Bacterii fitopatogene

Beatrice IACOMI
Ce sunt bacteriile?
Morfologie

Beatrice IACOMI
Beatrice IACOMI
Morfologie

Beatrice IACOMI
1675

1683
Beatrice IACOMI
Louis Pasteur

1857
fermentaţia lactică

1858
studiul fermentaţiei alcoolice

1859
evidenţierea germenilor din aer

1860
sterilizare; cultivarea microbilor

1861
fermentaţia butirică – anaerobioza
teoria germenilor

1877
Pasteur, Chamberland:
sterilizarea prin căldură umedă sub presiune

Beatrice IACOMI
 Robert Koch

1875
tehnici de fixare şi colorare a bacteriilor

1876-1877
Bacillus anthracis

Bell inventeaza telefonul

Beatrice IACOMI
1884
metoda de colorare a bacteriilor

Christian Gram

Beatrice IACOMI
 Fermentatii

Fermentatia lactica
Fermentatia alcoolica
Lactobacillus
casei

Lactobacillus bulgaricus
Lactobacillus
brevis Fermentatia malo-lactica

Beatrice IACOMI
 Biodegradari

Biodegradare celuloza
Acetobacer, Actinobacillus
Arthrobacter, Bacillus
Clavibacter michiganensis
Pseudomonas
Xanthomonas campestris
Biodegradare lignina
Arthrobacter
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Streptomyces

Biodegradare pectine Biodegradare chitina

Azospirillum Achromobacter
Bacillus Arthrobacter
Clostridium Bacillus chitinobacter
Erwinia amylovora Flavobacterium
E. chrysanthemi Streptomyces

Beatrice IACOMI
Biodegradare produse petroliere Biodegradari

metan Bacterium
Methanomonas
Methyomonas

benzina Bacterium aliphaticum

petrol Mycobacterium
parafina Mycrococcus paraffinae

fenol Bacillus
Flavobacterium
Mycobacterium
Pseudomonas

Beatrice IACOMI
 Biodegradari

Biodegradare pesticide

Pentaclorofenol Arthrobacter
Conservator lemn Mycobacterium
biocid agricol şi industrial Flavobacterium
Pseudomonas
Triazine Rhodococcus
ierbicide Klebsiella
Pseudomonas
Carbamaţi Pseudomonas
fungicide Achromobacter
Organofosforice Pseudomonas
insecticide Flavobacterium
Klebsiella
Escherichia coli

Beatrice IACOMI
 Biodegradari

Biodegradare metale grele

arseniu Achromobacter arsenoxydans
Bacillus
Chlamydomonas
Xanthomons arsenoxydans
seleniu, telur Micrococcus selenians
Pseudomonas
Clostridium
crom Pseudomonas fluorescens
P. putida
mercur, plumb, cadmiu Clostridium
Citrobacter
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
P. fluorescens
P. putida

Beatrice IACOMI
 Biodegradare micotoxine
Biodegradari

AFB1

Flavobacterium aurantiacum

Aspergillus flavus
Rhodococcus
Beatrice IACOMI
 Antibiotice
60 Eubacteriales
%

56
50 Actinomycetaceae

40 Fungi Imperfecti

30
Basidiomycetes,
Ascomycetes
Licheni
20

Plante verzi
10 14
10 11
6 0.8 2 Origine animala
0

Beatrice IACOMI
 Producere de antibiotice

Antibiotic Organism producător Ţintă Acţiune

Penicilina Penicillium chrysogenum Gram-pozitive Sinteza peretelui celular
Cephalosporina Cephalosporium acremonium Spectru larg Sinteza peretelui celular
Griseofulvina Penicillium griseofulvum Fungi dermatofiti Microtubuli
Bacitracina Bacillus subtilis Gram-pozitive Sinteza peretelui celular
Polymixina B Bacillus polymyxa Gram-negative Membrana celulară
Amphotericina B Streptomyces nodosus Fungi Membrana celulară
Eritromicina Streptomyces erythreus Gram-pozitive Sinteza proteinelor
Neomicina Streptomyces fradiae Spectru larg Sinteza proteinelor
Streptomicina Streptomyces griseus Gram-negative Sinteza proteinelor
Tetraciclina Streptomyces rimosus Spectru larg Sinteza proteinelor
Vancomicina Streptomyces orientalis Gram-pozitive Sinteza proteinelor
Gentamicina Micromonospora purpurea Spectru larg Sinteza proteinelor
Streptomyces
Rifamicina Tuberculoza Sinteza proteinelor
mediterranei

Beatrice IACOMI
 Compost

Transformarea resturilor organice solide in substante organice simple si stabile, pe cale

microbiologica

Bacillus subtilis
B. stearothermophilus
Thermoactinomyces

Beatrice IACOMI
 Agenti biologici de
control

Bacillus thuringiensis
Beatrice IACOMI
Agenti biologici de
control

Beatrice IACOMI
 Agenti biologici de
control
BIOPESTICIDE MICROBIENE
(Database of Microbial Pesticides, IPM Network)

Bacillus popilliae Doom, Japademic

B. sphaericus (2362) serotip H5a5b VectoLex
B. subtilis Kodiak, Kodiak HB, Concentrate, Quantum,
System
B. thuringiensis var. tenebrionis Norodor, M Track
B. thuringiesis delta endotoxine MVP, MVP II
(Cry 1 Ac şi Cry 1C) încapsulat în Ps.
fluorescens
B. thuringiensis var. san diego M-one
B. thuringiensis var. aizawai Agree, Design, Match

B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki Dipel, Thuricide, Bactec, Biobit, Foray

B. thuringiensis var. israeliensis VectoBac, Aquabac, Bactimos

Beatrice IACOMI
 Bacterii PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria)
Agenti biologici de
control

Pseudomonas (P. putida, P. fluorescens)

Bacillus (B. subtilis, B. cereus, B. circulans)
Azospirillum (A. brasiliense, A. lipoferum)

4-10% din suprafata radacinii

bacterii G negative + micorize

Beatrice IACOMI
 Agenti biologici de
control

patogenii filosferei şi produselor depozitate

Bacillus subtilis Erysiphaceae, Oomycetes Serenade USA
Cercospora sp.
Alternaria sp.
Phytophthora infestans
Erwinia amylovora
Putregaiuri de depozit
Pseudomonas chlororaphis Fusarium sp. Cedomon USA
Pseudomonas fluorescens Erwinia amylovora BlightBan A USA
506
Pseudomonas syringae Botrytis cinerea BioSave 100 USA
Penicillium sp. BioSave 1000
Mucor sp. BioSave 110
Geotrichum candidum

Beatrice IACOMI
 Agenti biologici de
control

patogenii filosferei şi produselor depozitate

Bacillus subtilis (QST Erysiphaceae, Oomycetes Serenade USA
713) Cercospora sp. Serenade Max
Alternaria sp. Rhapsody
Phytophthora infestans Serenade Garden
Erwinia amylovora
Putregaiuri de depozit

Beatrice IACOMI
 Agenti biologici de
control

patogeni de sol

Bacillus subtilis Fusarium sp. HiStick Nt USA

Rhizoctonia solani Epic Suedia
Aspergillus sp. Companion
Pythium sp., Phytophthora sp. Kodiak
Alternaria sp., Verticillium sp. Rhozo-Plus
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum System
Streptomyces scabies Bio-T

Beatrice IACOMI
 Agenti biologici de
control
S t r e p t o m y c e s Fusarium sp. Mycostop USA
griseovirides A l t e r n a r i a UE
brassicicola
Phomopsis sp.
Botrytis sp.
Pythium sp.
Phytophthora sp.
Streptomyces lydicus Pytium Acinovate USA
Rhizoctonia
Phomopsis

Beatrice IACOMI
 Agenti biologici de
control

Agrobacterium radiobacter Agrobacterium tumefaciens Galltrol A USA

Norbac 84 C
(84) Nogall
Diegall

Beatrice IACOMI
Penicillium expansum
Agenti biologici de
control

Mere Penicillium expansum

Pere Botrytis cinerea
Mucor sp.

citrice Penicillium digitatum

Penicillium italicum

Pseudomonas syringae ESC 11

BIO SAVE 110

Beatrice IACOMI
Ice Nucleating Bacteria
(INB)

Beatrice IACOMI
 Patogeni om,
animale
Clostridium botulinum

Salmonella

Bacillus anthracis

Beatrice IACOMI
1879
Burrill / focul bacterian al rozaceelor este produs de o bacterie Patogeni plante

Beatrice IACOMI
1907
Smith şi Townsend Patogeni plante
cancerul bacterian - Agrobacterium tumefaciens

1920
Smith / “Introduction to bacterial diseases of plants”

Beatrice IACOMI
 Patogeni plante
1967
Mollicutes – Mycoplasma = Phytoplasma (1994)

1972
Molicutes spiralate - Spiroplasma

Beatrice IACOMI
 Elemente obligatorii

Perete celular forma

Morfologie
bariera osmotica
bariera /particule solide, coloidale
identificare - bacteriofagi

50% 10%

Beatrice IACOMI
 Morfologie

G+

G-

Beatrice IACOMI
 Elemente obligatorii

Membrana citoplasmatica
Morfologie

Tinta produselor
bactericide

Transportul elementelor nutritive

Locul unor procese metabolice (respiratia, sinteza lipidelor, a constituentilor celulari)
Detectarea semnalelor mediului (chimiotactism)

Beatrice IACOMI
 Elemente obligatorii
proteine – 50% din s.u.
Citoplasma Morfologie
nucleoproteine (ARN – 17% din s.u.)

lipide (10% din s.u.)

hidrati de carbon (12-28%)

apa si saruri minerale

Structuri interne

Ribozomi – ARN + proteine Sinteza proteinelor

Incluziuni glicogen, polifosfaţi

Formatiuni structurale inerte, cu compozitie chimica diferita, formate la sfarsitul perioadei de
crestere activa

Pigmenti

carotenoizi - fenazinici -
xanthomonadin fluoresceina

Beatrice IACOMI
 Elemente obligatorii Citoplasma Structuri interne

Morfologie

Vacuole

Apar in perioada de crestere activa a bacteriilor

Colorabile cu rosu neutru

6-10 la celule mature; 20 in perioada de crestere

Regulatori ai presiunii osmotice

Rol in procesul respirator
Loc de acumulare a produsilor toxici

Beatrice IACOMI
 Elemente obligatorii Citoplasma Structuri interne

Morfologie

Bacteriocine
Substante de natura proteica produse de anumite tulpini ale bacteriilor si active fata
de alte tulpini ale aceleiasi specii sau specii strans inrudite

Agrocina, agrobacteriocina – A. tumefaciens

Faseolina – X. phaseoli

Siringocina – Ps. syringae

Beatrice IACOMI
 Elemente obligatorii Citoplasma Structuri interne

Morfologie

Structura fibrilara
Nucleoid /echivalent nuclear
400kpb – ADN circular

5-16%

Beatrice IACOMI
Elemente facultative

Flageli Morfologie

Beatrice IACOMI
 Elemente facultative

Plasmide Morfologie

Patogeneza – inducerea de tumori

Rezistenta la antibiotice, metale grele, bacteriocine, UV, X,
Pigmentare, metabolizare glucide, degradarea unor proteine

Beatrice IACOMI
 Elemente facultative

Spori endogeni - endospori Morfologie

Bacillus, Clostridium

Beatrice IACOMI
Multiplicare

Beatrice IACOMI
 Multiplicare

1000 bacterii

20-25 milioane
bacterii

8 ore – 24 generatii
1 celula – 17 milioane indivizi

Beatrice IACOMI
 Multiplicare

Incetarea cresterii

diviziune şi creştere
constantă a numărului
Celule moarte
de celule

adaptare

Beatrice IACOMI
 Factori

80  
25-­‐40   50-­‐60  
20-­‐30  

15  

Temperatura

Beatrice IACOMI
minime -1 : 60 C
Factori
optime 20-300 C
maxime 35-450 C

aplicatii practice:

Termoterapie - temperaturi bactericide

sterilizare

Beatrice IACOMI
Morfologie

Beatrice IACOMI
 biochimic
Sisteme de clasificare
Clasificare

Genotip

souche A
GTAAACCTCT TTTAGCAGGG AAGAAGCGAA

souche B
GTAAACCTCT TTTAGCAGGG AAGAAGCGAA

souche C
GTAAACCTCT TTTAGCAGGG AAGAAGCGAA

souche D
GTAAACCTCT TTTAGCAGGG AAGAAGCGAA

etc…
GTAAACCTCT TTTAGCAGGG AAGAAGCGAA


GTAAACCTCT TTTAGCAGGG AAGAAGCGAA


GTAAACCTCT TTCAGCAGGG AAGAAGCGCA


GTAAACCTCT TTCAGCAGGG AAGAAGCGCA


GTAAACCTCT TTCAGCAGGG AAGAAGCGCA


GTAAACCCCT TTCAGCAGGG AAGAAGCGAA


GTAAACCTCT TTCAGCAGGG AAGAAGCGCA


GTNAACCTCT TTCAGCAGGG AAGAAGCGAA
fenotip
Beatrice IACOMI
 Clasificarea filogenetica
Clasificare

Eubacteria
 Clasificare

Eubacteria
 Clasificare

Bacterii Gram negative - Proteobacteria

Bacterii Gram negative - Proteobacteria

Secţiunea α Proteobacteria Agrobacterium
Secţiunea β Proteobacteria Burkholderia
Ralstonia
Acidovorax
Xylophilus
Secţiunea γ Proteobacteria Erwinia
Pseudomonas
Xanthomonas
Secţiunea ε Proteobacteria Liberobacter

Beatrice IACOMI
 Clasificare

Bacterii Gram pozitive

Conţinut în G+C (Guanina + Citozina) < 50%

Secţiunea Clostridia Clostridium
Secţiunea Bacilli Bacillus
Conţinut în G+C > 50%
Actinobacteria Arthrobacter
Clavibacter
Rhodoccocus
Streptomyces

% G+C (Coeficient Chargaff)

G + C % = (G + C / A + T + C + G) x 100

Beatrice IACOMI
 Nomenclatura
Ansamblu de reguli care atribuie nume taxonilor

riguros, unic, universal

Rang taxonomic Nomenclatură

Domeniu Bacteria (Eubacteria)
Regn Proteobacteria
Secţiunea γ Proteobacteria
Clasa Zymobacteria
Ordinul Pseudomonadales
Familia Pseudomonadaceae
Genul Pseudomonas
Specia Ps. syringae

Specie. Ansamblu de tulpini (izolate) care au in comun numeroase caractere stabile si care se
deosebesc fenotipic si genotipic de alte grupe

tulpina (unitate taxonomica operationala – UTO; strain, souche). Populatie de bacterii obtinuta prin
izolare de pe un substrat, cu provenienta diferita (particularitate fiziologica, biochimica, virulenta)
 Nomenclatura
Rang taxonomic
Domeniu Bacteria (Eubacteria)
Regn Proteobacteria
Secţiunea γ Proteobacteria
Clasa Zymobacteria
Ordinul Pseudomonadales
Familia Pseudomonadaceae
Genul Pseudomonas
Specia Ps. syringae

Patovar Ps. syringae pv. syringae

Ps. syringae pv. lachrymans

patovar
populatii distincte ale aceleiasi specii care difera prin patogenitate
(simptome, cerc de plante gazda)
 Nomenclatura

P. syringae pv. lachrymans

Pseudomonas syringae

P. syringae pv. syringae

Beatrice IACOMI
 X. axonopodis pv.
citri

X. axonopodis pv.
phaseoli

Xanthomonas axonopodis
X. campestris pv. X. campestris pv.
campestris vesicatoria

Xanthomonas campestris
Morfologie

Beatrice IACOMI
 Simptome

necroze

Xanthomonas begoniae

Beatrice IACOMI
 Simptome

patari, necroze

Pseudomonas lachrymans
 Simptome

patari, necroze

Xanthomonas juglandis
 Simptome

necroze, arsuri

Halou (aureola)

X. dieffenbachiae

Beatrice IACOMI
 Simptome

necroze, arsuri

X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli

Beatrice IACOMI
 Simptome

necroze, arsuri

Erwinia amylovora
Beatrice IACOMI
 Simptome

necroze, arsuri

Acidovorax avenae ssp. citrulli

A. valerianellae A. cattleyae
Beatrice IACOMI
 Simptome

necroze
innegrire nervuri

Xanthomonas campestris
 Simptome

ciuruire

Xanthomonas pruni

Beatrice IACOMI
 Simptome

brunificare lemn

Xanthomonas pruni

Erwinia amylovora

Beatrice IACOMI
 Simptome

Erwinia salicis Brunificare

lemn

Beatrice IACOMI
 Simptome

Ulceratii

X. populi

Erwinia amylovora

Beatrice IACOMI
 Simptome

Ofiliri

E. tracheiphila

Beatrice IACOMI
 Simptome

Ofiliri

Ralstonia solanacearum

Beatrice IACOMI
 Simptome

ofiliri, ingalbeniri
asimetrice

Ralstonia solanacearum - Vestejirea bacteriana

Beatrice IACOMI
 Simptome

Ofiliri

Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis

Beatrice IACOMI
 Simptome

putregaiuri

Erwinia carotovora

Beatrice IACOMI
 Simptome

Tumori
(hipertrofii)

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Beatrice IACOMI
 Simptome

raie

Streptomyces scabies

Beatrice IACOMI
 Simptome

Exsudat  bacterian  

Beatrice IACOMI
 Transmitere
Diseminare

Organe vegetative, samanta

Beatrice IACOMI
 Transmitere
Diseminare

irigare
irigare

Apa Ps. lachrymans

Apă + vant Erwinia amylovora

Beatrice IACOMI
 Transmitere
Diseminare

resturi
vegetale

buruieni

Beatrice IACOMI
 Transmitere
Diseminare

vectori

Beatrice IACOMI
 Transmitere
Diseminare

substrat

Beatrice IACOMI
Om Transmitere
Diseminare

X. begoniae Ralstonia X. dieffenbachiae

Beatrice IACOMI
 Transmitere
Diseminare

E. amylovora

Beatrice IACOMI
http://www.atlasplantpathogenicbacteria.it/

Beatrice IACOMI