COURSE: MACRO-NUTRIENTS (3461)

LEVEL: M.SC. PUBLIC NUTRITION

ASSIGNMENT NO. (CLASS WORK)

STUDENT NAME : AZEEM DILAWAR

STUDENT I.D. : 000251002

COURSE CODE : 3461 (MACRO-NUTRIENTS)

LEVEL : M.SC.

SEMESTER : SPRING -2022

SUBMITTED TO : MS MEHVISH ZEHRA

TOPIC:

SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACIDS IN HUMAN GUT AND MICROBIOME

RESPONSIBLE FOR PRODUCING IT

1.1 WHAT ARE FATTY ACIDS :

It is a carboxylic acid comprises of aliphatic hydrocarbon
chain and a terminal carboxyl group particularly any of those occurring as esters in fats and oils.
Fatty acids are the building units or block of fats in human body. These are in brief of two types
Saturated and Unsaturated. Further unsaturated are divided into mono unsaturated and poly
saturated fatty acid.
1.2 SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACIDS :
What are short chain fatty acids?

Short chain fatty acids are those fatty acids that have less than
six carbon atoms. These are basically produced due to the microbial fermentation of specific
substance by certain bacteria present in the GUT.

1.3 LIST OF SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACIDS :

1. Formic acid
2. Acetic acid
3. Propionic acid
4. Butyric acid
5. Isobutyric acid
6. Valeric acid
7. Iso-Valeric acid
8. 2-methyl Butyric acid

The name of short chain fatty acids highlighted in Bold are the most common butyric acids
present in GUT produced due to the fermentation activity of Micro biome present in gut.

1.4 MECHANISM FUNCTION & BENEFITS

SCFAs are produced when the bacteria present in the
gut act upon the dietary fibers in the large intestine or colon and ferment it as anerobic
microbial fermentation. The circulation of SCFAs depends also on macro nutrients like
carbohydrate protein and fats. These SCFAs are absorbed initially at portal vein during lipid
digestion. SCFAs influence the production of lipid energy and vitamins. They also contribute
to hunger/appetite and heart and cardio health. They also contribute to maintain or lower the
blood pressure. SCFAs are the main source for epithelial cells of colon. Liver in some cases
uses acetate for producing energy. They can also help to reduce the risk of type II diabetes.
SCFAs deficiencies are also related to neuropsychiatric and gut disorders in COVID19
 patients. They improve inflammatory bowel disease. SCFAs reduce the risk of diarrhea and
travellers’ diarrhea. It may also be helpful to reduce the risk of colon cancer. They also
support the health of beta cells of pancreas. SCFAs also influence GLUCAGON LIKE
PEPTIDE 1(GLP1). They also play their part in Weight Management. They also play a role
in immune homeostasis.

They also help to control harmful bacteria in the gut and help to absorb minerals by your body.
SCFAs contribute to drug metabolism. They also help in communication with brain and nervous
system.

SCFA Main producer Health benefits

Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, regulates pH of the gut; controls appetite;

Akkermansia muciniphila, Prevotella nourishes butyrate-producing bacteria;
Acetate spp., Ruminococcus spp. protects against pathogens

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, energy source for colon cells; helps

Eubacterium rectale and Roseburia prevent leaky gut, combats inflammation
Butyrate spp. and cancer activity, protects the brain

regulates appetite; combats

Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, inflammation; helps protect against
Propionate Lachnospiraceae cancer

nourishes butyrate-producing bacteria;

regulates the immune system; combats
Lactate Lactic acid bacteria opportunistic bacteria
we will look at three short-chain fatty acids (and lactate), bacteria that produce them, and how
they promote different aspects of our micro biome, as well as digestive, whole body, and mental
health.
ACETATE
Acetate helps to keep your gut environment stable and nourishes other beneficial bacteria species
in your colon.
Acetate accounts for the highest percentage of SCFAs produced by your gut bacteria. Therefore,
the production of these compounds is integral to our overall health and wellbeing. It also
highlights how the commensal bacteria, who regard your gut as home, live in harmony.

FUNDAMENTAL MAKERS
Acetic acid derivation is delivered to a great extent by Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, however
Akkermansia muciniphila, Prevotella spp., and Ruminococcus spp. make it as well.

For instance, when you eat fiber, it goes through your GI plot to your stomach where
microscopic organisms, like Bifidobacteria, transform it into acetic acid derivation. This SCFA
can then be utilized by individuals from the Firmicutes family to make another metabolite,
butyrate, which is an indispensable wellspring of energy for your stomach cells.

Yet, microscopic organisms like Akkermansia muciniphila are not dependent on your fiber
admission explicitly. All things considered, they love a decent much on the mucins in your
stomach lining which they can then change into acetic acid derivation. Sounds pretty astounding,
isn't that so? This is happening inside you and you couldn't really understand!
Essential creators Acidic corrosive determination is conveyed generally by Bifidobacteria and
Lactobacilli, but Akkermansia muciniphila, Prevotella spp., and Ruminococcus spp. make it also.

For example, when you eat fiber, it goes through your GI plot to your stomach where minute
living beings, as Bifidobacteria, change it into acidic corrosive induction. This SCFA can then be
used by people from the Firmicutes family to make another metabolite, butyrate, which is a vital
wellspring of energy for your stomach cells.

However, minute living beings like Akkermansia muciniphila are not subject to your fiber
confirmation expressly. In light of everything, they love a respectable much on the mucins in
your stomach lining which they can then change into acidic corrosive deduction.
PROPIONATE created in your stomach additionally has calming impacts all through the body.
That implies it can safeguard you from different infections, including atherosclerosis, a
condition where greasy plaques adhere to your corridor walls. In the event that these are left
undetected, they can cause blockages in the veins, expanding the gamble of respiratory failures
and strokes.
Very much like butyrate, propionate is additionally accepted to play a defensive part against
colon malignant growth. Albeit the last option is more fruitful in light of the fact that it gives
energy to the cells covering the colon, propionate is as yet encouraging.

Studies have shown that it is additionally ready to cause carcinogenic cells to end it all, in
actuality, keeping disease from creating. Subsequently, close by butyrate, it is viewed as a
strong SCFA. In the event that you were a disease cell, you likely would have no desire to play
with it!

LACTATE
Lactate isn't in fact a short-chain unsaturated fat, yet it's delivered by stomach microscopic
organisms and makes important commitments to the strength of your colon.

Like SCFAs, lactate is a microbial metabolite. As such, a portion of the microbes dwelling in
your stomach produce lactate close by other SCFAs through the breakdown of carbs. It assists
with advancing the wellbeing of your stomach, and the microbes which produces it can
safeguard you from the illness.

Primary makers
The primary makers of lactate are lactic corrosive microbes or lactobacillus. Rather
accommodatingly, the hint is in the name. Lactic corrosive microbes have been utilized for quite
a long time to age food sources, an interaction that likewise saves them.

Today, numerous food varieties are made with the assistance of Lactobacillus, and these
microscopic organisms are known for their capacity to help our wellbeing. You're most likely
acquainted with the yoghurts, milk, cheddar, and kefir items on the store racks.

Lactobacillus itself is a significant individual from your stomach microbiome on the grounds
that it assists with safeguarding you from hurt. It even deliveries substances to keep microbes
from camping out in your stomach.

Capabilities for the stomach and body

Very much like acetic acid derivation, lactate can likewise be utilized by specific bacterial
species to deliver butyrate. Thus, by keeping your Lactobacillus overflow up, it can expand the
development of lactate. Thus, you will be in a roundabout way keeping up with the honesty of
your stomach coating, and even lessen irritation by feeding your butyrate-makers.

It additionally plays advantageous parts in your resistant framework. For instance, it can go
about as a go between for both the development of both genius and mitigating cytokines. In the
stomach, lactate assists with decreasing inflammation.2019-09-20-Lactobacillus-for-healthWhy
is Lactobacillus so significant for wellbeing?
It does this by bringing how much harm down to the phones coating the stomach, smothering
the arrival of favorable to fiery substances like IL-6, and limiting the indications of aggravation
itself. Also, to think this has just been found lately is really fascinating.

Practice is additionally known to build the wealth of lactic corrosive microscopic organisms.
These organisms join to the covering of the stomach which is the reason they play significant
parts in digestive resistance and avoidance of entrepreneurial microorganisms.

Job in emotional well-being

Your stomach and mind are connected through huge number of nerves and nerve cells which
pass signs back and forth. Thus, your stomach microbiome can have a significant impact over
your focal sensory system and the flagging pathways in your mind.

Research shows that a few microscopic organisms liable for delivering lactate can further
develop cerebrum capability. They likewise add to less side effects of despondency. Expanding
your admission of fiber can have numerous positive advantages for your mind-set and cerebrum
wellbeing.

Recall this
Short-chain unsaturated fats are the essential results of the breakdown of non-absorbable carbs
by stomach microbes. By and large, they are a significant wellspring of energy for colon cells,
and we can expand the creation of these wellbeing advancing mixtures by expanding our
utilization of fiber.

Acetic acid derivation, butyrate, and propionate are the principal SCFAs created through
bacterial aging. In any case, lactate, albeit not formally a sort of SCFA, it is a result of the carb
breakdown by lactic corrosive microorganisms, and it has various medical advantages.

Butyrate and propionate are particularly respected for their wellbeing advancing advantages.
For instance, butyrate is notable for its enemy of disease properties, while propionate assists us
with feeling full subsequent to eating and brings down cholesterol.

Incredibly, it's really simple to expand the development of these wellbeing advancing
metabolites. You simply have to pack in the fiber. The Western eating routine is customarily
low in plant-based food varieties, but your body is shouting out for them.

All things being equal, the vast majority of us pick accommodation food sources which have
minimal dietary benefit. Yet, by guaranteeing we add dietary fiber to every dinner, we will be
feeding our stomach microbes and they'll cherish you for it. As a demonstration of appreciation
their number will develop and their creation of SCFAs will increment.