Gibbs Energy

Energy, Entropy and Engines:

An Introduc+on to Thermodynamics

Sanjeev Chandra
What are we going to discuss?
• How do we calculate entropy changes for an open system in
which mass transfer can occur?
Phase Equilibrium
What is the condi+on for equilibrium?

Entropy is maximum at equilibrium

Saturated Vapour
How does exchange of mass between two phases
Psat , Tsat
at constant pressure and temperature change
entropy? δm
Saturated Liquid
Gibbs Equa:on
! #
𝑑𝑠 = "
𝑑𝑢 + "
𝑑𝑣

Does not include mass transfer

Entropy change with mass transfer

Constant Pressure, P

δW

dm=δm δm
System
dU
dS

δQ
Constant Temperature, T
Energy and Entropy Balance
Energy increase per unit mass added = 𝑢 + 𝑃𝑣 = ℎ
Flow Work

Energy change
𝑑𝑈 = ℎ𝑑𝑚 + 𝛿𝑄 + 𝛿𝑊
Mass Heat Work
Entropy change Transfer Transfer
𝛿𝑄
𝑑𝑆 = 𝑠𝑑𝑚 +
𝑇
Mass
Transfer Heat
𝛿𝑄 = 𝑇𝑑𝑆 − Transfer
𝑇𝑠𝑑𝑚
Energy Balance 𝑑𝑈 = ℎ𝑑𝑚 + 𝛿𝑄 + 𝛿𝑊
–PdV

Entropy Balance 𝛿𝑄 = 𝑇𝑑𝑆 − 𝑇𝑠𝑑𝑚

𝑑𝑈 = ℎ𝑑𝑚 + 𝑇𝑑𝑆 − 𝑇𝑠𝑑𝑚 − 𝑃𝑑𝑉

𝑑𝑈 = 𝑇𝑑𝑆 − 𝑃𝑑𝑉 + (ℎ − 𝑇𝑠)𝑑𝑚

Heat Work Mass Transfer

(ℎ − 𝑇𝑠) : Internal energy increase per unit mass added.

Gibbs Energy
Define Gibbs Energy
𝐺 = 𝐻 − 𝑇𝑆

Extensive property with units of energy [J]

Specific Gibbs Energy

𝐺
𝑔 = = ℎ − 𝑇𝑠
𝑚
Gibbs Equation
𝑑𝑈 = 𝑇𝑑𝑆 − 𝑃𝑑𝑉 + (ℎ − 𝑇𝑠)𝑑𝑚
𝑔
𝑑𝑈 = 𝑇𝑑𝑆 − 𝑃𝑑𝑉 + 𝑔𝑑𝑚

𝑑𝑈 𝑃 𝑔
𝑑𝑆 = + 𝑑𝑉 − 𝑑𝑚
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇

Gibbs equation for a system in which mass transfer can occur

Calculate changes in entropy for an open system

Summary
• Gibbs energy
𝐺 = 𝐻 − 𝑇𝑆
• Specific Gibbs Energy
𝐺
𝑔 = = ℎ − 𝑇𝑠
𝑚
Internal energy increase per unit mass added to a system

• Gibbs EquaEon for an open system

𝑑𝑈 𝑃 𝑔
𝑑𝑆 = + 𝑑𝑉 − 𝑑𝑚
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇