TISSUES - Group of cells with similar functions and structure

FOUR PRIMARY TYPES OF TISSUE:

1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective Tissue
3. Muscle Tissue
4. Nervous Tissue

EPITHELIAL TISSUE CONNECTIVE TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE MUSCLE TISSUE

CAVITY LININGS GLANDULAR TISSUES

EPITHELIAL TISSUE
LOCATIONS:
- Body coverings
- Body cavity linings.
- Glandular tissue

FUNCTIONS: HALLMARKS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

▪ Protection. ▪ Cover and line body surfaces
▪ Absorption ▪ Often form sheets with one free surface, the apical surface, and an anchored surface,
▪ Filtration of the basement membrane
▪ Secretion ▪ Avascular (no blood supply)
▪ Regenerate easily if well nourished
Classification of epithelia
▪ Number of cell layers
▪ Simple—one layer
▪ Stratified—more than one layer

Shape of cells
▪ Squamous—flattened, like fish scales
▪ Cuboidal—cube-shaped, like dice
▪ Columnar—shaped like columns

Classification based on the number of cell layers Classification based on cell shape

FUNCTION OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE RELATED TO TISSUE TYPE

TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

- SIMPLE EPITHELIA
- GLANDULAR EPITHELIA
- STRATIFIED EPITHELIA
SIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
- SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
- SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
- PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

STRATIFIED EPITHELIAL TISSUE

- STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
- STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
- STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
- STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL AND COLUMNAR
- TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

SIMPLE EPITHELIA
▪ Functions in absorption, secretion, and filtration
▪ Very thin (thus not suited for protection)

GLANDULAR EPITHELIA
 ▪ One or more cells responsible for secreting a particular product
▪ Secretions contain protein molecules in an aqueous (water-based) fluid
▪ Secretion is an active process

TWO MAJOR GLAND TYPES (DEVELOP FROM EPITHELIAL SHEET)

- ENDOCRINE GLANDS
▪ Ductless; secretions (hormones) diffuse into blood vessels
▪ Examples include thyroid, adrenals, and pituitary

- EXOCRINE GLANDS
▪ Secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface
▪ Include sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas (both internal and external)

SIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUE

- SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

▪ Single layer of flat cells
▪ Locations—usually form membranes
▪ Lines air sacs of the lungs
▪ Forms walls of capillaries
▪ Forms serous membranes (serosae) that line and cover organs in the ventral cavity
▪ Functions in diffusion, filtration, or secretion in membranes

DIAGRAM OF SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

- SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
▪ Single layer of cubelike cells
▪ Locations
▪ Common in glands and their ducts
▪ Forms walls of kidney tubules
▪ Covers the surface of ovaries
▪ Functions in secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells

DIAGRAM OF SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

- SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

 ▪ Single layer of tall cells
▪ Goblet cells secrete mucus
▪ Locations
▪ Digestive organs (small and large intestine)
▪ Respiratory system (trachea, bronchioles, and bronchi)
▪ Functions in secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells

DIAGRAM OF SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

- PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

▪ All cells rest on a basement membrane

▪ Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others giving a false (pseudo) impression of
stratification
▪ Location:
- respiratory tract, where it is ciliated and known as pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
▪ Functions in absorption or secretion

DIAGRAM OF SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

 STRATIFIED
EPITHELIAL TISSUE

- STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

▪ Most common stratified epithelium
▪ Named for cells present at the free (apical) surface, which are squamous
▪ Functions as a protective covering where friction is common
▪ Locations—the lining of the:
▪ Skin (outer portion)
▪ Mouth
▪ Esophagus
DIAGRAM OF STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
- STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
• two layers of cuboidal cells; functions in protection

DIAGRAM OF STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

- STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

• surface cells are columnar, and cells underneath vary in size and shape
• functions in protection

DIAGRAM OF STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

- STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL AND COLUMNAR
• Rare in the human body
• Found mainly in ducts of large glands

DIAGRAM OF STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL AND

COLUMNAR

- TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
• Composed of modified stratified squamous epithelium
• The shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching
• Functions in stretching and the ability to return to normal shape
• Location: the lining of urinary system organs

DIAGRAM OF TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
▪ Found everywhere in the body to connect body parts
▪ Includes the most abundant and widely
distributed tissues
▪ Functions
▪ Protection
▪ Support
▪ Binding

▪ Characteristics of connective tissue

▪ Variations in blood supply
▪ Some tissue types are well vascularized
▪ Some have a poor blood supply or are avascular

▪ Extracellular matrix
▪ Nonliving material that surrounds living cells

CONNECTIVE TISSUE .
▪ Two main elements of the extracellular matrix
1. Ground substance—mostly water, along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules
2. Fibers
▪ Collagen (white) fibers
▪ Elastic (yellow) fibers
▪ Reticular fibers (a type of collagen)

Types of connective tissue from most rigid to softest, or most fluid:

▪ Bone
▪ Cartilage
▪ Dense connective tissue
▪ Loose connective tissue
▪ Blood

o Bone (osseous tissue)

▪ Composed of:
▪ Osteocytes (bone cells) sitting in lacunae (cavities)
▪ Mineralized ECM
▪ Crystals of calcium phosphate in the form of the mineral hydroxyapatite
▪ Large numbers of collagen fibers
▪ Functions to protect and support the body

DIAGRAM OF BONE TISSUE

o Cartilage
▪ Less hard and more flexible than bone
▪ Found in only a few places in the body
▪ Chondrocyte (cartilage cell) is the major cell type
▪ Types
▪ Hyaline cartilage
▪ Fibrocartilage
▪ Elastic cartilage

DIAGRAM OF CARTILAGE TISSUE

o Hyaline cartilage
 ▪ Most widespread type of cartilage
▪ Abundant collagen fibers hidden by a glassy, rubbery matrix
▪ Locations
▪ Trachea
▪ Attaches ribs to the breastbone
▪ Covers ends of long bones
▪ Entire fetal skeleton prior to birth
▪ Epiphyseal (growth) plates in long bones

DIAGRAM OF HYALINE CARTILAGE TISSUE

o Elastic cartilage (yellow cartilage)

▪ Provides elasticity, rich in elastic fibers
▪ Found in body organs that do not bear body load
▪ Location: nose, epiglottis, supports the external ear
DIAGRAM OF ELASTIC CARTILAGE TISSUE

DIAGRAM OF FIBROCARTILAGE TISSUE

o Dense connective tissue (dense fibrous tissue)
▪ Main matrix element is collagen fiber
▪ Fibroblasts - cells that make fibers
▪ Locations
▪ Tendons
▪ attach skeletal muscle to bone
▪ Ligaments
▪ attach bone to bone at joints and are more elastic than tendons
▪ Dermis
▪ lower layers of the skin

DIAGRAM OF DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

o Loose connective tissue

▪ Softer, have more cells and fewer
fibers than other connective tissues
(except blood)
▪ Types
▪ Areolar
▪ Adipose
▪ Reticular

o Areolar connective tissue

▪ Most widely distributed connective tissue
▪ Soft, pliable tissue like cobwebs
▪ Functions as a universal packing tissue
and hold organs in place
▪ All fiber types form a loose network
▪ Can soak up excess fluid (causes edema)
 DIAGRAM OF AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

o Adipose connective tissue

▪ An areolar tissue in which adipose (fat) cells dominate
▪ Functions
▪ Insulates the body
▪ Protects some organs
▪ Serves as a site of fuel storage
▪ Locations
▪ Subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin
▪ Protects organs, such as the kidneys
▪ Fat deposits in hips, breasts, and belly

DIAGRAM OF ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

o Reticular connective tissue
▪ Delicate network of interwoven fibers with reticular cells (like fibroblasts)
▪ Forms stroma (internal framework) of organs
▪ Locations
▪ Lymph nodes
▪ Spleen
▪ Bone marrow
DIAGRAM OF RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

o Blood (vascular tissue)

▪ Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix known as blood plasma
▪ Soluble fibers are visible only during clotting
▪ Functions as the transport vehicle for the cardiovascular system, carrying:
▪ Nutrients
▪ Wastes
▪ Respiratory gases

DIAGRAM OF BLOOD CONNECTIVE TISSUE

MUSCLE TISSUE
▪ Function is to contract, or shorten, to produce movement
▪ Three types of muscle tissue
1. Skeletal
2. Cardiac
3. Smooth

Skeletal muscle tissue

▪ Packaged by connective tissue sheets into
skeletal muscles, which are attached to the
skeleton and pull on bones or skin
▪ Voluntarily (consciously) controlled
▪ Produces gross body movements or facial
expressions
▪ Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells
▪ Striations (stripes)
▪ Multinucleate (more than one nucleus)
▪ Long, cylindrical shape

DIAGRAM OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

o Cardiac muscle tissue
▪ Involuntarily
controlled
▪ Found only in the
heart
▪ Pumps blood
through blood
vessels
▪ Characteristics of
cardiac muscle cells
▪ Striations
▪ One nucleus
per cell
▪ Short,
branching cells
▪ Intercalated
discs contain gap junctions to connect cells together

DIAGRAM OF CARDIAC MUSCLE

o Smooth (visceral) muscle tissue

▪ Involuntarily controlled
▪ Found in walls of hollow organs such as the stomach, uterus, and blood vessels
▪ Peristalsis, a wavelike activity, is a typical activity
▪ Characteristics of smooth muscle cells
▪ No visible striations
▪ One nucleus per cell
▪ Spindle-shaped cells
 DIAGRAM OF SMOOTH (VISCERAL) M USCLE TISSUE

NERVOUS TISSUE
▪ Function is to receive and conduct electrochemical impulses to and from body parts
▪ Composed of neurons and nerve support cells
▪ Support cells called neuroglia insulate, protect, and support neurons

DIAGRAM OF NERVOUS TISSUE