUHODEHOHGDVFJ8/%3RUDVFJ/%3
FroP HLJKW 3&$ SURMHFWLRQV SUHVHQWHG LQ )LJ.  DQG  LW IROORZV WKDW DOO VWDQGDUG
54$ FRPSOH[LW\ PHDVXUHV DUH FRQFHQWUDWHG DOPRVW LQ RQH SRLQW $OVR WKH 3&$
SURMHFWLRQV IURP )LJ.  GHPRQVWUDWH WKDW IRXU PDWUL[-EDVHG GHVFULSWRUV LH ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡி 
ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଶ  ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡஶ and ԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଵ DV ZHOO DV RQH YHFWRU-EDVHG LQGH[ LH ܸܽ‫ )ܤܸ(ݎ‬FDUU\ YHU\
VSHFLILF LQIRUPDWLRQ 0RUHRYHU IURP IRXU WZR-GLPHQVLRQDO SURMHFWLRQV SUHVHQWHG LQ
Fig.  LW FDQ EH VHHQ WKDW WZR YHFWRU-EDVHG FHQWUDO WHQGHQF\ PHWULFV LH ‫ ۄܤܸۃ‬and
ܸܽ‫ )ܤܸ(ݎ‬DV ZHOO DV WZR YHFWRU-EDVHG LQIRUPDWLRQ-WKHRUHWLFDO PHWULFV LH ‫)ܤܸ(݅ܩ‬
and ‫ )ܤܸ( ܫ‬WRJHWKHUZLWKRQHPDWUL[-EDVHGFRHIILFLHQWLHԡ‫ܤ‬ԡଶ GRQRWGXSOLFDWHWKH
VWUXFWXUDOLQIRUPDWLRQFRQWDLQHGLQWKHRULJLQDO54$PHWULFV
 148

Fig. 1. 7KH 3&$ SURMHFWLRQ UHVXOWV RI WKH QRYHO 8/%3-EDVHG GHVFULSWRUV GHULYHG IURP WKH
PDWUL[ (21)
5\V 1. :\QLNL DQDOL]\ JáyZQ\FK VNáDGRZ\FK QRZ\FK 8/%3 ZVSyáF]\QQLNyZ RWU]\PDQ\FK
]PDFLHU]\QU

$FFRUGLQJO\ LW FDQ EH FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKH FROOHFWLRQ RI WKH QHZO\ VXJJHVWHG
8/%3-EDVHG54$FRPSOH[LW\GHVFULSWRUVLVRYHUZKHOPLQJO\PRUHLQIRUPDWLYHWKDQ
WKH VHW RI WKH RULJLQDO 54$ LQGLFHV ,Q RXU RSLQLRQ WKH DERYH SKHQRPHQD FDQ WR
VRPH H[WHQW HOXFLGDWH WKH HQKDQFHG SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH QRYHO 8/%3 FRPSOH[LW\
GHVFULSWRUVLQFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKHVWDQGDUG54$PHWULFV

10.6. &RQFOXVLRQV

5HFHQW SKDUPDFRORJLFDO DQG ELRFKHPLFDO WHFKQRORJLHV KDYH SHUPLWWHG VFKRODUV WR

FROOHFW D ODUJH QXPEHU RI SKDUPDFRNLQHWLFDO GDWD LQ WKH PHGLFDO GRPDLQ )RU WKLV
UHDVRQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI UHOLDEOH PHWKRGV IRU DXWRPDWHG DQDO\VLV RI
SKDUPDFRORJLFDOO\ DQG SK\VLRORJLFDOO\ LPSRUWDQW WLPH VHULHV H[WUDFWHG IURP PHGLFDO
GDWDEDVHV LV D YHU\ LPSRUWDQW UHVHDUFK WRSLF 0RUHRYHU LQ WKH UHFHQW \HDUV VHYHUDO
DXWKRUVWULHGWRXVHWKH/%3PHWKRGRORJ\WRVWXG\PHGLFDOLPDJHV>@7KH
 

SUHVHQWFRQWULEXWLRQSURSRVHVWRDSSO\WKHORFDOELQDU\SDWWHUQDOJRULWKPDVZHOODVLWV
XQLIRUPYDULDQWWRDQDO\]HWKHSK\VLRORJLFDOO\DQGSKDUPDFRORJLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQWWLPH
VHULHV 2XU SUHOLPLQDU\ UHVXOWV GHPRQVWUDWHG WKDW WKH /%3 DQG 8/%3 PHWKRGRORJLHV
DSSOLHG WR WKH XQWKUHVKROGHG UHFXUUHQFH DQG FURVV-UHFXUUHQFH PDWULFHV DUH YHU\
SURPLVLQJ DV VHQVLWLYH PHWULFV HQDEOLQJ WR FKDUDFWHUL]H WKH VWUXFWXUDO SDWWHUQV LQ WKH
PHGLFDOGDWDXQGHUFRQVLGHUDWLRQ

Fig. 2. 7KH 3&$ SURMHFWLRQ UHVXOWV RI WKH QRYHO 8/%3-EDVHG GHVFULSWRUV GHULYHG IURP WKH
PDWUL[
5\V 2. :\QLNL DQDOL]\ JáyZQ\FK VNáDGRZ\FK QRZ\FK 8/%3 ZVSyáF]\QQLNyZ RWU]\PDQ\FK
]PDFLHU]\QU

7KHUHIRUH LW FDQ EH FRQMHFWXUHG WKDW QRW RQO\ PHGLFDO LPDJHV EXW DOVR PHGLFDO
QXPHULFDOGDWDFDQEHDQDO\]HGE\WKH8/%3WHFKQLTXHV

%LEOLRJUDSK\

1. 6%UDKQDP/&-DLQ/1DQQL$/XPLQL: /RFDO%LQDU\3DWWHUQV1HZ9DULDQWV
DQG$SSOLFDWLRQV6SULQJHU– 9HUODJ%HUOLQ+HLGHOEHUJ
2. --3 (FNPDQQ 62 .DPSKRUVW ' 5XHOOH: 5HFXUUHQFH SORWV RI G\QDPLFDO
V\VWHPV(XURSK\V/HWW5–
 150

3. '(URJOX7.'03HURQ10DUZDQ)$5RGULJXHV/GD)&RVWD06HEHN
,= .LVV - .XUWKV: (QWURS\ RI ZHLJKWHG UHFXUUHQFH SORWV 3K\V 5HY ( 
90
4. &$ *DUFLD QRQOLQHDU7VHULHV 1RQOLQHDU 7LPH 6HULHV $QDO\VLV 5 SDFNDJH
YHUVLRQKWWSV&5$15-SURMHFWRUJSDFNDJH QRQOLQHDU7VHULHV.
5. 5$-RKQVRQ'::LFKHUQ: $SSOLHG0XOWLYDULDWH6WDWLVWLFDO $QDO\VLV3HDUVRQ
(GXFDWLRQ,QF8SSHU6DGGOH5LYHU
6. $ .DVVDPEDUD JJSXEU µJJSORW¶ %DVHG 3XEOLFDWLRQ 5HDG\ 3ORWV 5 SDFNDJH
YHUVLRQKWWSV&5$15-SURMHFWRUJSDFNDJH JJSXEU
 $ .DVVDPEDUD ) 0XQGW IDFWRH[WUD ([WUDFW DQG 9LVXDOL]H WKH 5HVXOWV RI
0XOWLYDULDWH 'DWD $QDO\VHV 5 SDFNDJH YHUVLRQ   KWWSV&5$1.
R- SURMHFW RUJSDFNDJH IDFWRH[WUD
8. (- /HDYOLQH '$$* 6LQJK 3 0DKHVZDUL: /RFDO ELQDU\ SDWWHUQ IDPLO\
GHVFULSWRUVIRUWH[WXUHFODVVLILFDWLRQ,-,*6310: 40–45.
 $/5 /XEERFN /$ +DUULV 9 4XDUDQWD '5 7\VRQ &) /RSH] 7KXQRU
YLVXDOL]DWLRQ DQG DQDO\VLV RI KLJK-WKURXJKSXW GRVH-UHVSRQVH GDWDVHWV 1XFOHLF
$FLG5HV: W633-W640.
10. 10DUZDQ0&5RPDQR07KLHO-.XUWKV: 5HFXUUHQFHSORWVIRUWKHDQDO\VLV
RIFRPSOH[V\VWHPV3K\V5HS–
11. / 1DQQL $ /XPLQL 6 %UDKQDP: /RFDO ELQDU\ SDWWHUQV YDULDQWV DV WH[WXUH
GHVFULSWRUVIRUPHGLFDOLPDJHDQDO\VLV$UWLI,QWHOO0HG–125.
12. 7 2MDOD 0 3LHWLNlLQHQ ' +DUZRRG: 3HUIRUPDQFH HYDOXDWLRQ RI WH[WXUH
PHDVXUHV ZLWK FODVVLILFDWLRQ EDVHG RQ .XOOEDFN GLVFULPLQDWLRQ RI GLVWULEXWLRQV
3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH th ,$35 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 3DWWHUQ 5HFRJQLWLRQ
YRO–585.
13. 5 &RUH 7HDP 5 $ ODQJXDJH DQG HQYLURQPHQW IRU VWDWLVWLFDO FRPSXWLQJ
5 )RXQGDWLRQ IRU 6WDWLVWLFDO &RPSXWLQJ 9LHQQD $XVWULD hWWSVZZZ5-
SURMHFWRUJ
14. . 6ORZLNRZVNL JJUHSHO $XWRPDWLFDOO\ 3RVLWLRQ 1RQ-2YHUODSSLQJ 7H[W /DEHOV
ZLWK µJJSORW¶ 5 SDFNDJH YHUVLRQ   KWWSV&5$15-SURMHFWRUJ
SDFNDJH JJUHSHO
15. -6XJL\DPD..RED\DVKLZYWRRO,PDJH7RROVIRU$XWRPDWHG:ood Identification.
5SDFNDJHYHUVLRQKWWSV&5$15-SURMHFWRUJSDFNDJH ZYWRRO
16. 5 7RGHVFKLQL 9 &RQVRQQL Molecular Descriptors for Chemoinformatics
9ROXPH, ,,:LOH\– 9&+9HUODJ*PE+ &R.*D$:HLQKHLP
 151

 2$ 9ăWăPDQX 0 ,RQHVFX *-, 0LKDODú: $QDO\VLV DQG FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI
XOWUDVRXQGPHGLFDOLPDJHVXVLQJWKH/RFDO%LQDU\3DWWHUQRSHUDWRU6WXG+HDOWK
7HFKQRO,QIRUP190–
18. + :LFNKDP JJSORW (OHJDQW *UDSKLFV IRU 'DWD $QDO\VLV 6SULQJHU – 9HUODJ
1HZ<RUN KWWSVJJSORWWLG\YHUVHRUJ
 3:LOF]HN: 1RYHOFHQWUDOLW\PHDVXUHVDQGGLVWDQFH-UHODWHGWRSRORJLFDOLQGLFHVLQ
QHWZRUNGDWDPLQLQJ6LOHVLDQ-3XUH$SSO0DWK–63.
20. ;;LDQFKXDQ4=KDQJ: 0HGLFDOLPDJHUHWULHYDOXVLQJORFDOELQDU\SDWWHUQVZLWK
LPDJH (XFOLGHDQ GLVWDQFH  ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ ,QIRUPDWLRQ
(QJLQHHULQJDQG&RPSXWHU6FLHQFH–4.
21. -3=ELOXW--0=DOGtYDU-&RPHQJHV)6WUR]]L: 5HFXUUHQFHTXDQWLILFDWLRQEDVHG
/LDSXQRY H[SRQHQWV IRU PRQLWRULQJ GLYHUJHQFH LQ H[SHULPHQWDO GDWD 3K\V /HWW
A (2002)  (3––181.

$1$33/,&$7,212)7+(/2&$/%,1$5<3$77(51
$/*25,7+0$1',7681,)2509$5,$1772,03529(7+(
5(&855(1&($1'&5266-5(&855(1&(48$17,),&$7,21
$1$/<6(62)7+(3+$50$&2/2*,&$//<$1'
3+<6,2/2*,&$//<,03257$177,0(6(5,(6

$EVWUDFW

The recurrence and cross-recurrence matrices DUHUHFRJQL]HGDVDYHU\HIILFLHQWWRRO

DOORZLQJWRYLVXDOL]HWKHUHFXUUHQFHVRIQRQOLQHDUG\QDPLFDOV\VWHPV7KHFRPSOH[LW\
RI WKH VWUXFWXUDO SDWWHUQV GHWHFWHG LQ WKHVH PDWULFHV LV TXDQWLILHG E\ WKH 54$
GHVFULSWRUV 7KH SXUSRVH RI WKH SUHVHQW ZRUN ZDV WR LQWURGXFH VHYHUDO QRYHO 54$
FRPSOH[LW\ GHVFULSWRUV EDVHG RQ WKH local binary pattern /%3 RSHUDWRU DQG LWV
uniform YHUVLRQ8/%37KHVHRSHUDWRUVODEHOWKHSL[HOV RIDQLPDJHE\WKUHVKROGLQJ
WKH QHLJKERUKRRG RI HDFK SL[HO DQG UHSRUW WKH UHVXOWV DV ELQDU\ QXPEHUV ,Q RXU
DSSURDFK ZH FRQVLGHU WKH coarse-grained) unthresholded UHFXUUHQFH DQG FURVV-
-UHFXUUHQFHPDWULFHVDVLPDJHVRQZKLFKWKH/%3DQG8/%3RSHUDWRUVFan be defined.
7KHXVHIXOQHVVRIWKHQHZO\VXJJHVWHG54$FRPSOH[LW\GHVFULSWRUVLQWKHtime series
FODVVLILFDWLRQ WDVNV LV WHVWHG RQ WKH VHOHFWHG  WLPH-GHSHQGHQW FHOO SUROLIHUDWLRQ
PHDVXUHPHQWV H[WUDFWHG IURP WKH SXEOLFO\ DYDLODEOH +76 GDWDVHW DV ZHOO DV RQ
RQHDOVRSXEOLFO\DYDLODEOH(&*GDWDVHWFRQWDLQLQJWLPHVHULHV,QDOOH[HPSODU\
 152

FDVHV RXU UHVXOWV VKRZHG WKDW LQ FRPSDULVRQ WR WKH WUDGLWLRQDO 54$ LQGLFHV WKH
FODVVLILFDWLRQDFFXUDF\DWWDLQHGE\WKHQRYHO8/%3-EDVHG54$GHVFULSWRUVLV higher
RU VLJQLILFDQWO\ KLJKHU 0RUHRYHU E\ XVLQJ WKH multivariate technique 3&$ ZH
GHPRQVWUDWHG WKDW VRPH RI WKH QHZO\ SURSRVHG FRPSOH[LW\ GHVFULSWRUV FDUU\ YHU\
VSHFLILF VWUXFWXUDO LQIRUPDWLRQ ZKLFK FDQ QRW EH REWDLQHG E\ PHDQV RI WKH RULJLQDO
54$ SURFHGXUH $FFRUGLQJO\ LW FDQ EH FRQMHFWXUHG WKDW LQ WKH UHDOP RI
SKDUPDFRNLQHWLFV DQG SK\VLRORJ\ WKH QRYHO 8/3%-EDVHG 54$ FRPSOH[LW\ LQGLFHV
ZLOOEHUHJDUGHGDVDYDOXDEOHVWDWLVWLFDOWRROLQDQDO\]LQJQRQOLQHDUWLPHVHULHV

.H\ZRUGV QRQOLQHDU WLPH VHULHV SKDUPDFRNLQHWLFV 54$ PHWKRGRORJ\ /%3 DQG

8/%3DOJRULWKPV