1.

i. Accuracy
Completeness
Validity
Reliability
Availability

ii. Timelines:
Data is available and accurate. It’s important to collect data in a timely manner in
order to effectively track changes. If you’re expecting a project to immediately
impact a measure, track the measure on a monthly basis, versus annually. You also
shouldn’t have to revise data several months later. Although, this can admittedly be
tricky in certain situations, such as with medical outcomes from patients trying new
treatments or medicine.

Granularity:
Granularity is the relative size, scale, level of detail or depth of penetration that
characterizes an object or activity. It is the "extent to which a larger entity is
subdivided. For example, a yard broken into inches has finer granularity than a yard
broken into feet."

2.
File-based approach Database approach
File system is a collection of data where user It is also collection of data where the user is not
needs to write procedures. required to wrote procedures.
File system provides the details of the data DBMS gives an abstract view of data that hides
representation and storage of data. the details.
File system doesn’t have a crash mechanism, DBMS provides a crash recovery mechanism,
that is, if the system crashes while entering some that is, DBMS protects the user from the system
data, then the content of the file will lost. failure.
It is very difficult to protect a file under the file DBMS provides a good protection mechanism.
system.
File system can’t efficiently store and retrieve DBMS contains a wide variety of sophisticated
the data. techniques to store and retrieve the data.
In the file system, concurrent access has many DBMS takes care of concurrent access of data
problems like redirecting the file while other using some form of locking.
deleting some information or updating some
information.
Redundancy not control in file system. Redundancy is control in DBMS.
Unauthorized access is not in the file system. Unauthorized access is restricted in DBMS.
Data lost in file system can’t be recovered. DBMS provide backup and recovery.
Data is isolated in file system. DBMS provide multiple user interfaces.
 File-processing system coordinates inly the A database management system coordinates
physical access. both the physical and the logical access to the
data.
A file-processing system is designed to allow A database management system is designed to
predetermined success to data, that is compiled allow flexible access to data.
programs.
A file-processing system is usually designed to A database management system is designed to
allow one or more programs to access different coordinate multiple users accessing the same
data files at the same time. data at the same time.

3. Charts:
In general, a chart is a graphical representation of data. Charts allow users to see what the
results of data to better understand and predict current and future data. The picture below
contains an example of a column chart displaying the number of unique visitors Computer
Hope has received between the years of 2000 and 2006. In this example, you'll notice a
gentle increase of users without reading any data.
There are a wide variety of charts available to display data.
E.g.:- Bar Charts, Pie Charts, Line Charts, Column Charts
Graphs:
Data can be stored as a collection of records. A record comprises of a set of fields, each of
which contains one item of information. One record is uniquely differentiated from another
record by one or more collection of fields. A set of records constitutes a file.

E.g.:- Student file consists of many records which have same structure of information. Each
record comprises of Student Name, Index Number, Date of Birth, Address and
Contact number. Each record is uniquely identified by student’s index number.