WI-2-60-1-6

EEE 2504

JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY

OF
AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION 2018/2019

FIFTH YEAR SECOND SEMESTER EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING/
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

EEE 2504: QUANTUM ELECTRONICS

DATE: JULY 2019 TIME:2 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS

1. This paper consists of FIVE questions.

2. Answer QUESTION ONE and ANY OTHER TWO questions.
3. All workings must be clearly shown.
4. Take 1𝑒𝑉 = 1.6𝑥10−19 𝐽 , 𝑅𝐻 = 1.097 × 107 𝑚−1
5. ℎ = 6.625 × 10−34
6. 𝑚 = 9.1 × 10−31 𝑘𝑔𝑠

QUESTION ONE (30 MARKS) – COMPULSORY

a) With aid of a detailed section of Fabry-Perot cavity, show that the total output ray is given
  j ( k  k ) l
(   )
l

 
2
t t e e
as Etot  Ei  1 2
 j 2 ( k  k ) l (  ) l 
[9Marks]
1  r1 r2 e e
 

b) The Lymann series of hydrogen is made up of those transitions made from higher levels
to n=1. If the first line in this series has a wavelength of 122nm, determine the
wavelength of the second line [4Marks]

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EEE 2504

c) A hydrogen atom is in its first excited state (n = 2). Using the Bohr theory of the atom,
calculate (a) the radius of the orbit, (b) the linear momentum of the electron, (c) the angular
momentum of the electron, (d) the kinetic energy of the electron, (e) the potential energy
of the system, and (f) the total energy of the system. [7Marks]
d) A GaAlAs diode laser has the following properties: Peak wavelength: 1.5337 𝜇𝑚,Spacing
between peaks: 1.787𝑥10−3 𝜇𝑚 , J/Jth=1.2.
i) The turn-on delay time, [2Marks]
ii) The cavity length, [2Marks]
iii) The threshold electron density [3Marks]
iv) The threshold current [3Marks]

QUESTION TWO (20 MARKS)

a) With aid of well labelled diagrams explain the difference between the Direct modulation
and External modulation [10Marks]
b) Calculate the energy required to remove the electron from a hydrogen atom in its ground
state. [4Marks]
c) Determine the wavelength of light for the least energetic photon emitted in the Paschen
series of the hydrogen atom spectrum lines. What is the wavelength of the series limit for
Paschen series? [5 Marks]
d) To reduce modal dispersion, the mode volume must be reduced. State two ways this can
be achieved. [1Mark]

QUESTION THREE (20 MARKS)

a) Describe the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle [2Marks]

b) Discuss ways in which Laser light differ from other sources of light [6Marks]

c) A He-Ne laser beam has a diameter of 3.5 mm at a distance of 2 m from the laser. At 4
m, the beam has expanded to a diameter of 5.9 mm. Find the beam divergence [4Marks]

d) A 1-mW HeNe laser beam with a divergence of 0.5 mrad enters the eye. Find the irradiance
on the retina if the focal length of the eye, from cornea to retina, is equal to f = 1.7 cm.
[5 Marks]
e) Silica has an estimate fictive temperature of 1400 K with an isothermal compressibility
of 7 1010 m 2 N 1 . The refractive index and the photoelastic coefficient for silica are
1.46 and 0.286 respectively. Determine the theoretical attenuation in decibels per
kilometre due to the fundamental Rayleigh scattering in silica at optical wavelengths of
0.63, 1.00 and 1.30 µm. Boltzmann’s constant is 1.3811023 JK 1 . [3Marks]

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QUESTION FOUR (20 MARKS)

a) Explain the operation of a Ring resonator. Use a well-labelled diagram. [4Marks]

b) Explain ways you can eliminate parasitic reflections in the Ring resonator. [3Marks]

c) Show that the acceptance conditions for skew rays for a case of the fiber in air is given as
[8 Marks]
𝑛22
sin 𝜃𝑎𝑠 cos 𝛾 = 𝑛1 √1 − 2 =
√𝑛12 − 𝑛22 = 𝑁𝐴
𝑛1

d) Two step index fibers exhibit the following parameters: [5Marks]

(i) A multimode fiber with a core refractive index of 1.5, a relative refractive index
difference of 3% and an operating wavelength of 0.82 µm.

(ii) An 8 µm core diameter single-mode fiber with a core refractive index the same as (i),
a relative refractive index difference of 0.3% and an operating wavelength of 1.55
µm.

Estimate the critical radius of curvature at which large bending losses occur in both cases

QUESTION FIVE (20 MARKS)

a) A typical relative refractive index for an optical fiber designed for long distance
transmission is 1%. Estimate the NA and the solid acceptance angle in air for the fiber
when the fiber core index is 1.46. Further, calculate the critical angle at the core-cladding
interface within the fiber. Assumes that the concept of geometric optics hold for the fiber.
[9 Marks]
b) A multimode step index fiber with a core diameter of 80 m and a relative index difference
of 1.5% is operating at a wavelength of 0.85 m . If the core refractive index is 1.48 ,
estimate:
i) the normalized frequency for the fiber [3Marks]
ii) the number of guided modes [1Marks]

c) With the aid of a well-labeled diagram, explain the construction and operation of the Laser
Diode [7Marks]

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