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Physics SSS2 Third Term

Sub Theme: Waves Motion without Material Transfer

WEEK 10

Application of lenses and planes mirror and musical instruments

Performance Objectives

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Students should be able to;

1.
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Explain the optical principles involved in the snapshot camera, enlarging

2.
3.
camera and copying camera
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Set up a single lens projector and use it to project a film strip on a screen.
Explain the formation of images by the camera and the projector by
tracing rays of light through them.
4.
Trace the paths of light rays through simple compound microscopes and
telescopes

The Simple Lens Camera

Content

The simple lens camera consists of a light-proof box with a converging lens in front
and a light sensitive film at the back. The function of the lens is to focus images of
the object to be photographed
The simple lens camera

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onto the light-sensitive plate or film. There is a provision for adjusting the distance

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between the lens and the film, so that objects in front of the lens can always be
sharply focused on the film.

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Sometimes the convex lens is replaced by a system of lenses. The simple lens
camera has a fixed distance between the lens and the film. This distance is equal to
the focal length of the lens. Some cameras have bellows or focusing rings by which
the distance between the lens and the film can be adjusted.
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The diaphram and the shutter control the amount of light entering the camera. The
diaphram regulates the size of an aperture or opening which controls the amount of
light energy sensitizing the film. The shutter, of variable speed, between the lens
and the film controls the time interval during which light is allowed to fall on the film.
This time interval is called the exposure time.

The process of making a photograph begins and ends with light. Rays of light enter
a camera and are focused into an image. The light exposes the film in the camera
causing chemical changes on the film's surface. The exposed film is then treated
with certain chemicals in a procedure called developing. Finally light is used to make
a print by transferring the image from the film to a sheet of special paper.

To take a photograph, the camera lens is pointed at the object and the focusing ring

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is used to adjust the distance of the lens from the film until a sharp image is seen on

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the film. When the button is pressed, the shutter quickly opens and closes, exposing
the film, for a brief period, to light from the object. After the photograph is taken the
film is wound on between two spools until it is all used up.

b. The Projector
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The projector is an instrument for projecting on a screen an enlarged image of a
transparent object e.g. a slide. Shows the essential parts of a projector and their
optical arrangements.

The functions of the various parts of the projector are:

1. The small but powerful light Source to illuminate the object which is usually non-
luminous. A converging mirror placed behind the light source helps to direct the light
onto

the film or slide.

2. The condenser consisting of two plano-convex lenses collects the light from the
light source and concentrates it on the slide or transparency and illuminates every
part of it strongly and evenly. Between the two lenses is usually an infra-red filter to
prevent the passage of heat to the slide which might otherwise melt it.

3. The slide carrier is a framework in which the slide is placed upside down, so that
it will appear erect on the screen.

4. The projection lens placed near the slide produces a real enlarged and inverted
image of the slide and focuses it on to the screen. The lens is at a distance of
between f and 2f from the object, where f is the focal length of the lens.

5. The screen, usually white, receives the image which is the right way up if the

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object is inserted upside down into the slide carrier.

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The principle of the slide projector is u used in Cine-projectors, photographic
enlargers and several other devices.

Microscopes and Telescopes M.NG

a. The Simple Microscope (or Magnifying Glass)

The magnifying glass or simple microscope is a convex lens which is used to

produce magnified images of small object. It is used for reading small print and for
studying biological specimens.

When a converging lens is used as a simple microscope, the object is place

between the principle focus and optical centre of the lens as shown in the diagram
below. With this arrangement a magnified, virtual and erect image is formed.
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The lens is moved until the image is seen distinctly at 25 cm from the normal eye.
This image subtends a larger visual angle than that produced when the object itself
is placed 25 cm from the unaided eye, and therefore appears bigger.

b. The Compound Microscope

To produce a higher magnification than that obtained from a simple microscope, a

combination of two convex lenses is used in an arrangement called the compound
microscope.

The compound microscope consists lens of two converging lenses of short focal
lengths. The lens (0) nearer this object is known as the objective lens and the lens
(E) through which the final image is seen is known as the eyepiece. The eyepiece
has a comparatively larger focal length than the objective lens. The objective lens
produces at l1 a magnified, inverted and real image of an object AB placed at a
distance u greater than its focal length (fo). The eyepiece is adjusted l1 falls at a
distance nearer to it than its principal focus, Fe
C. Compound Microscope

A magnified but virtual image l2 is thus formed at l2 with the eyepiece lens acting as
a magnifying

Hence the action of two lenses produces a magnified but inverted image of an
object.

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The observer adjusts the eyepiece so that the final image is at the near point (about
25 cm for a normal eye).
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The magnifying power M of the compound microscope is the product of the
magnifications due

to the two lenses. Thus M = M1 x M2 where M1 is the magnification produced by the

objective lens and L2 is the magnification produced by the eyepiece.

D. The Astronomical Telescope

The telescope is used in viewing distant objects, such as the stars and the planets.
The simplest telescope is the astronomical telescope.

The astronomical telescope uses two converging lenses, the objective lens and the
eyepiece respectively. The objective lens has a long focal length whereas the
eyepiece has a short focal length.
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The objective lens collects parallel rays from a distant object and forms a real
inverted and diminished image I1 at the principal focus (Fo) of the lens. The

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eyepiece is adjusted so that the image I1 of the object falls at a point nearer the
eyepiece lens than its focus Fe. The eyepiece then acts as a magnifying glass and
forms a magnified and virtual image of l1 at l2. The lenses can be arranged so that
the final image is at infinity. In such an arrangement the principal focus of the
objective must coincide with that of the eyepiece. In this arrangement the telescope
is said to be in normal adjustment. Thus in normal adjustment, the image l1 is made
to fall at the principal focus Fe of the eyepiece which also corresponds with Fo of the
objective.

The astronomical telescope produces an inverted image. This can be tolerated

when looking at stars, but is a disadvantage on the earth. The telescope owes its
magnifying power to the fact that the angle subtended at the eye by the final image
at infinity is very much greater than that subtended by the distant object.

E. The Galilean Telescope

This type of telescope uses a convex lens of long focal length as the objective and a
concave lens of short focal length as the eyepiece. The two lenses are mounted so
that they have a common axis with the distance between them equal to the
difference between their focal length. This is the Galilean telescope in normal
adjustment.

The objective collects parallel rays from a distant object to form a re?l inverted
image at its principal focus. However, before these rays actually converge to this
principal focus, they are intercepted by the diverging lens which causes the rays to
diverge and emerge as a parallel beam. A virtual, erect and magnified image is
therefore formed at infinity.

The magnifying power of the telescope is given by

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M= focal length of objective = fo

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focal length of eyepiece. fe

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For high magnification therefore we need an objective of long focal length and an
eyepiece of short focal length, as in the case of the astronomical telescope.

The Galilean telescope can also be adjusted so that the final image forms at the
near point. At this instance the telescope is not in normal adjustment.
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Prism Binoculars
They are essentially a pair of astronomical telescopes each of which is fitted with
two right angled isosceles prisms. The light passing through the objective is
reflected from one prism P to another Q and then emerges through the eyepiece as
shown in diagram above.

The function of the prisms is thus to re-invert the image formed by the objective and
present an erect image of the object to the eyepiece which subsequently magnifies
it. An erect and magnified image is thus presented to the viewer.

The prism binoculars as well as presenting an upright image are also very compact
since they reduce the optical path of the light ray light ray from the objective to the
eyepiece, very appreciably. Also because the binoculars are usually made in pairs
they have an additional advantage of bringing the rays from the telescopes inwards

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to match the distance apart of the two eyes.

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