1 ‫رقم‬

The five components of the nursing process are:

Assessment: Gathering information about the patient’s health status and needs, including physical,
psychological, and social aspects. This involves collecting data from the patient, family members,
medical records, and other sources.

Diagnosis: Analyzing the information gathered during the assessment process to identify actual or
potential health problems, issues, or concerns that require nursing intervention.

Planning: Developing a plan of care that includes goals and outcomes, interventions, and evaluation
criteria. The plan should be tailored to the individual patient’s needs and preferences, and should
consider their cultural background, values, and beliefs.

Implementation: Carrying out the planned interventions, which may include physical, psychological, or
educational interventions. This step also involves documenting the care provided and communicating
with other members of the healthcare team.

Evaluation: Assessing the effectiveness of the interventions and the patient’s response to the care
provided. This step involves reassessing the patient’s health status, measuring progress toward the goals
set in the planning phase, and modifying the plan of care as necessary

2 ‫رقم‬

List characteristics of the nursing process

The nursing process is a systematic and organized approach to providing patient-centered care. Some of
the key characteristics of the nursing process include:
Patient-centered: The nursing process is focused on the patient’s needs, preferences, and goals. The
nurse works collaboratively with the patient and other healthcare providers to develop a plan of care
that addresses the patient’s unique situation.

Systematic: The nursing process follows a logical sequence of steps that help ensure a comprehensive
assessment, accurate diagnosis, effective planning, and successful implementation and evaluation of
care.

Holistic: The nursing process recognizes that patients are more than just a collection of physical
symptoms or medical conditions. It considers the patient’s physical, psychological, social, and spiritual
needs, as well as their cultural background and values.

Dynamic: The nursing process is an ongoing, dynamic process that requires continual reassessment and
modification of the plan of care based on the patient’s changing needs and responses to treatment.

Collaborative: The nursing process involves collaboration with other members of the healthcare team,
including physicians, therapists, social workers, and others, to ensure comprehensive and coordinated
care.

Evidence-based: The nursing process is based on the best available evidence, including research, clinical
guidelines, and expert opinion, to ensure that the care provided is safe, effective, and of high quality.

Goal-oriented: The nursing process involves setting specific, measurable goals and outcomes for the
patient, and using those goals to guide the planning and implementation of care.

Documented: The nursing process requires careful documentation of all aspects of patient care,
including assessments, diagnoses, plans of care, interventions, and evaluations, to ensure accurate and
comprehensive communication among members of the healthcare team.

3 ‫رقم‬

The nursing assessment is the first step of the nursing process, and it involves gathering information
about the patient’s health status, needs, and preferences. The purpose of the nursing assessment is to
establish a baseline of data that can be used to identify actual or potential health problems, issues, or
concerns, and to develop an individualized plan of care that addresses the patient’s unique situation.
The nursing assessment is comprised of several key components, which include:

Health history: Gathering information about the patient’s medical history, including previous illnesses,
surgeries, medications, allergies, and immunization status. This also includes gathering information
about the patient’s family medical history.

Physical examination: Assessing the patient’s physical status, including vital signs, height and weight,
skin integrity, neurological status, respiratory status, cardiovascular status, gastrointestinal status,
musculoskeletal status, and other relevant physical assessments.

Social assessment: Gathering information about the patient’s social situation, including family support,
living arrangements, cultural background, and financial status. This also involves assessing the patient’s
social history, including education, occupation, and hobbies.

Review of systems: Gathering information about the patient’s current symptoms or concerns, including
any pain or discomfort, as well as a review of each body system, such as respiratory, cardiovascular,
musculoskeletal, and others.

The nursing assessment serves several purposes, including:

Identifying actual or potential health problems, issues, or concerns.

Establishing a baseline of data that can be used to evaluate the patient’s response to treatment and
progress towards goals.

Developing a comprehensive and individualized plan of care that is tailored to the patient’s unique
needs and preferences.

Identifying patient and family education needs and developing a plan to meet those needs.

Establishing a rapport and relationship with the patient that facilitates effective communication and
trust.
In summary, the nursing assessment is a critical component of the nursing process that provides a
comprehensive and individualized understanding of the patient’s health status, needs, and preferences,
and serves as the foundation for the development of an effective plan of care

4 ‫رقم‬

Differentiate between objective and subjective data.

In nursing and healthcare, data is used to describe information that is collected during the patient
assessment process. This data can be categorized as either objective or subjective.

Objective data refers to information that is observable and measurable, such as vital signs, laboratory
test results, and physical examination findings. Objective data is obtained through direct observation or
measurement and does not rely on interpretation or judgment. Objective data is often considered more
reliable and less subject to individual interpretation or bias.

Subjective data, on the other hand, refers to information that is reported by the patient and is based on
the patient’s perceptions, thoughts, and feelings. Examples of subjective data include the patient’s
description of pain or discomfort, their feelings of anxiety or fear, or their perceptions of their overall
health. Subjective data is obtained through patient interview and is based on the patient’s
interpretation and understanding of their own experiences. Subjective data can be more difficult to
quantify or measure accurately, and can be influenced by a patient’s cultural or individual beliefs,
experiences, or biases.

The differentiation between objective and subjective data is important in nursing practice because it
helps to guide the nurse’s assessment and decision-making processes. Objective data is often used to
confirm or refute subjective data, and to develop a more complete understanding of the patient’s health
status and needs. In order to provide patient-centered care, it is important for the nurse to consider
both objective and subjective data in their assessment and to use that information to develop a
comprehensive and individualized plan of care

5 ‫رقم‬

State the sources of data for a nursing assessment.

In order to conduct a comprehensive nursing assessment, nurses rely on a variety of sources of data,
which include:

Patient and family: The patient and their family members are the most important sources of data for the
nursing assessment. The nurse conducts a comprehensive interview with the patient and their family
members to gather information about their medical history, current symptoms, and social and cultural
background.

Medical records: The patient’s medical records contain important information about their past medical
history, medications, allergies, immunization status, and laboratory and diagnostic test results.

Physical examination: The nurse performs a thorough physical examination to assess the patient’s
current health status, including their vital signs, general appearance, skin integrity, respiratory,
cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neurological, and musculoskeletal status.

Diagnostic and laboratory tests: The nurse reviews the results of any diagnostic or laboratory tests that
have been ordered, such as blood tests, imaging studies, electrocardiograms, and others.

Interdisciplinary team: The nurse works collaboratively with other members of the healthcare team,
including physicians, social workers, physical therapists, and others, to gather information about the
patient’s health status and needs.

Observations: The nurse observes the patient’s behavior, demeanor, and interactions with others, as
well as any signs or symptoms that may be indicative of a health problem or issue.

In summary, the sources of data for a nursing assessment include the patient and their family, medical
records, physical examination, diagnostic and laboratory tests, interdisciplinary team, observations, and
medical literature. By gathering information from a variety of sources, nurses can conduct a
comprehensive assessment and develop an individualized plan of care that addresses the patient’s
unique needs and preferences.

6 ‫رقم‬

Inspection: Inspection involves visually assessing the patient’s body for any physical abnormalities, such
as changes in skin color or texture, swelling, or deformities. This can be done with the naked eye or with
the aid of instruments such as a penlight or an otoscope.
Palpation: Palpation involves using the hands to feel for abnormalities such as masses, tenderness, or
swelling. The nurse may use different parts of their hand, such as the fingers or the palm, to palpate
different areas of the body.

Percussion: Percussion involves tapping the body with the fingertips or a percussion hammer to assess
the underlying structures. The sound produced by the tapping can help the nurse to identify the
presence of fluid or air in different parts of the body.

Auscultation: Auscultation involves listening to the sounds produced by the body using a stethoscope.
This can include listening to the heart, lungs, and other organs to identify any abnormalities, such as
irregular heart sounds or crackles in the lungs

7 ‫رقم‬

Data Collection: This step involves gathering data from multiple sources, including patient history,
physical examination, diagnostic tests, and observations. The nurse collects both objective and
subjective data to develop a complete understanding of the patient’s health status.

Data Analysis: This step involves analyzing the data collected to identify patterns, trends, and potential
health problems. The nurse uses critical thinking skills and clinical judgment to identify potential nursing
diagnoses that may be impacting the patient’s health.

Identifying Patient Problems: This step involves identifying the actual or potential health problems or
concerns identified in the data analysis. These problems can be classified using standardized nursing
diagnoses, such as those developed by NANDA International, that are used to guide nursing care and
communication among healthcare providers.

Prioritizing Patient Problems: This step involves prioritizing the patient’s health problems based on their
urgency, severity, and impact on the patient’s overall health. The nurse considers the patient’s needs,
preferences, and values when determining which problems to address first

8 ‫رقم‬
Discuss the advantages of nursing diagnosis for the profession of nursing.

Nursing diagnosis is a crucial aspect of the nursing process, and it offers several advantages for the
nursing profession. Here are some advantages of nursing diagnosis for the profession of nursing:

Promotes Professional Autonomy: Nursing diagnosis promotes professional autonomy by providing

nurses with the knowledge and tools to make independent nursing judgments. By making informed
nursing diagnoses, nurses can develop a personalized plan of care that addresses the unique needs and
preferences of each patient.

Improves Communication: Nursing diagnosis uses standardized terminology and classifications, which
improves communication among healthcare providers. By using a common language, nurses can
communicate more effectively with physicians, other nurses, and other members of the healthcare
team, which can help to improve patient outcomes.

Enhances Patient Care: Nursing diagnosis helps to ensure that patients receive individualized care that
meets their unique needs and preferences. By identifying actual or potential health problems, nurses
can develop a comprehensive plan of care that addresses the patient’s physical, emotional, and
psychosocial needs.

Promotes Evidence-Based Practice: Nursing diagnosis is grounded in evidence-based practice, which

means that nursing interventions are based on the best available evidence. This approach ensures that
patients receive high-quality care that is supported by scientific research and clinical expertise.

Fosters Professional Development: Nursing diagnosis encourages nurses to engage in ongoing

professional development by staying up-to-date with the latest research, technology, and clinical
practices. This ongoing learning helps nurses to provide better care and improves their job satisfaction
and career advancement opportunities.
9 ‫رقم‬

Nursing diagnoses are clinical judgments made by nurses based on the data obtained from a
comprehensive nursing assessment.

1. Impaired physical mobility related to weakness and pain in the lower extremities.
2. Ineffective airway clearance related to thick secretions and decreased cough reflex.
3. Impaired skin integrity related to immobility and pressure on bony prominences.
4. Risk for falls related to unsteady gait and history of falls.
5. Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements related to poor appetite and difficulty
swallowing.
6. Risk for impaired skin integrity related to incontinence and limited mobility.
7. Anxiety related to hospitalization and fear of the unknown.
8. Ineffective coping related to chronic illness and limited social support.
9. Impaired verbal communication related to stroke and aphasia.
10. Acute pain related to surgical incision and inflammation.

10 ‫رقم‬

Nursing Assessment:

Patient: Mary Jones, a 55-year-old female

Medical Diagnosis: Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Assessment Findings:

Elevated blood glucose levels

Frequent urination and increased thirst

Fatigue and weakness

Slow wound healing

Vision changes

History of poor diet and lack of exercise

Nursing Diagnoses:
Risk for unstable blood glucose levels related to poor glucose control

Risk for impaired skin integrity related to slow wound healing

Risk for altered vision related to diabetes

Activity intolerance related to fatigue and weakness

Deficient knowledge regarding self-care management of diabetes

Goals:

Maintain stable blood glucose levels

Promote wound healing and prevent skin breakdown

Maintain visual acuity

Increase activity tolerance

Improve patient’s knowledge of diabetes self-care management

Interventions:

Monitor blood glucose levels and adjust medication as ordered

Assess skin for breakdown and provide wound care as needed

Provide patient education on the importance of regular eye exams

Encourage physical activity and provide assistance with mobility as needed

Provide patient education on self-care management of diabetes, including dietary changes and
medication administration

Evaluation:

Monitor blood glucose levels and assess effectiveness of medication adjustments

Assess wound healing and skin integrity

Evaluate patient’s compliance with eye exams

Assess patient’s ability to perform physical activity

Evaluate patient’s understanding and implementation of diabetes self-care management

11 ‫رقم‬

1. Monitor health status.

2. Minimize risks.
3. Resolve or control a problem.
4. Assist with ADLs.
5. Promote optimum health and independence.

12 ‫رقم‬

1. Identify the Purpose and Scope of the Evaluation: The first step in the evaluation process is to
define the purpose of the evaluation and its scope. This involves identifying the questions that
the evaluation seeks to answer, the program or service being evaluated, and the stakeholders
involved.

2. Develop Evaluation Plan: After identifying the purpose and scope of the evaluation, the next
step is to develop an evaluation plan. This involves specifying the methods, data sources, and
tools that will be used to collect and analyze data. The plan should also outline the timeline
for the evaluation, the resources required, and the roles and responsibilities of the evaluation
team.

3. Collect Data: The third step in the evaluation process is to collect data. The data collected
should be relevant to the purpose and scope of the evaluation. Common data collection
methods include surveys, interviews, focus groups, observations, and document reviews.

4. Analyze Data: After collecting the data, the next step is to analyze it. This involves examining
the data to identify patterns, trends, and relationships. The analysis should be guided by the
purpose and scope of the evaluation.

5. Interpret Data: The fifth step in the evaluation process is to interpret the data. This involves
making sense of the findings and drawing conclusions about the effectiveness, efficiency, and
relevance of the program or service being evaluated. The conclusions should be based on the
evidence gathered during the evaluation.
6. Report Findings: The final step in the evaluation process is to report the findings. The report
should provide a clear and concise summary of the purpose, scope, methods, data sources,
analysis, and conclusions of the evaluation. The report should also provide recommendations
for improvement or further evaluation, as appropriate.