ADDITIONAL THEORY (THICK CYLINDER)

For mechanical activities requiring greater pressures, a vessel, shell, or cylinder can be
employed; thick cylinders are used in such operations. A thick cylinder is a cylinder with a
larger diameter; in other words, it is a cylinder or vessel with a wall thickness greater than
one twentieth of its inner diameter. Lame's equations may be used to calculate the
circumferential and radial stresses in a thick cylinder. These cylinders are capable of
withstanding pressure coming from both within and outside the system.
There are following assumptions are made as mentioned below during the derivation of
Lame’s equation.
1. Material will be homogeneous and isotropic.
2. Material will be stressed within the elastic limit as per hooks’ law.
3. Plane transverse sections will remain plain even after their elongation under the action of
internal pressure. Plane transverse sections will not be distorted.
4. All the fibres of material will be stressed independently without being constrained by the
adjacent fibres.

σr = Radial stress at radius r

σϴ = Hoop stress at radius r
σL = Longitudinal stress a = Internal radius of thick cylinder
b = External radius of thick cylinder
r = Internal radius of the elemental ring
r + δr = External radius of the elemental ring
Pa = Pressure intensity at internal radius of thick cylinder
Pb = Pressure intensity at external radius of thick cylinder
 RESULTS

Channel Direction Radius in mm Strain in µm/m

1 Tangential 20 96
2 Tangential 30 51
3 Tangential 40 28
4 Tangential 50 19
5 Tangential 60 14
6 Tangential 70 11
7 Radial 30 -60
8 Radial 40 -29
9 Radial 50 -19
10 Radial 60 -16
11 Axial 70 5

Radial strain r70 in µm/m: -7.6

Axial stress in N/mm2: 0.673

Radius Axial strain Radial stress in N/mm2 Tangential stress in N/mm2

in µm/m
Measured Theoretical Measured Theoretical
20 - - -5.00 - 5.89
30 10.76 -2.10 -1.98 2.83 2.86
40 6.55 -0.84 -0.92 1.86 1.81
50 6.00 -0.45 -0.43 1.40 1.32
60 7.41 -0.40 -0.16 1.03 1.05
70 4.81 0.00 -0.00 0.99 0.89

OBSERVATION

According to the experiment, we utilized the SM1011 software to acquire the observed strain
experimentally on various radiuses ranging from 20mm to 70mm, containing a few channels ranging
from 1 to 11 and with a distinct type of strain. After adding the technical information pertaining to the
experiment technique, the program generates all the data. This might be the reason why we are not
getting the constant value. The experimental evidence has led to a theory hypothesis. During the
experiment, several error may occur and be predicted with a different error. When the internal
pressure is adjusted to 50 MN/m^2, the user must carefully configure the hard wheel to get more
precise data from the program. In theory, the strain value may be retrieved from the experiment by
plugging it into the derived formula for tangential hoop strain, longitudinal strain and radial strain
which are presented in the experimental theory section.
CALCULATION

Derived Stress

𝑬 𝑬
𝝈𝑯 = 𝟏−𝒗𝟐 (𝑽𝜺𝑹 + 𝜺𝑯 ), 𝝈𝑹 = 𝟏−𝒗𝟐 (𝒗𝜺𝑯 + 𝜺𝑹 )

𝑬 = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 , 𝑷𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒏′ 𝒔 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐, 𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑

1. Radius = 20mm
No reading

2. Radius = 30mm
𝜀𝐻 = 2.83, 𝜀𝑅 = −2.1

73.1×106
𝜎𝐻 = (0.33(−2.1) + (2.83)) = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
1−0.332

73.1 × 106
𝜎𝑅 = (0.33(2.83) + (−2.1)) = −𝟗. 𝟓𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕
1 − 0.332

3. Radius = 40mm
𝜀𝐻 = 1.86 , 𝜀𝑅 = −0.84

73.1 × 106
𝜎𝐻 = (0.33(−0.84) + (1.86)) = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
1 − 0.332
73.1 × 106
𝜎𝑅 = (0.33(1.86) + (−0.84)) = −𝟏. 𝟖𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕
1 − 0.332
4. Radius = 50mm
𝜀𝐻 = 1.40 , 𝜀𝑅 = −0.45

73.1 × 106
𝜎𝐻 = (0.33(−0.45) + (1.40)) = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
1 − 0.332

73.1 × 106
𝜎𝑅 = (0.33(1.40) + (−0.45)) = 𝟗. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓
1 − 0.332

5. Radius = 60mm
𝜀𝐻 = 1.03 , 𝜀𝑅 = −0.4

73.1 × 106
𝜎𝐻 = (0.33(−0.4) + (1.03)) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
1 − 0.332

73.1 × 106
𝜎𝑅 = (0.33(1.03) + (−0.4)) = −𝟒. 𝟗𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
1 − 0.332

6. Radius = 70mm
𝜀𝐿 = 0, 𝜀𝑅 = 0.99

73.1 × 106
𝜎𝐻 = (0.33(0.99) + (0)) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
1 − 0.332

73.1 × 106
𝜎𝑅 = (0.33(0) + (0.99)) = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
1 − 0.332
Theoretical Stress

𝑷 𝑹𝟐 𝑷 𝑹𝟐
𝝈𝑯 = 𝑲𝟐−𝟏 (𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐 ), 𝝈𝑹 = 𝑲𝟐 −𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒓𝟐 )

1. Radius = 20mm

5 × 106 0.072
𝜎𝐻 = (1 + ) = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
4.0522 − 1 0.022

5 × 106 0.072
𝜎𝑅 = (1 − ) = −𝟑. 𝟔𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
4.0522 − 1 0.022

2. Radius = 30mm

5 × 106 0.072
𝜎𝐻 = (1 + ) = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
4.0522 − 1 0.032

5 × 106 0.072
𝜎𝑅 = (1 − ) = −𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
4.0522 − 1 0.032

3. Radius = 40mm

5 × 106 0.072
𝜎𝐻 = (1 + ) = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
4.0522 − 1 0.042

5 × 106 0.072
𝜎𝑅 = (1 − ) = −𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
4.0522 − 1 0.042
4. Radius = 50mm

5 × 106 0.072
𝜎𝐻 = (1 + ) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
4.0522 − 1 0.052

5 × 106 0.072
𝜎𝑅 = (1 − ) = −𝟎. 𝟑𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
4.0522 − 1 0.052

5. Radius = 60mm

5 × 106 0.072
𝜎𝐻 = (1 + ) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
4.0522 − 1 0.062

5 × 106 0.072
𝜎𝑅 = (1 − ) = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
4.0522 − 1 0.062

6. Radius = 70mm

5 × 106 0.072
𝜎𝐻 = (1 + ) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
4.0522 − 1 0.072

5 × 106 0.072
𝜎𝑅 = (1 − )=𝟎
4.0522 − 1 0.072
DISCUSSION

Graph of hoop stress and radial stress ( for

theoritical ) againts radius
4
3
2
1
Stress

0
-1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

-2
-3
Radius

Hoop stress Radial Stress

b) The comparison between the theoretical strain and the derived strain reveals a significant
difference, highlighting a notable variation between the two. Furthermore, upon comparing
the graphs derived and theoretical, it becomes apparent that the observed minor discrepancies
could be attributed to experimental errors. These errors can arise from mishandling of
equipment, including incorrect instrument usage, user error, parallax error, or syntax error,
which can be caused by either carelessness or limitations in human capacity.
c) Thick cylinders have a range of uses, including aiding in the movement of gas, crude oil,
and water in systems where pipes mimic cylindrical flows and undergo deformation due to
internal pressure. They are also utilized in metallurgical processes, chemical plants, high-
pressure reactor vessels, compressed air units, pneumatic reservoirs, hydraulic reservoirs, and
gas storage for substances like butane, among other applications.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the experiment had several faults that affected the results. This can be the case
since the programme automatically creates data after receiving technical information about
the experimentation method. This may help to explain why the experimental data and
theoretical results do not agree. Referring to the graph of hoop stress and radial vs radius will
allow you to observe how the error has affected things. Because the hoop stress and radial
stress decline sharply until they reach constant values and diminish towards the conclusion of
the graph, the experimental graph data shape varies from the theoretical graph data form. The
chart format for theoretical data varies from actual data because radial stress is supposed to
be the opposite of the hoop stress, which lowers at the start of the graph data and becomes
constant at the conclusion. Additionally, the strain's location measurements of the strain were
impacted by gauges. We found that the hoop strain decreased with increasing radius in terms
of both radial and hoop strain. Thus, the smallest radius has negative radial stress data
indicating compressive stress whereas the smallest radius has positive hoop stress data
showing tensile strain. Finally, channel number 7 produces the largest error difference of over
a radius of 30 mm. There are several applications for thick cylinders, such as water and gas
systems, where pipes respond to internal pressure by exhibiting strain. Additionally, it may be
utilised for high-pressure reactor vessels in chemical and metallurgical activities, air
compressor units, pneumatic and hydraulic reservoirs, and gas storage.
REFERENCES

1. Stress and Struts Engineering. (11 November 2019). The Introduction to Loads.
Retrieved 20 November 2022 from https://lsteng/docs/tutorials/bucklingloads-
tutorials/what-is-bucklingloads
2. Bale W R. (Aug 2020). Cylindrical load. Retrieved 20 November 2022 form
https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg//167474/
3. Subs Label. (June 2019). The importance of Stresses Load. Retrieved 20 November
2022 from https://www.labelsubs.com.au/loads-&stresses-for-manufacturer/
4. Strength of materials, A. K Sirvastava and P.C. Gope. Thick Cylinder Lame’s
Equation. https://www.hkdivedi.com/2019/11/thick-cylinder-lames-equation.html