PROPERTIES OF GASES Pressure units and their equivalents:

1 atm = 760 mmHg

Gases have mass
= 76 cm Hg = 760 torr
The amount or mass of gas could be
expressed in moles or grams. = 101325 Pa = 14.6956 psi

The mass of gases is negligible.

Gases have volume Temperature units and their equivalents:

The volume of gas is the amount of space O0C = 273.15 K

occupied by the gases.
O0C = 32 0 F
Gases have the tendency to occupy all the
spaces of the container that they are Robert Boyle
confined. They have weak intermolecular
force of attraction; hence they are arranged
as far away as possible from each other.
Gases have temperature
The temperature of gas is the measure of
the hotness or coldness of an object. It is
proportional to the average kinetic energy of
its molecules.
Gases exerts pressure
The pressure of a confined gas is the
average effect of the forces of the colliding
molecules.
➔ as pressure in a confined gas
increases, gas particles move closer
to each other
➔ this causes a decrease in the total
volume of the gas
➔ when the pressure is decreased,
lesser force controls the movements
of the gas particles
➔ this phenomenon can make them
move as far as possible from one
another because they have very
weak intermolecular force of
attraction
➔ this will lead in the total volume of
gas

Volume unit and their equivalents: Boyle’s Law states that the relationship
between volume and pressure of gases at
A mL = 1 cm3 constant temperature is inversely
proportional.
1L = 1 dm3
k=VP
1 m3 = 1000 L
This formula in words means that product of
Volume and Pressure is constant.

Formula:

V1P1= V2P2
Jacques Charles Combined Gas Law

➔ Charle’s Law was formulated by

Jacques Charles ➔ combines the three gas laws:
➔ states that at constant pressure, Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and
volume is directly proportional to Gay-Lussac's Law
temperature
Formula:
➔ V ∝ T at constant P
➔ V =kT or k = V/T thus, in direct
proportion, the quotient of the
variables (volume and temperature)
is constant.

Initial and final volumes and temperatures

under constant pressure can be calculated
as

V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
Ideal Gas Law
Joseph Gay-Lussac
Formula:
➔ Gay-Lussac’s law states that the PV=nRT
pressure exerted by a gas (of a
given mass and kept at a Where:
constant volume) varies directly
● n = number of moles
with the absolute temperature of
● R = universal gas constant = 8.3145
the gas.
J/mol K
➔ the pressure exerted by a gas is
● N = number of molecules
proportional to the temperature of ● k = Boltzmann constant = 1.38066 x
the gas when the mass is fixed 10-23 J/K = 8.617385 x 10-5 eV/K
and the volume is constant. ● k = R/NA
● NA = Avogadro's number = 6.0221 x
Formula: 1023 /mol

(P1/T1) = (P2/T2)

Where:

● P1 is the initial pressure

● T1 is the initial temperature
● P2 is the final pressure
● T2 is the final temperature
BIOMOLECULES (substances) ➔ chemically defined as polyhydroxy
aldehydes or ketones or compounds
★ certain complex organic molecules which produce them on hydrolysis
which form the basis of life ➔ collectively called as saccharides
★ part of the chemical composition of ➔ can be as monosaccharides (1
all living organisms sugar unit),
★ required for their growth, ➔ oligosaccharides (2-10 sugar units)
maintenance and even for survival in and or
extreme environment conditions ➔ polysaccharides (more than 10
sugar units).
The main classes of biomolecules are: ➔ the material that makes plants stand
tall and gives wood its tough
❖ Carbohydrates
properties, is a polymer form of
❖ Lipids
glucose known as cellulose
❖ Proteins
➔ . Other types of sugar polymers
❖ Nucleic Acids
make up the stored forms of energy
These are macromolecules- large known as starch and glycogen
molecules composed of thousands of
Proteins
covalently connected atoms.
➔ another class of indispensable
There are six (6) most common elements
biomolecules, which make up
that can be found in biomolecules. These
around 50 percent of the cellular dry
are called CHNOPS or CHONSP elements
weight
● Carbon ➔ comprised of the elements carbon,
● Hydrogen nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and
● Oxygen sometimes sulfur
● Nitrogen ➔ Proteins are polymers of amino
● Phosphorus acids, arranged in the form of chain
● Sulfur called polypeptide
➔ level can be classified as primary,
Carbohydrates secondary, tertiary and quaternary
➔ play both structural and dynamic
➔ These molecules are comprised of roles
the elements carbon (C), hydrogen ➔ Being part of cell membranes,
(H), and oxygen (O) proteins act as carriers or channels,
➔ these molecules are known as facilitating the movement of ions and
sugars molecules in and out of the cells
➔ can range in size from very small to ➔ acts as catalyst
very large ➔ large group of proteins, known as
➔ often built into long chains by enzymes, enable the cells to carry
stringing together smaller units out chemical reactions fast
➔ In layman’s terms, we acknowledge
carbohydrates as sugars or
substances that taste sweet
Myosin is the protein that allows movement
by contraction of muscles. Proteins are also
present as a major component of cell
membranes
Lipids
➔ refers to a wide variety of
biomolecules including fats, oils,
waxes and steroid hormones
➔ structure, location or function in a
cell/body, all lipids share common
features that enable them to be
grouped together
➔ do not dissolve in water; they are
hydrophobic
➔ composed primarily of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and
sulfur (lipids also contain nitrogen in
some cases)
➔ the activities of steroid hormones
such as estrogen have been
implicated in cancers of the female
reproductive system
Nucleic Acid
➔ naturally occurring chemical
compound that is capable of being
broken down to yield phosphoric
acid, sugars, and a mixture of
organic bases (purines and
pyrimidines)
➔ main information-carrying molecules
of the cell, and, by directing the
process of protein synthesis, they
determine the inherited
characteristics of every living thing
➔ molecules are composed of
elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
phosphorus and nitrogen.
➔ The two main classes of nucleic
acids are deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
DNA
❖ Master blueprint for life and
constitutes the genetic material in all
free- living organisms and most
viruses
❖ DNA contains the information on
what proteins will be created
RNA
❖ Responsible to create the proteins
based on the information given by
the DNA
❖ Genetic material of certain viruses,
but it is also found in all living cells.
Nucleic acids are polynucleotides- that is,
long chainlike molecules composed of a
series of nearly identical building blocks
Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogen —
containing aromatic base attached to a
pentose (five-carbon) sugar, which is in turn
attached to a phosphate group.
Each nucleic acid contains four of five
possible nitrogen — containing bases:
adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C),
thymine (T), and uracil (U). A and G are
categorized as purines, while C, T, and U
are collectively called pyrimidines.
Biomolecules have a single basic building
unit called a monomer. It comes from the
Greek words monos, meaning "single" and
meros meaning "part”.
Monomer is a single unit forming a long
chain of molecules creating a repeated
pattern. The long chain molecule is now
composed of many atoms.
Monomers are joined together to form
polymers. The prefix “-poly” comes from the
Greek word polus, meaning “many”, so
polymer means "many parts."

This is a long molecule consisting of many

similar building blocks, or a repeated pattern
of various building blocks.

The classes of biological molecules may be

grouped into the types of polymers they
form and the monomers that act as
subunits:

Lipids - polymers called diglycerides,

triglycerides; monomers are fatty acids

Proteins - polymers are known as

polypeptides; monomers are aminoacids

Nucleic Acids - polymers are DNA and

RNA; monomers are nucleotides, which are
in turn consist of a nitrogenous base,
pentose sugar, and phosphate group

Carbohydrates - polymers are

polysaccharides and disaccharides;
monomers are monosaccharides (simple
sugars)