cTOEFL untuk Persiapan SIMAK

SKILL 1 (Subject and Verb)

Link Materi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZIB0IY_W2og
1. A sentence in English must have at least 1 subject and 1 verb.
2. Common types of problems are: subject is missing, verb is missing, and S+V are missing.
Subject Verb
Noun (Kata benda): car. House, boy student To be: am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being
Noun phrase (Frase kata benda): a small car, Modals: will, would, can, could, shall, should,
the big house may, might, must
*Frase itu kelompok kata
Pronoun (Kata ganti): I, you, they, we, he, Kata kerja (V1, V2, Vs/Ves): play, played, plays
she, it
Have/has + V3
She has gone
The key to answer the question is not translating!
Example 1:
________ was ringing continuously for hours.
a. Loudly (adverb, cannot be subject)
b. In the morning (have preposition is not subject)
c. The phone
d. The bells
Example 2:
Newspaper __________ every morning
a. Delivery
b. Are delivered
c. On time
d. Regularly
Example 3:
The plane _____ landing at the airport in five minutes.
a. It is
b. It really is
c. Is descending
d. Will be

SKILL 2 (Object of Preposition) is not subject

Link Materi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPGbnQxiJCw
Preposition: in, on, at, under, behind, in front of, below, above, across from and etc.
Object of preposition is a noun or pronoun that comes after a preposition.
The price (of the book) (in the stores) is very cheap.
The trip (to the island) (on Saturday) will last (for three hours).

Example
To mike______ was a big surprise.
a. Really (adverb)
b. The party (noun)
c. Funny (adjective)
d. When
SKILL 3 (Present Participles)
Link Materi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nN0ozxead6Y
Present participle = Verb + ing, e.g arriving, teaching, studying
It can function as: a part of the verb, an adjective
1. Present participle as a part of the verb
If present participle is accompanied by be (am, is, are), it is a part of the verb.
Example:
The train is arriving at the station on time.
The students are speaking English with the teacher.
2. Present participle as an adjective
If present participle is not accompanied by be, it is and adjective.
Example:
The train arriving at station is now a hour late.
The students speaking with the teachers are from class 10.
Example:
The film_____ appearing at the local theater is my favorite.
a. Now
b. Is
c. It
d. Was

SKILL 4 (Past participle)

Link Materi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dkj4rt1lx2A
Past participle: regular verb and irregular verb (Verb 3), e.g studied, taught, played.
It can function as: a part of the verb, adjective.
1. A part of the verb
Past participle is a part of verb if it appears with have or be
Past participle is a part of the verb if it is accompanied by have or be.
Example:
The mailman has left a letter in the mailbox. | present perfect
The class were taught by professor smith. | passive sentence
2. And adjective
Past participle is a part of an adjective if it is mot accompanied by have or be.
Example:
The letter left in the mailbox was for me.
The classes taught by professor Smith were interesting
Example:
The bread _______ baked this morning smelled delicious.
a. Has
b. Was
c. It
d. Just
SKILL 5 (Coordinate Connectors)
Link Materi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXNcCHNUFns
Coordinate connectors: But, And, So, Or
Many sentences in English have more than one clause
Clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb
Two clauses in English sentences are connected by a Coordinate Connector (and, but, or, so)
Look at the sentences below:
- The sun was shining, and the sky was blue.
- The sky was blue, but it was very cold.
- It may rain to night, or it may be clear.
- It was raining outside, so I took my umbrella
Example:
I forget my coat, _____ I got very cold.
a. Then
b. So
c. Later
d. As a result
Conclusion:
There are 5 part of coordinate connectors, S+V+connectors+S+V
Example: it was raining, but Bill went out.

SKILL 6 (Adverb Clause Connectors)

Link Materi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcW_vYvPeps
Adverb clause connectors are: Before, After, Because, Until, When, Although, Since, If, Though, While, As, Whether,
Eventhough.
Look at the sentences below:
- He is tired because he has been working hard
- Because he has been working hard, he is tired
Example:
_______ arrived at the library, he started to work immediately.
a. The students
b. When
c. He
d. After the student
SKILL 7 Noun Clause Connectors
Link Materi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oa6lDJN9Ic
Noun clause connectors: what, when, where, that/how, why, whether/if
Noun clause connectors can function of:
1. As an object of a verb (if it follows a verb)
- I don’t know
- Why did she like Facebook?
I don’t know why she liked Facebook
- I am wondering
- How long have you lived in Tangerang
I am wondering how long you have lived in Tangerang

2. As an object op preposition (if it follow a preposition)

- I am thinking about
- Why did he say such things
I am thinking about why he said such things.
Example :
The citizens worry about ___ is doing
a. What the government
b. The government
c. What
d. What the government it
Latihan:
1. It is unfortunate that the meal is not ready yet (C)
2. She told me when (no subject) should pick her up (I)
3. The instructor explained where (no subject) was the computer lab located (I)
4. We could not believe what he did to us (C)
5. Do you want to know if it going (bukan verb) to rain tomorrow? (I)
6. We never know whether we will get paid or not (C)
7. This evening (ket.waktu) you can decide what do (harusnya jangan ada do) you want to do (I)
8. The manager explained how (no subject) wanted the worked done (I)
9. The map showed where the party would be held (C)
10. Can you tell me why was the mail not delivered today (I)

SKILL 8 Noun Clause Connector/Subject

There are 3 connectors can be as subject: who, what, which: s+v+connector as subject+v
1. As an object of a verb (if it follows a verb)
I know what happened yesterday (noun clause as object of verb)
I know what happened yesterday (connector “what” as subject)
2. As an object of a preposition (if it follows a preposition)
We are thinking about what happened yesterday (noun clause as object of preposition)
We are thinking about what happened yesterday (connector as subject)
Example:
The company was prepared for _____ happened with the economy.
a. It
b. The problem
c. What
d. When
Exercise:
1. The teacher heard who answered the questions (C)
2. I do not understand what it went wrong (I)
 3. Of the three movies, I can’t decide which is the best (C)
4. She did not remember who in her class (I)
5. No one is sure what did it happen in front of the building (I)
6. We found out which was her favorite type of candy (C)
7. Do you know what caused the plants to die (C)
8. I am not sure which it is the most important course in the program (I)
9. We thought about who would be the best vice president (C)
10. She saw what in the box in the closet (I)

SKILL 9 adjective Clause Connector

And adjective clause describes a noun. Because the clause is ad adjective, it is positioned directly after the noun that it
describes.
There are 3 adjective clause connectors: whom (for people), which (for things), that (for people/thing).
Bentuknya: S+V+ACC+S+V atau S+ACC+S+V+V
Example:
I like the dress that you are wearing
The dress that you are wearing is beautiful
This is the house that I want to buy (adjective clause)
The house (subject) that I want to buy is (verb) quite expensive (adjective clause), dimana subject bisa berjauhan dengan
verb dan terpisahkan oleh adjective clause.
Example:
The job_____ started yesterday was rather difficult
a. When
b. Was
c. After
d. That he
Tips mengerjakan soal majemuk: hitung langsung berapa s/v/connector yang total harus 5.
Exercise:
1. I did not believe the story that he told me (C)
2. Ms. Brown, whom did you recommend for the job, will start work tomorrow (I)
3. The lecture notes which lent me were not clearly written (I)
4. Sally has an appointment with the hairdresser whom you recommend (C)
5. The phone that you gave me (I)
6. She is able to solve all the problems which did she cause (I)
7. The day that she spent on the beach left her sunburned (C)
8. Next week I am going to visit my cousins, whom have no seen in several years (I)
9. Did you forget the promise whom you made? (I) | the promise itu benda, harusnya pakai which
10. The teacher whom the students like the most is their history teacher (C)

SKILL 10 Adjective Clause Connectors/Subject

In skill 9, ACC can be used to introduce clauses that describe nouns.
In skill 10, ACC is not just a connector, ACC can also be subject of the clause at the same time.
There are 3 ACC/S: who, which, that
Bentuknya: S+V+ACC/S+V atau modifikasi S+ACC/S+V+V
We are looking at a house that is quite expensive | that as ACC and subject
The house that is quite expensive seems like a great house.
Example:
______ just dropped off a package for you is my sister
a. The woman
 b. The woman who
c. Because the woman
d. With the woman
Exercise:
1. The children that were vaccinated did not get sick (C) | that as ACC and S
2. I did not vote for the politician who he just won the election (I) | Ngga perlu he, who udah jadi ACC/S
3. The dog that barking belongs to my neighbor (I)
4. I took two of blue pills, which were very effective (C)
5. We rented an apartment from the landlord who does the own the building on Maple Street (I)
6. She forgot to attend the meeting which it began at 11:30 (I)
7. Any student who does not (verb) turn in the paper by Friday will fail the class (C)
8. The people which came in late had to sit at the back (I) | harusnya who
9. The courses that satisfy the graduation requirements they are difficult (I)
10. After dinner she went to visit her parents, who were living down the street (C)
THE WRITTEN EXPRESSION
- Question 16 through 40 in the structure and written expression section of the TOEFL test.
- It measures your knowledge of the correct way to express yourself in English writing.
- Each question in this section consists of one sentence in which four words or groups of the word or group of words
that is not correct.
Example:
The result of the study are not accurate | subjek tunggal -> verb tunggal

Strategies for the written expression questions

- First look at the underlined word or groups of words
- If you have been unable to find the error by looking only at the four underlined expressions, then read the complete
sentences.
- Never leave any answer blank.

SKILL 11 Agreement After Prepositional Phrases (Penyesuaian frase preposisi)

1. If the subject of a sentence is singular, then the verb must be singular.
Example:
The dog barks at night | Kalau subjeknya tunggal, verbnya pakai s
2. If the subject of sentence is plural, then the verb must be plural.
Example:
The dogs bark at night | subyek plural, verbnya tidak pakai S
3. Prepositional sometimes cause confusion in TOEFL TEST, if its position is between subject and verb.
Example 1:
The door to the rooms are locked | incorrect
The door to the rooms is locked | correct
Example 2:
The doors to the room is locked | incorrect
The doors to the room are locked | correct
Menentukan tunggal/jamak pada subjek
The book is cheap | singular
The books are cheap |plural
The price of the books in the stores is cheap | singular
The girl plays tennis every week | singular
The girls play tennis every week | plural
The father of the girls in the room plays tennis every week | singular
The boy has gone to Bali since last month | singular
The boys have gone to Bali since last month |plural
The mother of the boys in the house has gone to Bali since last week | singular
Bentuk: S + (prepositional phrase) + V
Exercise:
1. The subject of the lecture was quite interesting (C)
2. The supplies for the camping trip needs to be packed (I)
3. The chairs under the table in the dining room is quite comfortable (I)
4. The players on the winning team in the competition were very talented (C)
5. The food for the guests at the party are on the long tables (I)
6. The cost of the clothes was higher than I had expected (C)
7. The rugs in the front rooms of the house are going to be washed today (C)
8. The servers in this restaurant always does their job efficiently (I)
9. The lights in the corner of the room need to be kept on all night (C)
10. The meeting of the members of the council begins at 3:00 in the afternoon (C)
SKILL 12 Agreement After Expression of Quantity
Ada pengecualian, jika kalimat diawali oleh kata di bawah ini, maka sunyeknya tergantung pada kata setelah of the.
1. Some (of the food) was delicious
2. All (of the meal) was delicious
3. Most (of the meals) were delicious
4. Part (of the food) was delicious
5. Half (of the meals) were delicious
Example:
Most of the nurses are handling the patients |Correct
Most of the nurse are handling the patients | Incorrect
Most of the nurses is handling the patients | Incorrect
Bentuknya:
Some/All/Most/Part/Half + (of the SINGULAR Object) + singVerb
Some/All/Most/Part/Half + (of the PLURAL Object) + pluralVerb
Example:
Some of the student is attending chemistry class
Half of problem has got the solution
Exercise:
1. Half of the students in the class arrive early (C)
2. Some of the fruit are rotten (I)
3. All of the next chapter contains very important information (C)
4. Most of the people in the room is paying attention (I) | people itu jamak, person itu tunggal
5. Part of the soup is left on the stove (C)
6. Some of the movie were just too violent for me (I)
7. All of the details in the report needs to be checked (I)
8. Most of the money is needed to pay the bills (C)
9. The first half of the class consists of lecture and note taking (C)
10. Some of the questions on the test was impossible to answer (I)

SKIIL 13 Agreement After Certain Words

Ada beberapa kata yang bentuknya selalu tunggal:
Somebody, someone, something
Everybody, everyone, everything, each, every
Nobody, no one, Nothing
Anybody, Anyone, Anything
Example:
Everybody are studying English now | incorrect
Everybody is studying English now | correct
Nobody in the class have laptop | incorrect
Nobody in the class has laptop | correct
Example:
Everybody studies TOEFL on Monday
Every student is studying TOEFL now
Someone in class studied TOEFL yesterday
Each student was lazy to study last week

Problem in TOEFL
Everybody in the theater are watching the films attentively | incorrect
Every student have to do the TOEFL test now | incorrect
Someone in class were our aunt | incorrect
Exercise:
1. Anybody are welcome at the party (I)
2. No one here is afraid of skydiving (C)
3. Everyone in the world needs love and respect (C)
4. Someone have to clean up the house (I)
5. Each plant in the garden appear healthy and strong (I)
6. You should understand that anything is possible (C)
7. Everything in the salad are good for you (I)
8. Nobody in the class have completed the assignment on time (I)
9. I am sure that every detail have been considered (I)
10. Everybody know the rules, but somebody is not following them (I)

SKILL 14 Parallel Structure with Coordinate Conjunctions

Link Materi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWDmE5MjtRI
Coordinate conjunction: and, but, or
Coordinate connector is used to join together equal expressions. In other words, what is on one side of these words must
be parallel to what is on the other side.
Coordinate connector can join nouns, or verb, or adjective, or phrases, or clauses.
They must join together the same structure.
Look at the following this:
Same structure (and, but, or) same structure.
Same structure, same structure (and, but, or) same structure.
Noun/adjective/verb/phrases/clause (and, but, or) noun/adjective/verb/phrases/clause
Noun/adjective/verb/phrases/clause, noun/adjective/verb/phrases/clause, (and, but, or) noun/adjective/verb/phrases/clause.
Misal, kalau noun di sebelahnya noun juga.
Example:
He discussed the problem with the nurse and the doctor
The professor was knowledgeable but boring
She hikes, jogs, or rides her bicycles whenever she can
You can do the work because you want to do it later or because you have to do it.
Problems in TOEFL test!
The evening dress was beauty but expensive | beauty (noun), harusnya beautiful (adj.)
The student reads (verb) each chapter, takes (verb) a lot of notes, and memories (noun) | harusnya memorize
Exercise:
1. The pastries in that shop are very expensive (adj.) but quite deliciously (adverb) | (I)
2. You can find some change to buy a paper in the drawer, on top of the dresser, or in the jar | (C)
3. The living room was decorated with expensive (adj.) paintings (N) and elegance (N) lamps (N) | (I) harusnya
elegant biar jadi adjective
4. He knew that the financial problems were serious, that the situation was not going to improve, and that he needed
to get a job. (C)
5. All day long during the trip to the mountains, they were skiing, sledding, or played in the snow (I)
6. The car needs new (adj.) tires (N) but not a new engine | (C)
7. He stops working when he gets too tired to continue or when he has finished | (C)
8. To get to the office, you should go(V) through this door, turn(V) to the left, and continuation(N) down the hall |
(I)
9. For dessert we could serve lemon pie, fruit tarts, chocolate cake, or butter cookies (C)
10. The sick child needs some medicine, some juice, and to rest | (I)
SKILL 15 Parallel Structure with Paired Conjunctions
Pair conjunctions are: Not only-but also, Neither-nor, Either-or, Both-and.
Example:
The lecture was both informative (adj.) and enjoyable (adj.)
Either the history exam or the physics is on Tuesday
The missing papers are neither on his desk nor in the life
He visited not only his cousin but also his grandmother
Problem in TOEFL TEST:
- He lent me both some paper or a pencil
- Either breakfast nor lunch is included in the price
- He doesn’t only get the highest score and also became the student
- Neither the doctor nor the nursing have no time to do the surgery | harusnya the nurse
- They like both playing football and do weight training | harusnya doing

Exercise:
1. He either lied or telling an unbelievable story (I)
2. The music at the concert was neither well played nor well liked (C)
3. He regularly studies both in the morning or in the evening (I)
4. The play that we saw last night was not only rather delightful but also quite meaningful (C)
5. He married her neither for her ability to cook nor her ability to clean house (I)
6. The discussion was both exciting and interest (I)
7. He withdrew all the money not only from the checking account but also from the savings account (C)
8. Neither the teacher or the students are ready to leave the classroom (I)
9. You can meet with me either in the next few minutes or at 4.00 (C)
10. John is an adventurous person who enjoys not only skydiving but also goes parasailing (I)

SKILL 16 Past Participle After HAVE

Jika dalam subuah kalimat ada have, has, had, having harus diikuti past participles (V3)
Example:
The students have studied TOEFL for six months
She has lived in her apartment
They had finished their home works when the teacher came
I am having my hair cut after class

Problem in TOEFL
We had complete the work | | completed
Thy have went to the market | gone
My sister has buy some fruit yesterday | bought
He is having his shoes polish | polished

Exercise:
1. We have already hearing the good news (I)
2. She has ridden her bicycle to school every day (C)
3. I have always believe you (I)
4. He has find the missing car keys (I)
5. They have put their money in a savings account (C)
6. Their parents have allowed them to stay up late (C)
7. She has never ran away from home before (I) | run-ran-run
8. Have you ever saw a ghost (I) | see-saw-seen
9. They have taken three tests already this week (C) | take-took-taken
10. He has offer me a high-paying job (I)
SKILL 19 Singular and Plural Nouns
Jika ada kata every, single, one, each, a, harus diikuti singular noun
Example:
Each student should study hard
She likes being a single mother
One building has been built in this city
Jika ada kata both, two, many, several, various, harus diikuti plural noun
Example:
Many students study hard to get higher scores
There are several women over the mountain
They found various types of rocks

Problems in TOEFL Test!

He just finished several book | books
She studied each chapters | chapter
My mother likes watching various movie | movies
The women is a single mothers | mother

Exercise 19:
1. She talked to each people in the room (I)
2. There is not a single bit of food in the refrigerator (C)
3. You need two piece of identification to cash a check (I)
4. Both classes started on time (C)
5. We took a new routes to the beach house (I)
6. He gave many different reasons for his actions (C)
7. You must answer every questions on the test (I)
8. She tried several times to call me (C)
9. He offered me only one glass of water (C)
10. We had various kind of drinks with the meal (I)

SKILL 20 Countable and Uncountable Noun

Jika ada kata much, amount, little, less, harus diikuti uncountable nouns dan tunggal
Example:
There is amount of water that is flowing here
A little happiness can cure him
She doesn’t have much money now
Jika ada kata many, number, few, fewer, harus diikuti countable nouns dan jamak
Example:
There are a number of problems that need solving
A few students do not like travelling
Many birds are flying over the sky this year

Problems in TOEFL Test

They have taken much trips recently | trip
There was not many water in the pool | waters
She is keeping a number of money | moneys
Government solve fewer complicated problem | problems

Exercise:
1. She will visit in a few months (C)
2. Many risk are unnecessary (I)
3. You need to show a little kindness (C)
 4. You have a number of choice (I)
5. There was a large amount of apples in the bowl (I)
6. We have fewer opportunities now (C)
7. How much money is left? (C)
8. He caused less problems this time (I)
9. They need a little times to finish their work (I)
10. He visited many exotic places (C)

SKILL 21 Subject and Object Pronouns

Subject pronoun: I, you, they, we, it, she, he
Object pronoun: me, you, them, us, it, her, him
Example:
My parents have taken many trips recently
- They have taken many trips recently
Mary saw the film with Bary
- Sha saw it with him
Problem in TOEFL Test
Me and my friend are taking a trip | I
Our neighbors are going with you and I | me
My family will visit he next week | him

Exercise:
1. You should do it for her
2. They helped she with the work

SKILL 17 Present Participles or Past Participle After Be

Jika ada to be (am, is, are, were, was, be, been, being) harus diikuti present participle (Ving) atau past participle (V3).
Example:
We are completing the work
The work is completed
Breakfast is prepared by mother everyday
They are visiting their parents’ house
He is being visited by his family

Problem in TOEFL TEST!

They are turn on all the lamps | turning
The office door is lock | locked
The lunch is preparing by the chef | prepared
They are visited their parents’ house | visiting

Exercise:
1. She was study the textbooks all night long (I)
2. The pie was cut into six equal pieces (C) | cut-cut-cut
3. Today the teacher is allow the students to leave class a few minutes early (I)
4. The class is teach every other semester (I)
5. Tom is bringing some drinks to the party (C)
6. The sick child was taken to see a doctor (C)
7. The children are swim in the backyard pool (I)
8. The diamond jewelry is always keep in a safe place (I)
9. The teacher is preparing a difficult exam for the students (C)
10. Dinner is served from 6:00 to 8:00 (C)
SKILL 18 Base Form (V1) After Modals
Setiap modals (can, could, will, would, may, might, should, shall, must) harus diikuti base form (V1)
Example:
We can complete the work on time
They will go to Jakarta tomorrow
My sister may buy some fruit
He should visit the doctor

Problems in TOEFL Test

She can playing football well
They will went to Jakarta tomorrow
My brother may bought some fruit
He should visits the doctor

Exercise 18:
1. You should try to respond politely (C)
2. Everyone must leaves the room immediately (I)
3. I could sat on the beach for hours (I)
4. She will asking you many difficult questions (I)
5. You can look at the book, but you cannot borrow it (C)
6. He may lies to you because he is not very truthful (I)
7. He knew that he would forgot the phone number (I)
8. The weatherman said that it might snowing tonight (I)
9. Perhaps we could bought a new car this year (I)
10. This course will satisfy the graduation requirement (C)

SKILL 19 Singular and Plural Nouns

Setiap ada kata Every, Single, One, Each, A, harus diikuti dengan Singular Noun
Example:
Each student should study hard
She likes being a single mother
One building has been built in this city
Setia pada kata Both, Two, Many, Several, Varios, harus diikuti Plural Noun
Example:
Many students study hard to get higher scores
There are several women over the mountain
They found various types of rocks

Problems in TOEFL Test!

He just finished several book | harusnya books
She studied each chapters | harusnya chapter
My mother likes watching various movie | movies
The woman is a single mothers | mother

Exercise:
She talked to each people in the room | (I) person
There is not a single bit of food in the refrigerator | (C)
You need two piece of identification to cash a check | (I) pieces
Both classes started on time | (C)
We took a new routes to the beach house | (I) route
He gave many different reasons for his actions | (C)
You must answer every questions on the test | (I) question
She tried several times to call me | (C)
He offered me only one glass of water | (C)
We had various kind of drinks with the meal | (I) kinds

SKILL 20 Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Setiap ada kata MANY, NUMBER, FEW, FEWER, harus diikuti countable nouns + jamak
Example:
There are a number of problems that need solving
A few students do not like traveling
Many birds are flying over the sky this year
Setiap ada kata MUCH, AMOUNT, LITTLE, LESS, harus diikuti uncountable noun + tunggal
Example:
There is amount of water that is flowing here
A little happiness can cure him
She doesn’t have much money now

Problems in TOEFL Test:

They have taken much trips recently | trip
There was not many water in the pool | waters
She is keeping a number of money | moneys
Government solve fewer complicated problem | problems

Exercise:
1. She will visit in a few months | (C)
2. Many risk are unnecessary | (I)
3. You need to show a little kindness | (C)
4. You have a number of choice | (I)
5. There was a large amount of apples in the bowl | (I)
6. We have fewer opportunities now | (C)
7. How much money is left | (I)
8. He caused less problems this time (I)
9. They need a little times to finish their work | (I)
10. He visited many exotic places | (C)

SKILL 21 Subject and Object Pronoun

Subject Pronoun: I, you, they, we, it, she, he
Object Pronoun: Me, you, them, us, it, her, him
Example:
1. My parents have taken many trips recently
They have taken many trips recently
2. Mary saw the film with Barry
She saw the film with him

Problem in TOEFL Test!

Me and my friend are taking a trip | I
Our neighbors are going with you and I | me
My family will visit he next week | him
Exercise:
1. You should do it for her | (C)
2. They helped she with the work | (I) her
3. Her and Bob came over to visit me | (I)
4. I brought it for you and them | (C)
5. He opened the refrigerator and took some food from it | (C)
6. She lent it to you and I | (I)
7. She spent all the money on them | (C)
8. You forgot to give it to they | (I)
9. We offered she a place to stay | (I)
10. They watched us play with it | (C)

SKILL 22 Possessives (Kata ganti kepemilikan)

Possessive Adjectives: my, your, their, our, its, her, his
Possessive Pronouns: mine, yours, theirs, ours, - , hers, his (tidak ada kata benda setelahnya)
Example:
Beth gave us her television
Beth gave us hers
The students are doing their homework
The teacher is checking theirs

Problem in TOEFL Test!

The students turned in theirs paper | their
I would like to borrow your | yours
He loves her idea and their | theirs
Ours country is a develoving country | our

Exercise:
1. She cut hers hair recently | (I) her
2. We will take our car or theirs | (C)
3. Please lend me yours notes from the history lecture | (I)
4. I like his ideas and hers | (C)
5. The tree fell on its side during the storm | (C)
6. My desk is located near hers | (C)
7. Theirs suggestion was unrealistic | (I)
8. Our appointment is just after your | (I)
9. Your friends and my friends are coming to our party | (C)
10. You don’t have yours gloves with you, but I have mine | (I)

SKILL 23 Pronoun Reference

Subject pronoun, object pronoun, dan possessive harus sesuai denga yang digantikan (agree with their reference)
Example:
The students are doing their homework hard so they look tired
My mother went to Bali to visit her family
He loves his sister, that is why he always buys present for her.

Problem in TOEFL Test!

The cookies are for you, so please take it | them, the cookies itu jamak, tidak bisa diganti it yang tunggal
Each person has to sign their application letter | his or her, tidak mungkin digantikan their
Exercise:
1. If my friend call, please tell them that I will return the call | (I)
2. I don’t like the idea because it is too costly | (C)
3. The tables at the restaurant are so large that it can seat 12 people | (I)
4. The soup needs more salt because he does not taste very good | (I)
5. The girls ran too fast, and she fell down | (I)
6. In the autumn, the tree lost its leave | (C)
7. The windows were open, so I closed it | (I)
8. The travelers lost their way in the storm | (C)
9. The boy got the box, and he opened it carefully | (C)
10. The woman left their earrings at home, so she wasn’t wearing them | (I)

SKILL 24 Adjective and Adverbs

- Adjective
Adjectives have only one job: they describe nouns or pronouns
Example:
It is a delicious (adj.) meal (noun).
It (pronoun) is delicious (adj.)
- Adverb
Adverbs have three different uses: they describe adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs
Example:
He writes (verb) letters quickly (adverb)
It is a quickly (adverb) written (adj.) letters (noun)
It is an extremely (adv) quickly (adv) written (adj) letters (noun)

Problem in TOEFL Test!

They were seated at a largely table | table itu naon, harus dijelaskan oleh adjective jadi large
The child talked soft to her mother | talked (verb) hanya boleh dijelaskan adverb jadi softly
We read an extreme (adj.) long story | harusnya extremely
She speaks unbelievable quickly | unbelievably

Exercise:
1. Her hair was an unusually color of red (I)
2. The weather is really comfortable (C)
3. We attended a poor planned conference (I) | ada -ed itu adjective.
4. He talked slowly and carefully (C)
5. The composition was careful prepared (I)
6. She had an incredible story about her long trip (C)
7. He sent me a quickly written notes (C)
8. The cat meowed sad (I)
9. The children are hungry and tired (C)
10. The lecturer spoke extremely loud (I)
SKILL 25 Adjective after Linking Verbs
Look at the following sentences:
- She spoke (verb) nicely (adverb) -> verb-adverb
- He always sings beautifully
Ada kata atau VERB tertentu yang hanya boleh dijelaskan oleh Adjective
Example:
She looks nice
The food always tastes delicious
Regular Verbs ada banyak: play, sing, dance, study, watch, do
Example:
The children played the football happily
Agnes Monica always sings professionally
Please, do your tasks seriously

Linking verb: appear, become, be, look, smell, seem, prove, feel, taste harus diikuti adjectives.
Example:
The children look happy
Agnes Monica always feel energic when singing
Does the food smell delicious?

After linking Verb is ADJECTIVE, but linking verb isn’t always directly followed by adjective, it can be follow by
adverb.
Example:
The cakes taste extremely nice
He seems unusually nice
They became very happy after getting money

Problem in TOEFL Test!

The test looks easily to me | harusnya easy, kalau pakai adverb, belakang adverbnya harus adjective.
Sally feels unbelievable happy about the news | unbelieavably
The ice cream tastes too coldly | cold

Execise:
1. Kathy looks gorgeously in that dress (I)
2. The children have grown considerably (C)
3. Steve walked rapid to the conner to catch the bus (I)
4. The boys became sick with the flu (C)
5. The mother closed the door careful (I)
6. Tom appeared rather unhappily at what had happened (I)
7. The choir members sang enthusiastically (C)
8. The soup tastes too salty (adj) (C)
9. The book seemed easily for the students (I)
10. In the late afternoon, the sun set slow in the west (I)
NOTES!
Setelah TO BE: Noun atau adjective
Exp: Comparative anatomy is _(noun + preposition)_ classification (noun) of both plants and animals.
a. The basis for
b. For basics
c. The basis that
d. The basically

Setelah koma, ada POLA: C-S-V, S-V

Although (C) legend(N) has (V) it that the pilgrims first set foot in America on Plymouth Rock in 1620, _(S+V)_
documentary evidence(N) confirming this.
a. No
b. Still is no
c. There is no
d. But no
*setiap kata there diikuti V+S, disebut inverted structure, dimana urutan S dan V nya dibalik.

SELALU INGAT, setelah verb (be) harus diikuti NOUN sebagai SUBJEK, dan TIDAK diikuti lagi VERB, kecuali
ada CONJUNCTION dulu.
Despite its fishlike form, the whale is _(N)_ and will drown of submerged too long.
a. An animal breathes air that
b. An animal that breathes air
c. An animal breathes air
d. That an animal breathes air

SETELAH SUBJEK langsung cari VERB

Clouds in warm air rises, cools, and condenses.
a. When form water vapor
b. Form when water vapor
c. Form vapor water when
d. Vapor form when water
When (C), vapor (N) langsung eliminasi,

DIAPIT DUA KOMA, bisa 3 kemungkinan: appositive (N-P-N), clause (C-S-V), reduce clause.
Portland, ___, is located primarily on two hilly peninsulas overlooking Casco Bay and its many island.
a. Which Maine’s largest city
b. Maine’s largest city where
c. Is maine’s largest city
d. Maine’s largest city (reduce clause: which is Maine’s largest city)

CLAUSE yang muncul setelah NOUN: adjective clause, biasa muncul THAT dan WHICH yang berperan sebagai
SUBJEK juga, dengan pola C/S+V
Mars, the so-called red planet, is actually colored red by iron oxide and other impurities___ the whole surface.
a. That cover
b. In which are covered
c. That they cover
d. And covered
Impurities (N) maka butuh adjective clause yang diawali that/which + V

NOUN PEOPLE SUBJECT biasanya bentuk PASIF cari VERB bentuk BE+V3, INGAT setelah preposisi itu objek.
The 1903 film the Great Train Robbery was the first significant film in which the classic wester story’s formula of
crime and retribution___.
a. Was used
b. To be used
c. Used
d. Had used

INGAT POLA C-S-V, S-V atau S-V-C-S-V, kosong sebelum subjek itu konjugasi, kalau cause=so
When played in certain ways, the bassoon can produce comical sounds, ____ it is sometimes referred to as the clown
of the orchestra.
a. Or
b. That
c. So
d. Whether

Setelah kata SUCH AS itu objek, langsung cari VERB. Kalau kalimatnya sudah ada Verb dan Subjek, cari quantifier
SOME + V
In modern societies, ___ authorized body such as a legislature or a court makes the law.
a. Some
b. Some of
c. Some the
d. For some

Ada POLA AS + Verb + Subject

The sense of smell functions chemically, ______the sense of taste, but it is 10.000 times more sensitive.
a. As does
b. So have
c. Which as
d. By which

INGAT ADVERB itu menerangkan VERB

1. United Airlines displayed its (A) serious commitment to address (B) the problem of carbon emission from (C) jet
airplanes by it launched (D) its first bio-fuel powered airliner late last year.
It pada it launched tidak perlu, harusnya launched.
2. The brevity of the cherry-blossom season in springtime (A), which last (B) from one to two weeks, is often cited
(C) as a symbolic (D) reminder of the brevity of human life itself.
Last harusnya lasts sebagai VERB dari the brevity yang tunggal.
Latihan Structure
The life of Benjamin Franklin, a practical man … many Although most cats hate to swim, … if necessary.
stories have been told, was unusually productive. a. Can they do so
a. Of b. So can they do
b. About whom c. They do so can
c. About d. They can do so
d. Of which
Butuh relative pronoun yang menjelaskan MAN American author John Updike, …, spent his boyhood in
shilongton, Pennsylvania.
Indian university, one of the largest in the nation, is a. Was the only child of aa high school mathematics teacher
located … town. b. Whom the only child of aa high school mathematics
a. A small midwestern teacher
b. In a small midwestern c. the only child of aa high school mathematics teacher
c. Small midwestern d. he was the only child of aa high school mathematics
d. In small midwestern teacher
Place expression (town) membutuhkan preposisi tempat Appositive, kumpulan kata yang menjelaskan subjek
kalimat. maka pilih yang tidak ada verb dan conjuction.
… his life, Eugene O’Neil was regarded as the foremost
American dramatist. In practice, setting up a chain of command in a business can
a. It was the time of be a very complicated task, … it involves the interaction of
b. While real human beings.
c. During a. Because of
d. By the time of b. How
Time expression (his life) membutuhkan preposisi waktu c. As
d. Due to
… social security act of 1935 was written to insure Ingat konsep C-S-V
workers against unemployment.
a. The When linguist encounter a new language, … work to
b. What the identify all of the sounds it contains
c. For the a. Who
d. After the b.
c. And
Chemist are not sure … d. Those
a. How precisely can cold fusion occur
b. Cold fusion can occur precisely how
c. Precisely how cold fusion can occur
d. Can cold fusion occur precisely how
Kalau pertanyaan: how-V-S
Kalau pernyataan: how-S-V

Just off the Massachusetts coast …, a popular summer

resort area.
a. Martha’s vineyard is
b. Is where Martha’s vineyard
c. Martha’s vineyard
d. Is Martha’s vineyard
Inverted structure: P-V-S, tandanya ada just, only, rarely
dll. P (place expression)
Sebelum dibalik : Martha’s vineyard is just of the
massachusets coast, a popular summer resort area

Franchising offers many advantages to small business

owners… problematic
a. However it is
b. Even though it is
c. Despite its