ENGINEER’S STICKER: CONTRACTOR’S STICKER:

A FOR APPROVAL JMM PBG DAP 11-02-2019

‫تنقيح‬ ‫سبب اإلصدار‬ ‫بواسطة‬ ‫راجعها‬ ‫وافق عليها‬ ‫التاريخ‬
REV. ISSUED FOR PREPARED CHECKED APPROVED DATE
‫المملكة العربيـــة الســـــعوديــــة‬
KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA
‫المؤسسة الـعـامـــة لتحليــة الميـــاه المالحـــــة‬
SALINE WATER CONVERSION CORPORATION (SWCC)
‫رقم المشروع‬ ‫ المرحلة الثالثة‬- ‫نـظـام نـقـل ميـاه الجـبيل للمنطقة الشرقية‬
PROJECT NO JUBAIL TO EASTERN PROVINCE WATER
20SWCG00041
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PHASE-III

‫المهندس‬ Fichtner Engineering and Consulting

ENGINEER

Al-Rashid Trading & Contracting Co.

‫المقـــاول‬
CONTRACTOR
Testing and Commissioning Services Electrical system

DOCUMENT NO: Sheet Rev.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 of 3 A

‫المقاول بالباطن‬ ECO Limited Arabia contracting Comp.

SUBCONTRACTOR
 GENERAL COMMISSIONING PLAN
There are management, economic, and technical requirements associated with every Commissioning plan. The
development and use of a comprehensive Commissioning plan is like an insurance policy. While it has specific costs, it
does not usually show any direct paybacks as the systems will usually startup without significant problems such as
equipment failure or lost time. The cost of the tests will rise with the complexity of the test program. Many inspections and
tests are redundant, but are used as checks and balances before system energization to ensure successful startup
and operation. Many times, if the equipment is in the same operating condition as when it left the factory and the
system design and installation are adequate. Once the equipment is identified, the manufacturer's manuals should be used
to identify the required receipt inspections, handling and installation procedures, energized and de-energized component
tests, drawing and wiring verification, minimum report requirements for on-going maintenance and testing baseline, and
requirements for repair and retesting if certain checks and tests produce unsatisfactory results. The technical requirements
for a commissioning plan can be stated as follows.

➢ Survey of system equipment.

An accurate and complete description of a power system and its equipment is required for sufficient commissioning
plan. This will include written system description, one-line diagrams, short circuit and coordination studies, three line
diagrams, control logic diagrams, schematic logic diagrams, cable block and interconnecting diagrams, equipment physical
and wiring drawings, equipment manuals, and auxiliary system manuals and drawings for support systems. These
documents serve to depict the design and operation of the system for use during installation, testing, startup, operation,
and maintenance. Various standards groups such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) have developed standards for these materials. Typical drawings and
their definitions are as follows:

(1) One-line (single-line) diagram shows, single line and graphic symbols, flow of electrical power or the course of
electrical circuit symbols, and their connection. In this diagram, physical relationship usually disregarded.
(2) Block diagram. Shows a group of interconnected blocks, each of which represents a device
or subsystem.

(3) Schematic (elementary) diagram. Shows all circuits and device elements of the equipment. This
diagram emphasizes the device elements and their functions and it is always drawn with all devices shown in
deenergized mode.

(4) Control sequence (truth table) diagram shows a description of the contact positions,
connections, made for each position of control action or device.

(5) Interconnection diagram shows only the external connection between controllers and associated equipment
or between various housing units of an assembly of switchgear apparatus.

(6) Wiring diagram (connection diagram) locates and identifies electrical devices, terminals, and interconnecting
wires in an assembly. This diagram may show interconnecting wiring by lines or terminal designations.

(7) Circuit layout and routing diagram shows the physical layout of the facility and equipment and how the circuit to the
various equipment runs.

(8) Short-circuit coordination study. Electrical power system data, diagrams, and drawings are needed
during maintenance and testing of electrical equipment. This may involve information and data relating to
protective devices and relays. Such data are usually found in a short-circuit coordination study and usually
encompass all the short-circuit values available in the power system, relays, and trip device settings. Normally, this
study performs during the construction phase of the facility. It would be much more desirable to perform this
engineering study as part of the initial facility design, and then validate it during the construction phase to
assure that equipment and values specified have met. When accepting the facility, the study data should use as a
benchmark, and any changes that might had made during construction in the system should incorporate to
update the study for future references.

➢ Listing Of Critical System Equipment

The major equipment of a system is vital to its operation and failure of this equipment could be a threat to
personnel and system operation, i.e., potential single point failures. From a review of the system documentation,
especially the single line diagram, a list of critical equipment and the order in which the items should be
inspected, tested, and energized should be developed. From this list, the plan and schedule for the test
program can be developed. Normally the listing in order of criticality of the equipment is from the normal power
source into the system with onsite sources failing after the main power source and distribution equipment. The
listing maybe difficult to prepare as it will vary for each system, and therefore a team from system engineering,
operations, and maintenance may be required This will also serve to provide the operations and maintenance
personnel an opportunity to review the system during the early stages of a project, which helps them in the
performance of their work.

➢ Steps for test program

A test program will commence after completion of installation and will usually include field inspection and
installation checks, de-energized component testing, verify instrument and relay operation and calibration, visual
check of all wiring, continuity checking of control circuits, energized functional testing of control circuits, megger
testing of power circuits, test of power circuits phasing, energizing of equipment, and service testing. If problems
are found during the testing; an analysis should be performed, and a repair and retest should be performed
that is approved by the commissioning authority, manufacturer, engineer, and system operator. Many of these
initial tests will be repeated periodically as part of the system maintenance program depending on the load
conditions, duty cycle, environmental conditions, and the critical nature of the equipment. Because of this, the
completeness and clarity of the test reports is
important as they supply baseline data for comparison with the results of the maintenance tests.

➢ General Defination of test steps

Prior to testing, overall completion of installation should be verified including setting, wiring, grounding of the
equipment, and conditioning of the overall area, i.e ., clean complete site to work in. This is considered a pretest.
Note: all of the items below should be performed in strict accordance with the drawings, systems operations
documents, systems operation and maintenance manuals (provided by contractor), and the engineer's and
manufacturer's instructions for each piece of equipment. The manufacturer typically provides the instructions in
the form of diagrams indicating how to connect the test instruments as well as charts indicating acceptable and
unacceptable values. The engineer's instructions will be found in the system specifications and drawings, and the
manufacturer's instructions are found in the equipment manuals and drawings. IEEE, NEMA, National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA), and other standards also include acceptable procedures for the performance of
the tests. As the acceptance tests and energization is performed; failures and repairs, availability of equipment
and personnel, schedules, weather, and other items may cause the delay or nonperformance of a test. In any
of these cases, the missing, failed, newly required, or postponed test should be noted in the test documentation
along with the reason for missing the test and the technical consequences. An evaluation should be made as to
whether the system can be energized without this test noting the possible effect on safety, personnel, and
equipment operation; and noting when or even if the test should be performed in the future. If the test yet to be
 performed or needs to be performed to prove the adequacy of a repair, the test should be scheduled with the
system operations personnel as part of an ongoing maintenance program.

(1) Field inspection and installation checks include inspection of impact recorders, verification of removal of
shipping braces. Inspection of installation against drawings and nameplates, inspecting of components
for damage and cleanliness, inspection of insulators for cracking, inspection of anchorage and grounding, sizing
check of fuses and breakers, alignment and adjustment checks, mechanical operation and interlock checks,
lubrication application, verification of insulating liquid or gas level or pressure, and verification that local safety
equipment is in place.

(2) De-energized component testing includes pressure and level checks, megger and insulation resistance
testing of equipment and connections including grounds, turns ratio measurements, polarity tests, insulating
liquid dielectric and moisture testing, power factor or dissipation factor tests, over potential tests, contact
resistance measurements, operation time travel analysis, battery and cell voltage measurements, charger/UPS
(uninterruptible power supply)/generator current and voltage measurements, and
equipment / systems impedance or resistance tests.

(3) Verification of instrument and relay operation and calibration. Include verification of auxiliary device
operation, calibration of instruments and relays, functional testing of individual
instruments/gauges/alarms/relays/limit switches etc.

(4) Visual check of all wiring. Include visual inspection of all wiring against the schematic and wiring, both internal and
external, diagrams.

(5) Continuity checking of control circuits. Include continuity and voltage testing of all control circuits against
schematic diagrams.

(6) Energized functional testing of control circuits. Include energizing of control circuits and checking all remote and
local close/trip operations, protective relay operations, safety and interlock operations, and all process and
communication operations.

(7) Megger testing of power circuits. Include megger testing of power, current transformer, and
potential transformer buses and cables after connection.

(8) Phase out testing of power circuits. Include primary and/or secondary injection testing for
circuit impedance and polarity checks.

(9) Energizing of equipment. Include energizing of equipment in specific order after all above testing is complete and
evaluated.

(10) Service testing. Include measurement of value and relationship of power,

potential, and current on sources, buses, feeders, and neutrals in the power system.

(11) Post acceptance tests. Include on-going maintenance and operation tests, corrective action tests, and
deferred testing.

➢ Reports Form and Records

Accurate and complete reports, forms, and records should be developed and kept updated after the testing for
the equipment and the system for initial evaluation of the results before energization and on- going evaluation by
operations and maintenance. Analysis of the data and results should provide a decision to startup and a guide for
future maintenance requirements and its cost. Figures should be kept for the time, cost, and equipment used for each
test for input to the development of the maintenance program. Care should be taken to ensure that extraneous
information does not become part of the record, because record keeping might hamper future use. Test reports giving
test description and basic procedure, components, drawing and other document references, test circuit diagrams, test
equipment model and age and calibration date, special tools required, test forms with results filled in, time to run the
test, acceptance criteria, failure or unusual event information, recommended repair, and when the test should be
performed again for equipment maintenance should be developed for the tests. Summary logs developed from the
information can be used for developing and scheduling an on-going maintenance program. Forms should be used to
document the results of testing procedures. They should be detailed and direct, but simple and durable enough to be
used in the field. The forms should be used as input to the development of the test reports. A well designed form will
contain checklist information for inspections, test procedures, safety and special precautions, required equipment and
tools, reference drawings and manuals, acceptance criteria, estimated time to perform the test, and remarks/event
recording area. Sample forms for basic equipment and tests are attached.
 Switchgear Medium Voltage
Method of Statement
The first step towards acceptance of any device is verification of nameplate data. The nameplate on all equipment shall be
checked against one-lines and schematics. All equipment shall be carefully examined upon receipt to ensure that no damage
has occurred during shipment. A visual inspection of the area where the switchgear is installed should be performed to confirm
that there is adequate aisle space at the front and rear of the equipment for proper ventilation, service and maintenance of
the equipment. The Switchgear should be checked to insure it is properly anchored to its foundation. All switches, circuit breakers,
and other operating mechanisms should be manually exercised to make certain they are properly aligned and operate freely. An
insulation resistance test should be performed to make sure the Switchgear is free from short circuits and grounds. This
should be done both phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase and with the switches or circuit breakers both opened and closed.
Any electrical relays, meters, or instrumentation should be checked to determine that connections are made properly and the
devices function properly. Electrically exercise all electrically operated circuit breakers, and other mechanisms (but not under
load), to determine that the devices operate properly. An auxiliary source of control power may be necessary to provide power to
the electrical operators. Test the ground fault protection system (if furnished) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
Check the settings of the adjustable current and voltage trip mechanisms to confirm that they are at the proper values. Make
certain that field wiring is clear of live bus and, where necessary, physically secured to withstand the effects of fault currents.
Check to determine that all grounding connections are made properly. Remove all debris; scrap wire, etc., from the
Switchgear interior before closing the enclosure. Install covers, close doors, and make certain that no wires are pinched and
that all enclosure parts are properly aligned to be tightened. Once the above is complete perform an insulation resistance
test. Before performing insulation tests precautions should be made to eliminate damage to electronic controls/sensitive
equipment attached to the bus. Once completed and passed, the switchgear is ready for energization.

1) CT &PT Insulation Resistance Test

Definition
➢ CURRENT TRANSFORMER; An instrument transformer that is intended to have its primary winding connected in
series with the conductor that carries the current to be measured or controlled.

➢ VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER; An instrument transformer that is intended to have its primary winding connected in shunt
with a power supply circuit, the voltage of which is to be measured or controlled.
Insulation resistance tests are made to determine the insulation resistance from individual windings to ground or between
individual windings.
TEST EQUIPMENTS SETS; Insulation resistance may be measured using the following equipment:
A variable-voltage dc power supply with means to measure voltage and current(generally microamperes
or mill amperes)
• A mega ohmmeter

➢ TEST CONNECTIONS CIRCUIT

➢ Insulation-resistance tests shall be made with all circuits of equal voltage above ground connected together.
➢ Circuits or groups of circuits of different voltage above ground shall be tested separately. Examples of procedures
include the following:
a) High voltage to low voltage and ground, low voltage to high voltage and ground.
b) Voltage should be increased in increments of usually 1 kV to 5 kV and held for 1 min while the current is read.
c) The test should be discontinued immediately if the current begins to increase without stabilizing.
d) After the test has been completed, all terminals should be grounded for enough time to allow any trapped
charges to decay to a negligible value.

➢ MAKING A TEST PROCEDURE

Remove the ground from the CT circuit. If relays are left connected to the CTs during the test, the relay manufacturer
should be consulted before test values above 500V are used. A 500V megger should be connected from the CT circuit to
ground for the test readings. If a fault is detected, the cables should be disconnected from the CTs secondary in order to
determine the source of the lower reading.
➢ TEST READINGS RESULTS AND ACCEPTANCE VALUES
The generally accepted minimum insulation resistance is 1 Megohm, but resistance should be compared with those of
similar devices or circuits. One of the most common reasons for low readings is the presence of moisture. Drying out the
equipment and retesting should be considered before it is dismantled.

2) CT AND PT WINDING RESISTANCE TEST

Definition
The resistance is defined as the open-circuit voltage across the potential terminals divided by the current entering and leaving
the current terminals.
➢ Purpose
These measurements are made on instrument transformers for the following reasons:
• To calculate relaying accuracy of type C or K current transformers
• To establish the winding resistance at a known temperature for use in temperature rise tests
• To calculate winding temperatures and temperature rises at the completion of temperature rise tests.
➢ Test Method And Connections

Voltmeter -Ammeter method

The voltmeter-ammeter method is sometimes more convenient than the bridge method. It should be employed only if the rated
current of the transformer winding is 1 A or more. Digital voltmeters and digital ammeters of appropriate accuracy are commonly
used in connection with temperature-rise determinations.

To use this method, the following steps should be taken:

a) Measurement is made with direct current, and simultaneous readings of current and voltage are taken using the connections
of Figure. The required resistance is calculated from the readings in accordance with Ohm’s Law. A battery or filtered
rectifier will generally be found to be more satisfactory as a dc source than will a commutating machine. The latter may
cause the voltmeter pointer to vibrate because of voltage ripple.
b) To minimize errors of observation,
1. The measuring instruments shall have ranges that will give reasonably large deflection.
2. The polarity of the core magnetization shall be kept constant during all resistance readings.
c) The voltmeter leads shall be independent of the current leads and shall be connected as closely as possible to the terminals
of
the winding to be measured. This is to avoid including in the
reading the resistances of current-carrying leads and their contacts and of extra lengths of leads. To protect the voltmeter
from injury by off-scale deflections, the voltmeter should be disconnected from the circuit before switching the current on or
off. To protect test personnel from inductive kick, the current should be switched off by a suitably insulated switch. If the drop
of voltage is less than 1 V, a potentiometer or mill voltmeter shall be used.
d) Readings shall not be taken until after the current and voltage have reached steady-state values. When measuring
the cold resistance, preparatory to making a heat run, note the time required for the readings to become constant. That
period of time should be allowed to elapse before taking thefirst reading when final winding hot resistance measurements
are being made. In general, the winding will exhibit a long dc time constant. To reduce the time required for the current to
reach its steady-state value, a non-inductive external resistor should be added in series with the dc source. The resistance
should be large compared to the inductance of the winding. It will then be necessary to increase the source voltage to
compensate for the voltage drop in the series resistor. The time will also be reduced by operating all other transformer
windings open-circuited during these tests.
e) Readings shall be taken with not less than four values of current when deflecting instruments are used. The average of
the resistances calculated from these measurements shall be considered to be the resistance of the circuit. The current used
shall not exceed 15% of the rated current of the winding whose resistance is to be measured. Larger values may cause
inaccuracy by heating the winding and thereby changing its temperature and resistance. When the current is too low to be
read on a deflecting ammeter, a shunt and digital mill voltmeter or potentiometer shall be used.
Connections for voltmeter-ammeter method of resistance measurement

➢ Safety Precaution and Test Preparation

All secondary leads to the devices should be disconnected for this test. Measurements should be performed at the full tap
and all other multiple ratio taps and recorded. Upon completion of this test, the CT should be demagnetized as described
in the SATURATION TEST, because of the DC applied with the resistance bridge.
 3) CT AND PT POLIRITY TEST

Definition
The designation of the relative instantaneous directions of the currents that enter the primary terminals and leave the
secondary terminals during most of each half cycle. Phase-relation tests are made to determine angular displacement and
relative phase sequence.

➢ Purpose

To prove that the indicated polarities that are marked on the CT are correct.

➢ Test Equipment sets

An analog DC meter shall be used for this test.
➢ Test Connections
While testing for polarity of the CT, it should be noted that there are additive and subtractive polarities involved with CT’s.
• Subtractive is the normal case, in which H1 on the high side would be the same polarity in respect to X1 secondary.
• Additive polarity would have H1 polarity on the high side the same polarity in respect to X2 secondary.
When testing polarity by using a battery, a battery of 6 to 12 volts, with terminals for connections, is preferred. This is also
referred to as a DC flick test. See Figure for a typical connection. If a bushing current transformer installed in a power
transformer is being tested by connecting the battery to the power transformer terminals, the other windings on the same
phase of the power transformer may be short circuited in order to obtain a reading. It is necessary to demagnetize any
current transformer that is tested by using DC voltage across a winding.

X1

CT H1
+

ma
or
mv
+
-
-
SECONDARY P RIM ARY

Polarity Test with Dc Voltage

➢ Making a Test Procedure

To determine the polarity of instrument transformers using this method, do the following:
1.Connect terminal 1 of the high-turn winding to terminal 1 of the low- turn winding. In most cases, the high turn winding of
a current transformer is the X1-X2 winding, and the high-turn winding of a voltage transformer is the H1-H2 winding.
2. Connect a dc voltmeter across the high-turn winding.
3. Connect a battery across the high-turn winding so that the voltmeter will read up scale.
4. Disconnect the voltmeter from terminal 2 of the high-turn winding and connect it to terminal 2 of the low-turn winding.
5.Break the battery circuit and observe the direction of kick on the voltmeter. If the voltmeter kicks down scale, terminal 1 of
the high-turn winding and terminal 1 of the low-turn winding are of the same polarity.
6. Check the results by remaking and breaking the battery circuit.
If both terminals 1 are of the same polarity, the voltmeter will kick up scale on make and down scale on break.
➢ Test Readings and Results Acceptance Values
• When the pointer swings in the opposite direction (negative), the polarity is subtractive.
• When the pointer swings in the same direction as before (positive), the polarity is additive.

4) CT And PT Ratio Test By Primary Current Injection

Definition
The CT ratio is defined as the number of turns in the secondary as compared to the number of turns in the primary.

➢ Purpose
To verify that the CT is within its specified accuracy.

➢ Test Equipments Sets

This method uses heavy cable and some type of current source, such as a generator or a low-voltage, high-current test set.
➢ Making a Test Procedure

When testing in-line CTs, the primary voltage reading can be taken across the conductor, while the breaker bushing type
will require the breaker to be closed to take a reading across the bushings.
When taking primary readings with the bushing type CT in power transformers or reactors, correct voltage readings can be
taken at the appropriate external winding connections. To test a donut CT where it is not possible to read across the primary
conductor, pass a test lead one time through the core of the donut CT and take a reading across the test lead for the primary
reading.

Below figure shows the current method of testing for ratio. The current method uses a high-current source to pass current
(up to the full rated value) into the primary of a CT, and the amperage of the secondary is measured.

An exception is, for CT's in the delta winding of a power transformer, because the impedance limits any significant current.
Current can be injected in the Delta if the bushings are not installed and the transformer is not filled with oil by looping test
leads though the core of the CT. Breakers that have bushing CTs must be closed to produce primary current. For testing
CTs in the Delta of a Power transformer, a special consideration should be taken into account. See Figure for taking the
measurements for the primary. The phase to phase voltage will read 2/3 of the expected voltage. To test the other taps on
a multiple ratio CT, apply across the full winding and take readings at each tap for calculation of other ratios. Compare tap
section voltage with the impressed voltage across the full winding.

IR
A
H1
CT
X1 IT

REFERENCE CT CT
UNDER A
P RI M AR Y
TEST
AC SOURCE SEC O N D A R Y

PROTECTIVE
GROUND ON
VARIABLE LOADING
BUSHI
T/F
 5) CT MAGNETIZING TEST
➢ Purpose
To ensure that a CT will maintain its integrity under fault conditions. The test verifies the integrity of the transformer windings
and core.

➢ Making a Test Procedure

For the correct connection. To perform this test, AC voltage is applied to the secondary winding with the primary winding
open. Before performing the following test, the voltage should be increased slightly beyond the knee point and gradually
decreased to zero (to demagnetize the CT). A variable voltage source is connected to the secondary of the CT. As the
voltage is increased in equal increments, the current should be recorded and the slope should be plotted. The slope of the
curve should remain constant until the saturation point is reached. As the saturation point is approached, a small change of
the voltage will cause the amperage to rise rapidly. The point at which this occurs is the “knee” of the curve. The curve plots
the secondary excitation current (horizontal) against the secondary excitation voltage (vertical). For current transformers
with taps, the secondary tap should be selected to assure that the CT can be saturated with the test equipment available.
The highest tap which can accommodate that requirement should be used. CTs should not remain energized at voltages
above the knee of the excitation curve any longer than is necessary to take readings.

X1 H1
A
HIGH VOLTAGE OPEN CIRCUIT
TEST SOURCE V
SECONDARY PRIMARY

6)CT AND PT LOOP RESISTANCE TEST(BURDEN TEST)

b. Definition

The part of the circuit of the secondary that is connected to the secondary winding that determines the active and reactive
power at the secondary terminals. The burden is expressed either as total
ohms impedance with the effective resistance and reactive components or as the total volt-amperes and power factor at
the specified value of current, voltage, and frequency.The total burden of the circuit, which is the sum of the internal CT
burden and the external connected burden, must be determined.

c. Purpose

To verify that no noticeable change in the CT ratio within its burden rating has occurred. A noticeable change in CT ratio
is an indication of shorted turns.

d. Making a Test Procedure

Measurements can be made of the external burden on the CT. Apply rated nominal secondary current at the first CT
shorting block after the CT. Measure the secondary voltage across the CT circuit and multiply the current to voltage to
obtain the VA. This should not exceed the VA rating of the CT under test.

CT burden test
 7)CT AND PT INSULATION POWER FACTOR TEST
e. Definition

Insulation power factor is the ratio of the power dissipated in the insulation in watts to the product of the effective voltage and
current in volt-amperes when tested under a sinusoidal voltage and prescribed conditions.

f. Test Equipment’s sets

Insulation power factor may be measured by special bridge circuits or by the volt-ampere-watt method. The accuracy of
measurement should be within ± 0.25% insulation power factor.

g. Test Connection

The test specimen shall have the following:

1. All windings immersed in insulating liquid,
2. All windings short-circuited,
3. All bushings in place,
4. Temperature of windings and insulating liquid near the reference temperature of 20 °C.

h. Making a Test Procedure

Insulation power-factor tests shall be made from windings to ground and between windings as shown in Table 1.
 i. Test Readings Results And Acceptance Values

Temperature correction factors for the insulation power factor depend upon the insulating materials and their structure,
moisture content, etc. Values of correction factor K listed in Table 19.2 are typical and are satisfactory for practical purposes
for use in the following equation:

where
Fp20 is the power factor corrected to 20 °C,
Fpt is the power factor measured at T,
T is the test temperature (°C),
K is the correction factor.

8)CT AND PT INTERCORE COUPLING CHECK

Definition

Intercore coupling occurs when a spurious metallic conducting path is established which encircles more than one current
transformer. It may not be detectable with the excitation test if enough resistance is present in the conducting path

Making a Test Procedure

To determine if there is coupling between cores, the excitation test should be repeated, and the voltage across the full
winding on each of the adjacent cores should be measured one at a time with all other current-transformer secondary
windings shorted.

Test Readings Results And Acceptance Values

A high-impedance voltmeter (20 000 < /V or greater) will read less than 1 or 2 V if there is no intercore coupling. If there is
coupling,the voltage will be substantially higher.

9) CT AND PT DEMAGNETIZATION OF CT

Making a Test

Three methods are presented below for demagnetizing current transformers:

1. Method1
Connect the current transformer in the test circuit Apply enough current to the high-turn winding (usually X1- X2) to saturate
the core of the transformer as determined by the ammeter and voltmeter readings, then slowly reduce the current to zero.
Rated current of the transformer must not be exceeded.

2. Method 2.
Connect the current transformer in the test circuit Pass rated current through the low-turn winding, (usually H1-H2). Increase
the resistance R in the high-turn winding, (usually X1-X2), circuit until the transformer core is saturated; then slowly reduce the
resistance to zero and disconnect the current source. Saturation of the core is indicated by a reduction of current in the high-
turn winding circuit.

3. Method 3.
The method presented here applies only to multi-ratio CTs, since controlled direct current must be passed through a separate
secondary section from that connected to a flux meter, The method requires the core to be saturated with dc in both positive
and negative directions, and then to be left in a magnetic state midway between the two extremes. The procedure follows:
1. With the primary winding of the CT open-circuited, connect the secondary section to a dc source and a flux meter or
operational integrator,
2. Make certain there are no common conductors in the dc and flux meter circuits.
3. Set the flux meter pointer at about the center of the scale and smoothly increase the direct current until the drop in the
flux meter pointer speed indicates that the region of saturation has been reached.
4. Observe the level of dc at this point and the corresponding flux meter indication, F1.
5. Reverse the dc, maintaining the same level, and obtain another flux meter indication, F2.
6. Now apply a trial value of dc in the opposite direction to demagnetize the core.
7. Open the dc circuit and observe the flux meter indication.
8. Repeat this operation until by successive trials the flux meter finally indicates the arithmetic mean ofF1andF
 Circuit for demagnetizing current transformers

• Safety Precaution and Warnings

A continuously variable resistance must be used to avoid opening the high-turn winding circuit when
resistance values are changed, since, as the resistance is increased, the voltage across the resistance will
approach the dangerous open circuit value.

10) CONTACT RESISTANCE TEST(RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT OF MAIN

CIRCUIT)

• PURPOSE
The purpose is to appreciate the status of internal fabrication and dimension of conductors which lie in GIS
indirectly ensure good contact and good tied.

• Test Equipment

Micro ohm meter

DC 0 ~ 600A

• Test Method

Applying DC current of (100-400A) to main circuit normally and closing or opening each earthling S/W, the
resistance of each section (CB, DS, Bus, etc) shall be measured buy voltage drop method. Injection and
measurement point should be almost same as factory test records (see diagram 1) R= V/I.
• Criteria

The measured value of teach section shall not exceed 1.2Ru, where Ru means the factory test record.
 11) AUXILLARY RELAY TEST

VT SECONDARY INJECTION TEST

• Purpose

The purpose is to check looping VT circuit of all point and equipment which is related voltage in
control panel. Injection of voltage from GIS and measurement of voltage up to LCC and control
panel.
• Test Equipment

Secondary Voltage injection , Multi digital meter (Voltage)

• Test Method

Applying voltage of each phase (different voltage of each phase) from VT, it is measured voltage
all point (terminal block at VT and terminal block in LCC) and control panel

• Criteria
• Measured voltage shall be same as injected voltage.

CT PRIMARY INJECTION TEST

• Purpose

The purpose is to check CT turn ratio in LCC and equipment which is related current in control
panel.

• Test Method

Injection of current from GIS and measurement of each CT

secondary current in LCC only. Testing in control panel.
• Test Equipment

Current injection (upto 70% of rated primary current),

Multi digital meter (Ampere)

CIRCUIT BREAKER TESTING

In addition to the insulation testing mentioned above, for large switches and circuit breakers the following tests
can be applied.
A. Circuit breaker time-travel Analysis.

This test, used on medium and high-voltage circuit breakers provides information as to whether the operating
mechanism of the circuit breaker is operating properly. This test can be used to determine the opening and closing
speeds of the breaker, the interval time for closing and tripping, and the contact bounce. The test provides information
that can be used to detect problems such as weak accelerating springs, defective shock absorbers, dashpots, buffers,
and closing mechanisms. The test is performed by a mechanical device that is attached to the breaker. One
device, a rotating drum with a chart attached, is temporarily connected to the chassis or tank of the breaker. A
movable rod with a marking device attached is installed on the lift rod portion of the breaker. As the breaker is opened
or closed, the marking device indicates the amount of contact travel on the chart as the drum rotates at a known
speed. With another available device, a transducer is attached to the movable rod, and the breaker operation is
recorded on an oscillography.
B. Contact-resistance testing
This test is used to test the quality of the contacts on switches and circuit breakers. A test set designed for this purpose
is available with direct-scale calibration in microhms, capable of reading contact resistances of 10 microhms or less.
An alternate method is to pass a known level of direct current through the contact structures and to measure the
do millivolt drop across the contacts. The data obtained can then be converted to resistance by applying Ohm's Law.
The alternate method requires a source of at least 100 amperes with a mill volt meter of approximately 0-20 mV range.
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
Protective relays are used to sense abnormalities and cause the trouble to be isolated with minimum disturbance
to the electrical system and the least damage to the equipment at fault. Protective relays should be set and
acceptance tested prior to being placed in service and tested periodically thereafter to ensure reliable
performance. In a normal industrial application, periodic testing should be done at least every 2 years. The
person performing the test should be given the settings to be applied to each particular relay by the engineer.
There are two types of protective relays addressed in this manual. The first types are solid state relays. These
are electronic "black box" devices. As all electronic devices, solid state
relays should never be subject to hi-pot or megger testing. They typically come equipped with internal testing
capabilities. Any diagnostic tests shall be performed as indicated in the manufacturer's manual. The second type
is induction disk relays . They are subject to the following tests.

A .Inspection
If recommended or desirable, each relay should be removed from its case (if relay design permits) for a thorough
inspection and cleaning. If the circuit is in service, one relay at a time should be removed so as not to totally disable
the protection. The areas of inspection are detailed in the manufacturer's instruction manual. These generally
consist of inspection for loose screws, friction in moving parts, iron filings between the induction disk and
permanent magnet, and any evidence of distress with the relay. The fine silver contacts should be cleaned only
with a burnishing tool.

B. Settings
Prescribed setting should be applied or it should be ascertained that they have been applied to the
relay
C. Pickup test
In the case of a time-over-current relay, its contacts should eventually creep to a closed position with a
magnitude of current introduced in its induction coil equal to the tap setting. The pickup is adjusted by means
of the restraining spiral-spring adjusting ring. A pickup test on a voltage relay is made in much the same
manner.
D. Timing test
A timing test should be made on most types of relays. In the case of a time-over current relay, one or more timing
tests are made at anywhere from two to ten times the tap setting to verify the time-current characteristic of the relay.
One timing point should be specified in the prescribed settings. Tests should be made with the relay in its panel and
case, and the time test run at the calibration setting.

E. Instantaneous test.

Some protective relays are instantaneous in operation, or might have a separate instantaneous element. In this context,
the term instantaneous means "having no intentional time delay." If used, the specified pickup on the instantaneous
element should be set by test. Again referring to the relay used in the example above, at two times pickup,
its instantaneous element should have an operating time of between 0.016 and 0.030 seconds.

F. Test of target and seal-in unit.

Most types of protective relays have a combination target and sealin unit. The target indicates that the relay has
operated. The seal-in unit is adjustable to pickup at either 0.2 or 2.0 amperes. The pickup setting is established by
the relay coordination study. The setting for the seal-in unit should be specified with the relay settings. It should be
verified by test that the contacts will seal in with the minimum specified direct current applied in the seal-in unit.

• Transformer Testing
 Transformers are subject to the following tests in addition to the insulation testing mentioned. However, dry-
type transformers would not be subject to fault-gas analysis and insulating liquid analysis due to the fact
that these types of transformers usually feature a gaseous or dry compound insulating medium. Cast
coil transformers, which are defined as a transformer with high- voltage coils cast in an epoxy resin,
would also not be subject to fault-gas analysis and insulating liquid analysis due to the fact that the core and
coils of these types of transformers are not immersed in an insulating liquid. Cast coil transformers are
considered to be dry-type transformers.

• Transformer Turn Ratio and polarity Test

The turns-ratio test is used to determine the number of turns in one winding of a transformer in relation to the
number of turns in the other windings of the same phase of the transformer. The polarity test determines the
vectorail relationship of the various transformer windings. The tests are applicable to all power and distribution
transformers. See figure 2-4 for a diagram of a typical fluid filled power transformers. Cast coil transformers are
also subject to these tests. The turns-ratio test and the polarity test can be done on transformers of all sizes.
The turns-ratio test is also commonly performed on instrument transformers. The test equipment used will
ordinarily be a turns-ratio test set designed for the purpose, although, If not available, two voltmeters or two
ammeters (for current transformers only) can be used. When two ac voltmeters are used, one is connected to
the high-voltage winding and the other is connected to the low voltage winding. The high voltage winding is
excited to a voltage not exceeding the rating of the voltmeter. Both voltmeters are read simultaneously. A second
set of readings should be taken with the metering instruments interchanged. The values indicated should be
averaged to calculate the ratio. A meaningful ratio measurement maybe made using only a few volts of excitation.
The transformer should be excited from the highest voltage winding in order to avoid possibly unsafe high
voltages. Care should be taken during the application of voltage and during the measurement. It is important
that simultaneous readings for both voltmeters be made. The voltmeters used should have accuracy's matching
with the requirements of a 0.5 %ratio calculation. When a turns-ratio test is performed, the ratio should be
determined for all no – load taps. If the transformer is equipped with a load-tap changer, the ratio should be
determined for each load-tap changer position.

• Fault Gas Analysis

The analysis of the percentage of combustible gases present in the nitrogen cap of sealed, pressurized oil-filled
transformers can provide information as to the likelihood of incipient faults in the transformer. Fault-gas analysis
can be performed on mineral-oil-immersed transformers of all sizes. When arcing or excessive heating occurs
below the top surface of the oil, some oil decomposes. Some of the products of the decomposition are
combustible gases that rise to the top of the oil and mix with the nitrogen above the oil. The test set for this test is
designed for the purpose. A small sample of nitrogen is removed from the transformer and analyzed.

• Insulating Liquid Analysis

Insulating-liquid analysis can be performed in the field on oil-immersed power transformers of all sizes.

BUSBAR STABILITY TEST

• Purpose

Bus bar stability: The test is related to equipment of control panel

Accuracy, sensitivity).
Bus bar stability: This test is checked balance of current for each
CTS.
• Scope

Bus bar stability: Injection of current from GIS only.Bus bar stability: Injection of current from GIS and
measurement of secondary current in LCC and control panel.
• Test Equipment

• Current injection (upto 70% of rated primary current)

• Phase angle meter.
• Multi digital meter (Ampere)
• Test Method Busbar Stability
• Applying current of each CTs from GIS ES bushing, it is measured looping current (2 feeders, one is for object
and other is for reference) & angle between voltage and ampere in LCC.

• Criteria

In coming current & out going current shall be equal.

PARTIAL DISCHARGE MEASURMENT

• Purpose

The purpose is to ensure the dielectric strength of long term in test object.

• Test Equipment

High voltage applying equipment,

Partial Discharge Measuring System, PC meter.
• Test Method

The PD test shall be performed in the place which is a shield against ambient disturbance (etc. windy) and
which has a ground system. This test shall be done under the same condition of GIS HV test and rated
pressure before and after the AC HV test on GIS. The partial Discharge is measured at 92kV (145/√ 3 x 1.1)1
min.

Also this test shall be done according to bellow sequence.

• In case of R phase injection: Y, B phase earthed together.
• In case of y Phase Injection: R, B Phase Earthed Together.
• In case of B phase injection: R, Y phase earthed together. Remark: IEC-60517, clause CC 4 of Annex
CC.
• Criteria

Shall be less than 10pC.

PHASE IDENDIFICATION TEST

• Scope

After complete installation, the cables are to be identified with respect to their phases and to be ensured the
marked correctly or not and this test is very important.

• Test Equipment
• Megger

• Test Procedure

One phase will be earthed while the others are unearthed.

Each Phase will be check when it is own phase is earthed and other are unearth

Through a switch ground the other end of this conductor of the cable under test and measure the resistance.

If the resistance is negligibly very small the phase identifications is

OK and check the correct color coding is applied or not.

Other phases must be check if the resistance very high that is ok. The method will be repeated for each

phase one by one. The test results have to be recorded in the test format.
Appindex 1: Test equipment

No. Test equipment Image

Current transformer testing, calibration and assessment

1 Model : CT Analyzer
Manufacturer: OMICRON

Relay Test System

2 Model :FREJA 300
Manufacturer: Megger

5kV and 10-kV dc Insulation Resistance Tester

3 Model: MIT525, MIT10255
Manufacturer: Megger

Micro OHMMETER
4 Model : MOM600A
Manufacturer: Megger

Relay Test Sets

5 Model : SVERKER 750
Manufacturer: Megger
Appindex 2: Data sheet

1. CT Analyzer
2. FREJA 300 Relay Test System
3. MIT515, MIT525, MIT10255-kV and 10-kV Insulation Resistance Testers
4. MOM Micro-ohmmeter
5. SVERKER 750/780 Relay Test Sets
Appindex 3: Calibration certificate
1. CT Analyzer
2. FREJA 300
3. MIT 1025
4. MOM600A
5. SVERKER 750