ACTIVITY 9

APPLYING DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Learning Outcome: At the end of this activity, I can apply definite integrals in solving
problems.

The concept of the definite integral is applied in the computation of the volumes of various
kinds of solids. Watch the following videos for tutorial in solving problems involving volumes of
solids applying the concept of the definite integral:

Calculating the Volume of a Solid of Revolution by Integration

Calculating Volume by Cylindrical Shells

PRACTICE TEST 9
Solve the following problems.

1. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving about the line x=1 the region bounded by
2
the curve (x−1) =20−4 y and the lines x=1, y=1 , and y=3 and to the right of x=1.

2. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving about the x -axis the region bounded by
the parabola y=x 2 +1 and the line y=x +3 .

3. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving about the line x=−4 the region bounded
by the two parabolas x= y − y 2 and x= y 2−3 .

4. The region bounded by the curve y=x 2, the x-axis, and the line x=2 is revolved about the y -
axis. Find the volume of the solid generated. Take the elements of area parallel to the axis of
revolution.

5. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving about the y -axis the region bounded by
the graph of y=3 x−x 2, the y -axis, and the line y=2.

6. The region bounded by the curve y=x 2 and the lines y=1 and x=2 is revolved about the line
y=−3. Find the volume of the solid generated by taking the rectangular elements of area
parallel to the axis of revolution.
 ACTIVITY 10.1
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
Learning Outcome: At the end of this activity, I can integrate functions by substitution.

One of the methods or techniques of integration is integration by substitution. Study the

following examples.

Example 1. Evaluate ∫ csc2 ( 5 x−2 ) dx

Solution:
1
Let u=5 x −2. Then d u=5 dx Solving for dx dx= du
5

By substitution
1
∫ csc2 ( 5 x−2 ) dx ¿ ∫ csc ( u ) du
2
5

Differentiating the right side

1
¿
5
∫ csc 2 ( u ) du

1
¿ (−cot u )
5

1
¿− ( cot u )
5

By substitution
1
¿− cot ( 5 x −2 )+ C
5

∫ ( x 2 +6 x−2 ) ( x+ 3 ) dx
3
Example 2. Evaluate

Solution:
Let u=x2 +6 x−2 . Then d u=( 2 x +6 ) dx or d u=2 ( x +3 ) dx
1
Solving for ( x +3 ) dx ( x +3 ) dx= du
2

1
∫ ( x 2 +6 x−2 ) ( x+ 3 ) dx ¿ ∫ u3 du
3
2

1
¿∫ u
3
du
2

1
¿
2
∫ u3 du

1 1 4
¿ ∙ u
2 4

1
¿ u 4 +C
8
 1 2 4
¿ ( x +6 x−2 ) + C
8

PRACTICE TEST 10.1

Evaluate the following:

1. ∫ e5 x−1 dx 4. ∫ 2 sin ( 4 x ) dx

cos x
2. ∫ x 2 cos ( 6 x 3 ) dx 5. ∫ 5+sin x dx

2x
3. ∫ ( sin ( 3 x ) +2 )4 cos ( 3 x ) dx 6. ∫ dx
√ 2 x 2 +5

ACTIVITY 10.2
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
Learning Outcome: At the end of this activity, I can integrate functions by parts.

Integration by parts is a very useful method of integration derived from the product rule for
derivatives. If f and g are differentiable functions, then

Dx [f ( x )∙ g ( x )] ' ( x)
¿ f ( x ) ∙ g +g ( x ) ∙ f ' ( x )

'
f ( x ) ∙ g (x ) ¿ D x [ f ( x ) ∙ g ( x ) ]−g ( x ) ∙ f ' ( x )

∫ f ( x ) ∙ g ' ( x ) dx ¿ ∫ D x [ f ( x ) ∙ g ( x ) ] dx−∫ g ( x ) ∙ f ' ( x ) dx

∫ f ( x ) ∙ g ' ( x ) dx ¿ f ( x ) ∙ g ( x )−∫ g ( x ) ∙ f ' ( x ) dx

The equation ∫ f ( x ) ∙ g ( x ) dx ¿ f ( x ) ∙ g ( x )−∫ g ( x ) ∙ f ' ( x ) dx is the formula for integration by

'

parts. To simplify this formula, let

u=f (x ) and v=g( x )

 Then
du=f ' ( x ) dx and d v =g ' ( x ) dx

So the formula for integration by parts can be written as

∫ u dv =uv−∫ v du
Example 1. Evaluate: ∫ x cos x dx
Solution:
Let u=x and dv =cos x dx . Then
du=dx and v=sin x

Applying the formula ∫ u dv ¿ uw −∫ v du

∫ x cos x dx ¿ x sin x−∫ sin x dx

∫ x cos x dx ¿ x sin x−(−cos x )

∫ x cos x dx=x sin x +cos x +C

Example 2. Evaluate: ∫ x 2 e x dx
Solution:
Let u=x2 and x
dv =e dx. Then
du=2 x dx and v=e
x

Applying the formula ∫ u dv ¿ uw −∫ v du

∫ x 2 e x dx ¿ x e −∫ e 2 x dx
2 x x

∫ x 2 e x dx ¿ x e −2∙∫ x e dx
2 x x

Applying the formula to ∫ x e x dx

Let u=x and dv =e x dx. Then
d u=dx and v=e
x

∫ x e x dx ¿ x e −∫ e dx
x x

∫ x e x dx x
¿ x e −e +C
x

Therefore
∫ x 2 e x dx ¿ x 2 e x −2∙∫ x e x dx

∫ x 2 e x dx ¿ x e −2∙ ( x e −e +C )
2 x x x

∫ x 2 e x dx ¿ x 2 e x −2 x e x −2 e x +2C

PRACTICE TEST 10.2

Evaluate the following:

∫ x ln x dx ∫ x 3 e x dx
2

1. 2.
 3. ∫ tan−1 x dx 4. ∫ e x sin x dx

ACTIVITY 11
EVALUATING LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS WITH INDETERMINATE FORMS
Learning Outcome: At the end of this activity, I can evaluate limits of functions with
indeterminate forms.

f ( x )=0 and lim g ( x )=0 , then the function f

If f and g are two functions such that lim has the
x→ a x→ a g
0
indeterminate form at a .
0

x2 −x−12
Example 1. Evaluate: lim
x→ 4 x 2−3 x−4

Solution:
Suppose we take limits of the numerator and the denominator.

2
lim x −x −12 ¿ 4 2−4−12
x→ 4
¿0

2
lim x −3 x−4 2
¿ 4 −3(4)−4
x→ 4
¿0

2
x −x −12
Then the function y= has the indeterminate form at 4 .
x 2−3 x−4

However, the numerator and the denominator can be factored, which gives

x2 −x−12 ( x−4 ) ( x+3 )

lim ¿ lim
x→ 4 x 2−3 x−4 x→ 4 ( x−4 ) ( x+ 1 )

x +3
¿ lim
x→ 4 x +1

4+ 3
¿
4+ 1

7
¿
5

L’Hopital’s Rule

Let f and g be functions that are differentiable on an open interval I , except possibly at the
number a in I . Suppose that for all x ≠ a in I , g( x )≠ 0. Then if lim f ( x )=0 and lim g ( x )=0, and if
x→ a x→ a
 f ' (x) f ( x)
lim =L, it follows that lim =L. The rule is valid if all the limits are right-hand limits or all the
x→ a g ' (x ) x→ a g( x )

limits are left-hand limits.

Let f and g be functions that are differentiable for all x > N , where N is a positive constant, and
lim f ( x )=0 and lim g ( x )=0, and if lim f ' ( x) =L, it
suppose that for all x > N , g ’(x )≠ 0 . Then if x→+∞ x→+∞ x→+∞ g '( x)
f (x)
follows that lim =L. The rule is also valid if x →+ ∞ is replaced by x →−∞ .
x→+∞ g(x )
2
x −x−12
Example 2. Evaluate: lim 2 (Same as example 1)
x→ 4 x −3 x−4

Solution:
Applying L’Hopital’s Rule
lim x 2−x −12=0
x→ 4
2
lim x −3 x−4=0
x→ 4

Finding the derivative of the numerator and the denominator:

D x ( x 2−x−12 ) =2 x−1
D x ( x 2−3 x−4 ) =2 x−3

Then
2
x −x−12 2 x−1
lim ¿ lim
x→ 4 x 2−3 x−4 x→ 4 2 x−3

2(4)−1
¿
2(4)−3
8−1
¿
8−3
7
¿
5

x
e
Example 3. Evaluate: lim 2 x
x→+∞ e +1

Solution:
Direct Substitution produces the indeterminate form
ex ∞
lim 2 x ¿
x→+∞ e +1 ∞

Applying L’Hopital’s Rule

ex Dx ( e x )
lim 2 x ¿ lim
x→+∞ e +1 x →+∞ D x ( e2 x +1 )
ex
¿ lim 2x
x →+∞ 2 e
1
¿ lim x
x →+∞ 2 e
¿0

PRACTICE TEST 11
Evaluate the following:

2
x 2−1 x −x−2
1. lim 5. lim
x →1 x−1 x →2 x 2−5 x+ 6
 3x
sin 4 x e −1
2. lim 6. lim
x →0 x x →0 x

sin 2 x ln(x−1)
3. lim 7. lim
x →0 sin 5 x x →2 x−2

x2 4 x 2+ 2 x−1
4. lim 8. lim
x→−∞ e−x x→+∞ 3 x 2−7

ACTIVITY 12
EVALUATING IMPROPER INTEGRALS
Learning Outcome: At the end of this activity, I can evaluate improper integrals.

If defining the definite integral ∫ f ( x ) dx , the function f is assumed to be defined on the closed
a

interval [a , b]. The definition of the definite integral is extended to consider an infinite interval of
integration. Such integral is called improper integral.

If f is continuous for all x ≥ a , then

+∞ b

∫ f (x )dx=blim
→+∞
∫ f (x) dx
a a

if this limit exists.

If f is continuous for all x ≤ b , then

b b

∫ f ( x)dx= a→−∞
lim ∫ f (x )dx
−∞ a

if this limit exists.

 If f is continuous for all values of x , and c is any real number, then
+∞ c b

∫ f ( x)dx= a→−∞
lim ∫ f (x )dx + lim ∫ f (x )dx
b →+∞
−∞ a c

if both limits exist.

If the limits exist, the improper integral is said to be convergent. If the limits do not exist, the
improper integral is said to be divergent.

Example 1. Evaluate the integral, if it converges:

2

∫ ( 1 )2 dx
−∞ 4−x

2 2
1 1
Solution: ∫ ( 4−x )2
dx ¿ lim ∫( 2
dx
−∞ a →−∞ a 4−x )

[ ]
2
1
¿ lim
a →−∞ 4−x a

¿ lim
1
a →−∞ 2
−( 1
4−a )
1
¿ −0
2
1
¿
2

Example 1. Evaluate the integral, if it converges:

+∞

∫ x e− x dx
0

+∞ b

Solution: ∫ xe −x
dx ¿ lim
b →+∞
∫ −x
x e dx
0 0

Use integration by parts to evaluate the integral

Let u=x. Then du=dx . Let dv =e−x dx . Then v=−e− x
Thus
+∞
−x b
∫ x e− x dx ¿ lim [− x e −e ]
−x
0
b →+∞
0

¿ lim ( −b e −e + 1 )
−b −b

b →+∞
¿ lim −b e−b−0+ 1
b →+∞
b
¿− lim +1
b →+∞ eb

b
Use L’Hopital’s Rule to evaluate lim b
b →+∞ e

lim b=+ ∞ and lim eb =+∞

b →+∞ b →+∞

So
b 1
lim b
= lim b =0
b →+∞ e b →+∞ e

Therefore,
 +∞
b
∫ x e− x dx ¿− lim
b →+∞ e
b
+1
0
¿ 0+1
¿1

PRACTICE TEST 12
Evaluate each of the following integrals if it converges.
+∞ 0

∫e ∫ x 5− x dx
2
−x
5. dx 2.
0 −∞

+∞ +∞
3
4. ∫ 2
x +9
dx 4. ∫ x dx
√3 −∞