EAF

and
depth ofa beakertealor by
Aim 5 i n t e r n a l
d i a m e t e r

vonee
the
Ao determine hencefind its internal
and
Cnpers

or l Dcaker
H tus c a l o r i m c t e r

a
Callipers,
Vernier
of
"pair

Theory
Ta) Formula used of calorimeter
.

and depth
diameter
internal
measuring + V.S.R.
or =
M.S.R.

Total reading
x V.C.)
=
M.S.R. + (
=
Main scale reading
M.S.R.
where
=
Vernier scale readin
V.S.R.

Vernier divisiOn Comcnling

coum
V.C.= Vernier constant/least

2. For volume
arca ol cross section der
Volume of beaker or calorimcter = inteInal x
depth

where, ) = imlemal dianeter ol beakei/calormeter

h = Depth of be.ahe/calormeter

(b) Diagram Fig. A 11la) & Fig. A 11(b)

alotmeter

LHS
M
N

5 6 78
iululu
VLLLLALLlul

i 1
Cment
amet
 33

7 8
5 6
L l u l u H H a a l a u w L L l u u l u u l u u l u u l i u u l u u l

B
of a calorimeler.
Fig. A-11 b). Measurement ol depth

(0) Measurement of Internal Diameter (d) and

calorimeter (or a beaker), the upper portion P
N measuring the internal
diameter of a
For The upper portion P
and Q of the Jaws
o f the jaws (Fig. A-5). page 22 should be used.
movable jaw is adjusted
and the position of the
are nserted in the imterior of the calorimeter without exerting
of the calorimeter gently
in such a Way that P and Q touch the inner surface
undue pressure on them.

Procedure
on
eror of the instrument) as explained
Determine the vernier constant (and zero
1.
page 20.
vemier in the interior the calorimeter and adjust of
Insertthe upper jaws P and Q of the
touch the walls of the
in such a way that P and Q
the position of the movable jaw
screw S
on the jaWs. Now fix the
calorimeter Do not exert any undue pressure
gently.
attached to the vernier scale tightly. See Fig.
A-1l (a).
3. Note the position of the zero of the vernier on the main seale, i.e.. the reading at the point
division which
scale and also note the number of vermier
just before zero of the vernier
coincides with some division of the main scale.
Obtain the internal diameter by adding the product of the number of division coinciding
and the vernier constant, to the main Scale reading.

the observations for the diameter three times by changing the positions of the
Repeat
calorimeter suitably and record the observations even if they happen to be exactly the
same. Find the mean value of the corrected internal diameter by taking into account the
Tero error properly.

(11) Measurement of Depth (h)

KFor depih measurement, the strip N of the Vernier Callipers (Fig. A-5. page 22) has to be
used. The strip N is attached with the vernier seale and as such slides with the vernier when
the movable jaw Q is being adjusted. In perfect instrument when the two jaws touch each
other. the end of the strip N and the edge of the main seale get in line with each other and
the instrumet reads zero. In a defectiveinstrument the end N of the strip may not be exactly
in line with the edge of the maun scale when the instrument reads zero. In such a case. the
instrument is said to possess another kind of zero error which is relevant only for dept/
measurement. The reading of such an instrument when the end strip N lies exactly in line with
ede of the main scale equals the
magnitude ot thiS zero e r t r . For accurate measurement of
depth. this zero error should be taken nto account properly, Strip N beyond the edge of the
 ruinent
c the V
rd
surtxe
«
* a l e c * * n a l
t s
h e Is w1ll c t O cTor
Measuremernt Dopth
11) For
Tabie A3
olal currected
le to go suc
penpheral e
ne cdlonmet
No of Main ae ernier a e readingk otal
oberved
eiera readin D=D.e
o m e a s u r e the
on pa ge 5. vations MS.R. eadn
p
in Fg
Atl
ta
Put the o psinon
the stnip Jut touches t he
ernier divson
e eies
ben end ol s the
coincidung in
out of
Fet
s e e to the
s e fe*ICular
h
mun
elge t the
s
k n m e t e r ,

the
and uR
cakemeier

Mf
Utlace
/Nral
algv
t
the
epeattne stejPs
aknmec
IN ¥E times
ations
0 ne verhier
alliper
calli
sery constant
(Last
cuuu
D e t e r m i n a t i o n
of vernier mm
1 MSD.
=
I
LHS 9 MSD
=
V.SD
0
Cetotons LHS
tD. + D, + l
VSD 0 M.SD Mean corrected n t e r i l dianeter
09
MSD = Maun sale dvISO
Mean corected depth (h) =
h, +h, +h, t h,
S.D. Vemier scalc divion
\S.D
vermier coIstaril. V.C 1MSD
-I h =
* " **** **"
Volume. V= 7 4
2
Lest counu Vemier constant U.I mii= c
ASult R beiker/c.alonmeter =-
the
olume of
Zero error = i). .u Interna
=
Meanzero errur te) PregautronsA 2 K
Mean zero eTor of veriet
zero coTection P E . i lor the measurement ot depth is difterent 1rom the usual
Zero error
in the
be deteined separ.ateiy anut caretully us explained
Observaton Table Calipets.S0should
Procedure 0 this experiment
Table A For Measurement ot nteritai Ditheter
the the euge 1 the man scale. t e.. cnd o1 strip o Calnpets
w hile measunng depth.
No, of Main scak
Total of the calonnieler when the end
ernaer seae feading Total corrected reading soutu tio get out ol contact trom the peripheral cdge
Ohser.
ebserved = D, +e
vations
reading bottomi surt.ice.
NO.of dre nx.C D,= MS.R. While meNung the depth. the strip shoulf be perpendicular to the
ernier d isn
( n x .CJ Ret ol the precaitins to be ohserved TC tHe sanme s tr the Experueit No.I tal, o
TCm
-
ut esof Error S
ae as Tor the EApeTinent Nu. T l
sCussl0ns
1Vemer callipers is suitable only for nieasurng small lengtiis whieh arC mth largCT that
lie least eunt of the vemier callijpers To measure very snal length ike. the tamer**
nt a l n wir:, vermier cllipers Is Dd a sutihie mstrunient
-
 34

c a l e cxkactly cquals the gap between the two jaws in a perfect instrument. To find zer
ETG
o Dlace the strip of callipers vertically on a hard surface and slide the Vernier such the
Sap up N touches the surface and note the reading. This will be zero error, that
To measure the depth, proceed as follows
X6. Put the edge of the main scale of the Vernier Callipers on the peripheral edge of the
calorimeter in such a way that the
Cngth as shown by the right hand
strip N is able to go inside the caionieter
position in Fig. A-1| (a) on page s2. along its

7. Now
keep on sliding the movable
jaw till the end of the strip N Just touches the
of
the calorimeter. Be careful to see that when end of the strip touches the bottom
Calorimeter. the edge of the
main scale steel strip does not get out of contact
bottom of
peripheral edge of the with the
the calorimeter. calorimeter and the strip is
perpendicular to the bottom Surface
of
. TO get the mean
corrected depth of the calorimeter, repeat the above steps 6 aid 7,
ore imes. three
9servations
1.
Determination of vernier constant (Least count) of
LHS the vernier
M.S.D. = calliper
mm
10 V.S.D. 9
=
M.S.D.
9
I V.S.D. =

M.S.D.
= 0.9 mm
where
M.S.D. =
Main scale division
V.S.D. =
Vernier scale division
Vernier constant,
V.C. =
I M.S.D.
1 V.S.D. -

Least = I - 0.9
counUVernier constant= 0.I mm =
0.01 em
Zero error =(i) . *************
C, ) . .

Mean zero error (e) =

Mean zero
.... Cm
corection (- e) =
.. Cm

Observation Table:
Table A31) For
Measurement
NO. O
of Internal Diameter
Main scale
Obser- Vernier scale reading
reading (V.S.R.) Total
vations M.S.R. Total corrected reading
No. of the
observed D
n x V.C.
reading
=
D, + e
vernier division D,= M.S.R.
(cm) coinciding (n) + (n x
V.C.)
(cm)
(Cm)
(cm)
D, =

D, =

D,

D,
 Table A-3. () For Neasur
HS Total
Total corrected

Main scale
Vernier scale reading
observed depth
No. (V.S.R.) D =D,+e
reading reading
obser M.S.R. +
vations
M.S.R. D. =

(n V.C)
nx V.C.
No. of the
vernier div ision (cm)
(Cm) cm)
coinciding (n)
(Cm

h.

tions HS
D +D, +D,+D CTm.

intermal diameter =

Mean comected 4

h +h +h+h C l .

(h) =
Mean coTected depth 4

* . CIIl

Volume. V =7

ult V, of the beaker/calorimeter =.. Cm

Internal volume

Precautions of vermier
of depth is different from the usual zero error

Zero error for the measurement

determined separately and carefully as explained in the

callipers. So it should be
procedure of this experiment.

the edge of the main scale. i.t.. end of strip of callipers

While measuring the depth.
peripheral edge of the calor1meter when the end
should not get out of contact from the

of the strip N touches the bottom.

should be perpendicular to the bottom surface.

While measuring the depth. the strip
the same as for the Experiment No. 1 (a). on
Rest of the precautions to be observed are

page 27.

Ces of Error y KHS

Same as for the Experiment No. I (a).

Discussions
Vernier callipers is suitable only for measuring smal lengths which are much larger than
the least count of the vernier callipers. To measure very small length like. the diameter
f a thin wre. vemier callipers is not a suitable
instrument.