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2 DC Pandey Mechanics Volume 1 (Crackjee - Xyz) - 151-200
2 DC Pandey Mechanics Volume 1 (Crackjee - Xyz) - 151-200
Equations of Differentiation
ds
(a) v= ...(i)
dt
If the motion is taking place along x-axis, then this equation can be written as,
dx
v=
dt
Here, v is the instantaneous velocity and x, the x co-ordinate at a general time t.
dv
(b) a= ...(ii)
dt
Here, a is the instantaneous acceleration of the particle. Further, a can also be written as
dv ds dv dv ds
a= = =v as dt = v
dt dt ds ds
dv
∴ a=v ...(iii)
ds
Equations of Integration
(c) ∫ ds = ∫ vdt ...(iv)
or s = ∫ vdt ...(v)
In the above equations, v should be either constant or function of t
(d) ∫ dv = ∫ a dt ...(vi)
or ∆v = v f − v i = ∫ a dt ...(vii)
In the above equations a should be either constant or function of time t.
(e) ∫ v dv = ∫ a ds ...(viii)
∴ [ v ]vu = a [ t ]0t or v − u = at
∴ v = u + at Hence proved.
ds
Further, we can write ds = v dt as v =
dt
= ( u + at ) dt (as v = u + at )
At time t = 0 suppose s = 0 and at t = t, displacement is s, then
t
s t 1
∫0 ds = ∫ ( u + at ) dt
0
⇒ ∴ [ s]s0 = ut + at 2
2 0
1 2
or s = ut + at Hence proved.
2
dv
We can also write, v ⋅ dv = a ⋅ ds as a = v ⋅
ds
When s = 0, v is u and at s = s, velocity is v. Therefore,
v
v s v2
∫u v ⋅ dv = a ∫ ds or = a [ s]0 (as a = constant)
s
0 2
u
v 2 u2
∴ − = as
2 2
or v 2 = u 2 + 2as Hence proved.
dv
(b) Differentiating Eq. (ii) w.r.t. time t, we get the acceleration a = = 6t
dt
As acceleration is a function of time, the motion is non-uniformly accelerated.
(c) Substituting v = 0 in Eq. (ii), we have 0 = 3t 2 − 12
Positive value of t comes out to be 2 s from this equation. Substituting t = 2 s in
Eq. (i), we have x = 20 + ( 2) 3 − 12 ( 2) or x=4m
or s = 20 + 12 = 32 m
(b) Acceleration-time equation can be obtained by differentiating the given equation w.r.t. time.
dv d
Thus, a= = (10 + 2t + 3t 2 ) or a = 2 + 6t
dt dt
Uniform Acceleration
Equations of motion for uniformly accelerated motion (a = constant) are as under
v = u + a t,
1
s = ut + a t 2 ,
2
v• v = u • u +2a • s
Here, u = initial velocity of particle, v = velocity of particle at time t and
s = displacement of particle in time t
Note If initial position vector of a particle is r0 , then position vector at time t can be written as
1 2
r = r0 + s = r0 + u t + at
2
Non-Uniform Acceleration
When acceleration is not constant then we will have to go for differentiation or integration. The
equations in differentiation are
ds dr dv
(i) v = or (ii) a =
dt dt dt
Here, v and a are instantaneous velocity, acceleration vectors. The equations of integration are
(iii) ∫ ds = ∫ vdt and (iv) ∫ dv = ∫ a dt
Extra Points to Remember
A two or three dimensional motion can also be solved by component method.
For example, in two dimensional motion (in x-y plane) the motion can be resolved along x and y directions.
Now, along these two directions we can use sign method, as we used in one-dimensional motion (but
separately). By separately we mean, when we are looking the motion along x-axis we need not to bother
about the motion along y-axis.
| v | = (| u | ) 2 + (| a t | ) 2
= ( 2) 2 + ( 2) 2
= 2 2 m/s
| at | 2
α = tan −1 = tan −1
|u | 2
= tan −1 (1) = 45°
a t = (2) (1) = 2 m/s
v
1 at 2 = 1 m
2
s
α β
u = 2 m/s ut = 2 m
(a) (b)
Fig. 6.17
Thus, velocity of the particle at the end of 1s is 2 2 m/s at an angle of 45° with its initial velocity.
1
Refer Fig. 6.17 (b), s = ut + at 2
2
1
Here, u t and a t 2 are also two mutually perpendicular vectors. So,
2
1
| s | = (| u t | ) 2 + (| a t 2 | ) 2
2
= ( 2) 2 + (1) 2
= 5m
1 2
at
2
and β = tan −1
| ut |
1
= tan −1
2
1
Thus, displacement of the particle at the end of 1 s is 5 m at an angle of tan −1 from its
initial velocity. 2
146 Mechanics - I
= (12i$ + 10$j ) m
Therefore, velocity and displacement of particle at t = 2s are (10i$ + 7$j ) m/s and (12i$ + 10$j ) m
respectively.
6.9 Graphs
Before studying graphs of kinematics, let us first discuss some general points :
(i) Mostly a graph is drawn between two variable quantities (say x and y ). In kinematics, the
frequently asked graphs are s-t, v-t, a-t or v-s.
(ii) Equation between x and y will decide the shape of graph whether it is straight line, circle,
parabola or rectangular hyperbola etc. If the equation is linear, graph is a straight line. If
equation is quadratic then graph is a parabola. In kinematics, most of the graphs are straight line
or parabola.
(iii) By putting x = 0 in y-x equation if we get y = 0, then graph passes through origin, otherwise not.
dy
(iv) If z = , then the value of z at any point can be obtained by the slope of the graph at that point.
dx
For example,
ds
instantaneous velocity v = = slope of s-t graph.
dt
dv
instantaneous acceleration a = = slope of v-t graph.
dt
(v) If dz = y dx. Then, ∫ dz = ∫ y dx
⇒ z or z f − z i or ∆z = area under y-x graph, with projection along x-axis.
For example,
ds = vdt
⇒ Displacement s = ∫ vdt = area under v-t graph with projection along t-axis.
Further, dv = adt
⇒ v f − v i or ∆v = ∫ adt = area under a-t graph with projection along t-axis.
These results have been summarized in following table :
148 Mechanics - I
Table 6.2
Name of Graph Slope Area
s-t v No physical quantity
v-t a s
a-t Rate of change of acceleration v f − v i or ∆v
For better understanding of three graphs (s-t, v-t and a-t) of kinematics, we have classified the one
dimensional motion in following four types.
Uniform Motion
Equations
The three equations of uniform motion are as under
a = 0, v = constant and s = vt or s = s0 + vt
Important Points
(i) s-t equation is linear. Therefore, s-t graph is straight line.
(ii) In s = vt, displacement is measured from the starting point ( t = 0). Corresponding to this equation
s-t graph passes through origin, as s = 0 when t = 0. In s = s0 + vt, displacement is measured from
any other point and s0 is the initial displacement.
(iii) Slope of s-t graph = v. Now, since v = constant, therefore slope of s-t graph = constant.
(iv) Slope of v-t graph = a. Now, since a = 0, therefore slope of v-t graph = 0.
The Corresponding Graphs
a a S S
S0
t O t O t t
a=0 v = constant S = vt S = S0 + vt
Fig. 6.18
10
t (s)
5
Fig. 6.19
(a) State, whether the given graph represents a uniform motion or not.
(b) Find velocity of the particle.
Solution (a)
Chapter 6 Kinematics 149
v = slope of s-t graph. Since, the given s-t graph is a straight line and slope of a straight line is always
constant. Hence, velocity is constant. Therefore, the given graph represents a uniform motion.
10
(b) v = slope of s-t graph = − = − 2 m/s Ans.
5
V Example 6.22 A particle is moving along x-axis. Its x-coordinate versus time
graph is as shown below.
x (m)
t (s)
10
−20
Fig. 6.20
Important Points
(i) v-t equation is linear. Therefore, v-t graph is a straight line. Further, v = at is a straight line
passing through origin (as v = 0 when t = 0 )
(ii) All s-t equations are quadratic. Therefore, all s-t graphs should be parabolic.
(iii) Slope of s-t graph gives the instantaneous velocity. Therefore, initial slope of s-t graph gives
initial velocity u. In this case, we are considering only accelerated motion (in which speed keeps
on increasing in positive direction). Therefore, velocity is positive and continuously increasing.
Hence, slope of s-t graph should be positive and should keep on increasing.
(iv) Slope of v-t graph gives instantaneous acceleration. Now, acceleration is positive and constant.
Therefore, slope of v-t graph should be positive and constant.
Graphs
a v v
v = at v = u + at
when u = 0
u
O t O t O t
a = constant Slope = a = positive
and constant
S S
1 θ2
S = ut + — at 2
2 Q
1
S = S0+ut + — at 2
2
P θ1
S0 θ2 > θ1
θ t
t O
O
tan θ = initial slope
= initial velocity u
Fig. 6.22 `
From P to Q slope is increasing (positive at both points). Therefore, velocity is positive and
increasing.
Uniformly Retarded Motion (till velocity becomes zero)
We are considering the case when initial velocity is positive and a constant acceleration acts in
negative direction (till the velocity becomes zero).
Equations
a = constant (and negative)
v = u − at
1
s = ut − at 2
2
Chapter 6 Kinematics 151
Important Points
(i) In this case, u cannot be zero. Therefore, v-t straight line cannot pass through origin. Further,
initial slope of s-t parabolic graph cannot be zero.
(ii) Velocity is positive but keeps on decreasing from u to zero.
(iii) Slope of v-t graph gives instantaneous acceleration. Acceleration is constant and negative.
Therefore, slope of v-t graph should be negative and constant.
(iv) Initial slope of s-t graph will give us initial velocity u. Final slope of s-t graph will give us final
velocity zero. In between these two times, velocity is positive and decreasing. Therefore, slope
of s-t graph (= instantaneous velocity) should be positive and decreasing.
Graphs
v s
a
u
O P
t
−ve v=0 O θ1
t t
O
a = constant but negative
Fig. 6.23
Graphs
v s
a
A B +u
O t
O
A B
t θ1 θ2
–9.8 m/s 2 t
O A B
–u
Fig. 6.24
t t
Fig. 6.25
Chapter 6 Kinematics 153
At one time (say t 0 ), two values of velocity or displacement are not possible. Hence, the following graphs
are not acceptable :
v s
v1 s1
v2 s2
t t
t0 t0
Fig. 6.26
Time never returns. Therefore, on time axis we will always move ahead. On this ground, following graph
cannot exist in real life :
v
Fig. 6.27
Different values of displacements in s-t graph corresponding to given v-t graph can be obtained just by
1
calculating area under v-t graph. There is no need of using equations like s = ut + at 2 etc.
2
t (s)
O 2 4
Fig. 6.28
Solution ∫ dv = ∫ a dt
or change in velocity = area under a-t graph
1
Hence, v f − vi = ( 4 ) ( 4 )
2
= 8m/s
∴ v f = v i + 8 = ( 2 + 8) m/s
= 10 m/s
154 Mechanics - I
8 t (s)
O
–10
Fig. 6.29
v-t graph In upward journey velocity first decreases from + 40 m/s to 0. Then, in downward
journey it increases from 0 to − 40 m/s. Negative sign just signifies its downward direction.
Corresponding v-t graph is as shown below.
v (m/s)
+40
4 8
0 t (s)
–40
Fig. 6.30
s-t graph In upward journey displacement first increases from 0 to + 80 m. Then, it decreases
from + 80 m to 0. Corresponding s-t graph is as shown below.
s (m)
80
t (s)
O 4 8
Fig. 6.31
Chapter 6 Kinematics 155
V Example 6.25 A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate α for some time,
after which it decelerates at a constant rate β, to come to rest. If the total time
elapsed is t seconds, then evaluate (a) the maximum velocity reached and
(b) the total distance travelled.
Solution (a) Let the car accelerates for time t 1 and decelerates for time t 2 . Then,
t = t1 + t 2 …(i)
and corresponding velocity-time graph will be as shown in Fig. 6.32.
v
v max A
B
O t
t1 t2
Fig. 6.32
Note This problem can also be solved by using equations of motion (v = u + at etc.). Try it yourself.
156 Mechanics - I
V Example 6.26 The acceleration versus time graph of a particle moving along a
straight line is shown in the figure. Draw the respective velocity-time graph.
Given v = 0 at t = 0 .
a
(m/s2)
2
0 2 4 6 t
–2 (s)
–4
Fig. 6.33
∴ v = at = 2t
4
or v-t graph is a straight line passing through origin
with slope 2 m/s 2 . 0 6 t (s)
2 4 5
At the end of 2 s,
v = 2 × 2 = 4 m/s –4
From t = 2 to 4 s, a = 0.
Hence, v = 4 m/s will remain constant. Fig. 6.34
From t = 4 to 6 s, a = − 4 m/s 2 .
Hence, v = u − at = 4 − 4t (with t = 0 at 4 s)
v = 0 at t = 1s or at 5 s from origin.
At the end of 6 s (or t = 2 s) v = − 4 m/s. Corresponding v-t graph is as shown in Fig. 6.34.
30
10
t (s)
O 4 8
Fig. 6.35
(a) Find the time when the particles start their journey and the x-coordinate at that time.
(b) Find velocities of the two particles.
(c) When and where the particles strike with each other.
Chapter 6 Kinematics 157
2. The velocity of a car as a function of time is shown in Fig. 6.36. Find the distance travelled by the
car in 8 s and its acceleration.
v (m/s)
20
10
t (s)
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time in second
Fig. 6.36
3. Fig. 6.37 shows the graph of velocity versus time for a particle going along the x-axis. Find
(a) acceleration, (b) the distance travelled in 0 to 10 s and (c) the displacement in 0 to 10 s.
v (m/s)
8
6
4
2
t (s)
0 5 10
Fig. 6.37
4. Fig. 6.38 shows the graph of the x-coordinate of a particle going along the x-axis as a function of
time. Find (a) the average velocity during 0 to 10 s, (b) instantaneous velocity at 2, 5, 8 and 12 s.
x(m)
100
50
t (s)
2.5 7.5 10.0 15.0
Fig. 6.38
5. From the velocity-time plot shown in Fig. 6.39, find the distance travelled by the particle during
the first 40 s. Also find the average velocity during this period.
v
5 m/s
0 t(s)
20 40
–5 m/s
Fig. 6.39
relative velocity, relative acceleration or anything else. So, from the above discussion we may now
conclude that relative velocity of A with respect to B (written as vAB ) is
v AB = v A − v B
Similarly, relative acceleration of A with respect to B is
a AB = a A − a B
If it is a one dimensional motion we can treat the vectors as scalars just by assigning the positive sign
to one direction and negative to the other. So, in case of a one dimensional motion the above
equations can be written as
v AB = v A − v B
and a AB = a A − a B
Further, we can see that
v AB = − v BA or a BA = − a AB
V Example 6.27 Anoop is moving due east with a velocity of 1 m/s and Dhyani
is moving due west with a velocity of 2 m/s. What is the velocity of Anoop with
respect to Dhyani?
Solution It is a one dimensional motion. So, let us choose the east direction as positive and the
west as negative. Now, given that
v A = velocity of Anoop = 1m/s
and v D = velocity of Dhyani = − 2 m/s
Thus, v AD = velocity of Anoop with respect to Dhyani
= v A − v D = 1 − ( −2) = 3 m/s
Hence, velocity of Anoop with respect to Dhyani is 3 m/s due east.
The topic ‘relative motion’ is very useful in two and three dimensional motion. Questions based on
relative motion are usually of following four types :
(a) Minimum distance or collision or overtaking problems
(b) River-boat problems
(c) Aircraft-wind problems
(d) Rain problems
V Example 6.29 Car A and car B start moving simultaneously in the same
direction along the line joining them. Car A moves with a constant acceleration
a = 4 m/ s2 , while car B moves with a constant velocity v = 1 m/s. At time t = 0,
car A is 10 m behind car B. Find the time when car A overtakes car B.
Solution Given, u A = 0, u B = 1 m/s, a A = 4 m/s 2 and a B = 0
Assuming car B to be at rest, we have
u AB = u A − u B = 0 − 1 = − 1m/s −ve +ve
a AB = a A − a B = 4 − 0 = 4 m/s 2 Fig. 6.42
A 10 m B
At rest
Fig. 6.43
1
Substituting the proper values in equation s = ut + at 2 ,
2
1
we get 10 = − t + (4 ) (t 2 )
2
or 2t 2 − t − 10 = 0
1 ± 1 + 80
or t=
4
1 ± 81
=
4
1± 9
=
4
or t = 2.5 s and −2 s
Ignoring the negative value, the desired time is 2.5 s.
160 Mechanics - I
V Example 6.30 Two ships A and B are 10 km apart on a line running south to
north. Ship A farther north is streaming west at 20 km/h and ship B is
streaming north at 20 km/h. What is their distance of closest approach and
how long do they take to reach it?
Solution Ships A and B are moving with same speed 20 km/h in the directions shown in figure.
It is a two dimensional, two body problem with zero acceleration.
vA A N
E
vB
B
AB = 10 km
Fig. 6.44
45° – vA = 20 km/h
Fig. 6.45
i.e. vBA is 20 2 km/h at an angle of 45° from east towards north. Thus, the given problem can be
simplified as A is at rest and B is moving with vBA in the direction A
shown in Fig. 6.46. C
Therefore, the minimum distance between the two is vBA
45°
s min = AC = AB sin 45° B
1
= 10 km
2
= 5 2 km Ans. Fig. 6.46
and the desired time is
BC 5 2
t= = ( BC = AC = 5 2 km )
| vBA | 20 2
1
= h = 15 min Ans.
4
Chapter 6 Kinematics 161
River-Boat Problems
In river-boat problems, we come across the following three terms :
B
y
vbr ω
θ x
A vr
Fig. 6.47
A
Fig. 6.51
Chapter 6 Kinematics 163
6 m/s
Net velocity of boatman
Fig. 6.52
vbr = 5m/s
vb = Net velocity
30m of boatman
θ
vr = 4 m/s
Fig. 6.53
30
t= = 6 s = t min Ans.
5
| vb | or v b = ( 5) 2 + ( 4 ) 2 = 41 m/s Ans.
5 5
tan θ = ⇒ θ = tan −1 Ans.
4 4
Drift = BC = ( 4 ) ( t )
= 4 × 6 = 24 m Ans.
(b) Since, v br > v r , this case is possible. Velocity diagram is as under. B
vr = 4 m/s →
Net velocity | vb | or v b = ( 5) 2 − ( 4 ) 2 = 3 m/s along AB →
vb
4 4 →
sin θ = ⇒ θ = sin −1 = 53° Ans. vbr = 5 m/s θ
→
5 5
A
AB 30
t= = = 10 sec Ans. Fig. 6.54
vb 3
Note If the boatman wants to return to the same point A, then diagram is as under B
5 m/s
BA 30 3 m/s
t BA = = = 10 s
3 3 4 m/s
A
(c) Fig. 6.55
B• •A B• •A
vbr − vr vbr + vr
Fig. 6.56
AB BA
t = t AB + t BA = +
v br − v r v br + v r
10 10
or t= +
5− 4 5+ 4
100
= s Ans.
9
Chapter 6 Kinematics 165
V Example 6.33 An aircraft flies at 400 km/h in still air. A wind of 200 2 km/ h
is blowing from the south towards north. The pilot wishes to travel from A to a
point B north east of A. Find the direction he must steer and time of his journey
if AB = 1000 km .
Solution Given that v w = 200 2 km/ h N
h
km/ B
v aw = 400 km/h and va should be along AB or in = 4 00
north-east direction. Thus, the direction of vaw v aw α
should be such as the resultant of vw and vaw is C
45 °+α v a
vw = 200√2 km/h
along AB or in north-east direction. 45°
45°
Let vaw makes an angle α with AB as shown in A
E
Fig. 6.57. Applying sine law in triangle ABC, we Fig. 6.57
get
CB AC
=
sin 45° sin α
AC
or sin α = sin 45°
CB
166 Mechanics - I
200 2 1 1
= =
400 2 2
∴ α = 30°
Therefore, the pilot should steer in a direction at an angle of ( 45° + α ) or 75° from north towards east.
| va | 400
Further, =
sin (180° − 45° − 30° ) sin 45°
sin 105°
or | va | = × ( 400) km/ h
sin 45°
cos 15°
= ( 400) km/ h
sin 45°
0.9659
= ( 400) km/ h
0.707
= 546.47 km/ h
∴ The time of journey from A to B is
AB 1000
t= = h
| va | 546.47
t = 1.83 h Ans.
Rain Problems
In these type of problems, we again come across three terms v r , v m and v rm Here,
v r = velocity of rain
v m = velocity of man (it may be velocity of cyclist or velocity of motorist also)
and v rm = velocity of rain with respect to man.
Here, v rm is the velocity of rain which appears to the man.
So, the man should hold his umbrella in the direction of v rm or v r − v m , to save him from rain.
V Example 6.34 A man is walking with 3 m/s, due east . Rain is falling
vertically downwards with speed 4 m/s. Find the direction in which man
should hold his umbrella, so that rain does not wet him.
Solution As we discussed above, he should hold his umbrella in the direction of vrm
or vr − vm
Vertically up
–vm = 3 m/s O
West East
θ
vr = 4 m/s
P
Vertically down
Fig. 6.58
Chapter 6 Kinematics 167
OP = vr + ( − vm ) = vr − vm = vrm
3
⇒ tan θ =
4
3
⇒ θ = tan −1 = 37°
4
Vertically up
θ θ = 37°
West East
θ
Vertically down
Fig. 6.59
Therefore, man should hold his umbrella at an angle of 37° east of vertical (or 37° from vertical
towards east).
V Example 6.35 To a man walking at the rate of 3 km/h the rain appears to
fall vertically downwards. When he increases his speed to 6 km/h it appears to
meet him at an angle of 45° with vertical. Find the speed of rain.
Solution Let $i and $j be the unit vectors in horizontal and vertical directions respectively.
Vertical ( j ) ^
^
Horizontal ( i )
Fig. 6.60
12
10
t (s)
O 5
Fig. 6.61
45° vaw
α
E
A
7. From the given s-t graph, we can find sign of velocity and acceleration.
For example, in the given graph slope at t1 and t 2 both are positive. Therefore, vt1 and vt 2 are
positive. Further, slope at t 2 > Slope at t1. Therefore vt 2 > vt1 . Hence acceleration of the particle is
also positive.
s
t
O t1 t2
Exercise: In the given s-t graph, find signs of v and a.
s
v
or smin = ω at θ = sin−1 r
vbr
dx
When v r > v br : In this case x is minimum, where =0
dθ
d ω
or (vr − vbr sin θ ) = 0
d θ vbr cos θ
or –vbr cos 2 θ − (vr − vbr sin θ ) ( − sin θ ) = 0
v
or −vbr + vr sin θ = 0 or θ = sin−1 br
vr
Now, at this angle we can find xmin and then smin which comes out to be
v v
smin = ω r at θ = sin−1 br
vbr vr
Solved Examples
TYPED PROBLEMS
Type 1. Collision of two particles or overtaking of one particle by the other particle
Concept
(i) If two particles start from the same point and they collide, then their displacements are
same or
S1 = S 2
If they start from different points, then
S1 ≠ S 2
(ii) If they start their journeys simultaneously, then their time of journeys are same or
t1 = t 2 = t (say)
otherwise their time of journeys are different
t1 ≠ t 2
l From the second figure, we can see that particle-1 (which is behind the particle-2) will collide (or overtake)
particle-2 if it travels an extra distance d i (= initial distance between them) or
l S1 = S 2 + d i ...(i)
l If motion is uniformly accelerated, then for S we can write
1
l S = ut + at 2
2
l Now, u and a are vector quantities so, in Eq. (i) we will substitute them with sign.
l By putting proper values in Eq. (i) we can find their time of collision. Same method can be applied in vertical
motion also.
Note If two trains of length l1 and l2 cross each other or overtake each other (moving on two parallel tracks). Then,
the equation will be,
S1 = S2 + (l1 + l2 )
Chapter 6 Kinematics 173
V Example 1 Two particles are moving along x-axis. Particle-1 starts from
x = − 10 m with velocity 4 m/s along negative x-direction and acceleration 2 m/ s2
along positive x-direction. Particle-2 starts from x = + 2 m with velocity 6 m/s
along positive x-direction and acceleration 2 m/ s2 along negative x-direction.
(a) Find the time when they collide.
(b) Find the x-coordinate where they collide. Both start simultaneously.
Solution (a) 2 m/s2 2 m/s2
4 m/s 1 2 6 m/s
+ve
x = –10m x=0 x = +2m
Given values
→ →
1 2 −ve
10m x=0 2m
12 m
Assume this
Type 2. To find minimum distance between two particles moving in a straight line
Concept
If two particles are moving along positive directions as → →
shown in figure. 1 2
+ve
From the general experience, we can understand that di
distance between them will increase if v 2 > v1 and
distance between them will decrease if v1 > v 2 .
Therefore, in most of the cases at minimum distance, v1 = v 2
174 Mechanics - I
How to Solve?
l By putting, v1 = v2 or,
l u1 + at 1 = u 2 + a2t (if a = constant)
l find the time when they are closest to each other.
l In this time, particle-1 should travel some extra distance and whatever is the extra displacement (of
particle-1), that will be subtracted from the initial distance between them to get the minimum distance.
l ∴ dmin = d i − ∆S = d i − (S1 − S 2 )
1 2
l For S, we can use ut + at if acceleration is constant.
2
Note If S2 ≥ S1 , then dmin = d i
How to Solve?
l From the given x and y co-ordinates (as function of time) just eliminate t and find x-y relation. This is a
general method which can be applied anywhere in whole physics.
Concept
There are two methods of solving a two (or three) dimensional motion problems. In the first
method, we use proper vector method. For example, we will use,
ds
v = u + at etc. if a = constant and, v = etc. if a ≠ constant
dt
In the second method, we find the components of all vector quantities along x, y and
z-directions. Then, deal different axis separately as one dimension by assigning proper
signs to all vector quantities. While dealing x-direction, we don't have to bother about y and
z-directions.
V Example 4 A particle is moving in x-y plane. Its initial velocity and acceleration
are u = ( 4$i + 8$j) m/s and a = ( 2$i − 4$j) m/s2 . Find
(a) the time when the particle will cross the x-axis.
(b) x-coordinate of particle at this instant.
(c) velocity of the particle at this instant.
Initial coordinates of particle are ( 4m , 10m ).
176 Mechanics - I
Solution y 8 m/s
P
4 m/s, 2 m/s2
4 m/s2
10 m
x
O 4m
Particle starts from point P. Components of its initial velocity and acceleration are as shown in
figure.
(a) At the time of crossing the x-axis, its y-coordinate should be zero or its y-displacement
(w.r.t initial point P) is −10 m.
1
Using the equation, sy = uy t + a y t 2
2
1
−10 = 8t − × 4 × t 2
2
Solving this equation, we get positive value of time,
t =5s
(b) x-coordinate of particle at time t :
x = initial x-coordinate + displacement along x-axis or x = xi + sx (at time t)
1
= xi + ux t + a x t 2
2
Substituting the proper values, we have,
1
x = 4 + (4 × 5) + × 2 × (5)2 = 49 m Ans.
2
(c) Since, given acceleration is constant, so we can use,
v = u + at
∴ v = (4i$ + 8$j) + (2i$ − 4$j) (5)
= (14$i − 12$j) m/s
Type 5. To convert given v-t graph into s-t graph (For a = 0 or a = constant)
Concept
(i) If we integrate velocity, we get displacement. Therefore, the method discussed in this
type is a general method, which can be applied in all those problems where we get the
result after integration.
For example
v-t → s-t
a-t → v-t
P-t → F-t
dP
Here, P = linear momentum and F is force (F = or dP = Fdt).
dt
Chapter 6 Kinematics 177
(ii) For zero or constant acceleration, we can classify the motion into six types.
Corresponding v-t and s-t graphs are as shown below.
v
s
R A–1
U
A
U U –1
R
t A R –1
A –1 R –1 t
U –1
(iv) In A, U and R motions, velocity is positive (above t-axis). Therefore, body is moving
along positive direction. In A −1 , U −1 and R −1 motions, velocity is negative (below t-axis).
Therefore, body is moving along negative direction.
How to Solve?
l Mark A, U , R, A−1, U −1 or R −1 in the given v-t graph for different time intervals.
l Calculate area (= displacement) under v-t graph for different time intervals.
l Plot s-t graph according to their shape of A, U , R etc. motions.
l Keep on adding area for further displacements.
4
4 8 12 16
O t ( s)
2
–8
Solution (a) Let us first mark A , U , R etc. in the given v-t diagram and calculate their area
(= displacement) in different time intervals.
v (m/s)
4
A R
4 8 12 16
O t (s)
2
A–1 R –1
–8
U–1
2
to
0 t (s)
2 4 8 12 16
U –1
–30
R –1
–46
total distance
average speed =
total time
72
= = 4.5 m/s Ans.
16
∆v
(c) Average acceleration =
∆t
vf − vi v8 sec − v2sec
= =
∆t 8 −2
−8 − 4
= = − 2 m/s 2 Ans.
6
Concept
(i) In some cases, one graph can be converted into the other graph just by finding slope of
the given graph. But this method is helpful when different segments of the given graph
are straight lines.
For example,
(a) Given s-t graph can be converted into the v-t graph from the slope of s-t graph as
ds
v= = slope of s-t graph
dt
(b) Given v-t graph can be converted into the a-t graph from the slope of v-t graph, as
dv
a= = slope of v-t graph
dt
(ii) In few cases, we have to convert given y-x graph into z-x graph. For example, suppose we
have to convert v-s graph into a-s graph.
In such cases, first you make v-s equation (if it is straight line graph) from the given
v-s graph. Then, with the help of this v-s equation and some standard equations
dv
(like a = v ⋅ ) make a-s equation and now draw a-s graph corresponding to this
ds
a-s equation.
V Example 6 A particle is moving along x-axis. Its x-coordinate versus time graph
is as shown below.
x(m)
6 10 14
O t (s)
4
–8
dx
Solution v = = slope of x-t graph. Slope for different time intervals is given in following
dt
table.
Time interval Slope of x-t graph (= v )
0−4s 0
4 s − 10 s − 2 m/s
10 s − 14 s + 2 m/s
4 10 14
O t (s)
–2
Solution The given v-s graph is a straight line with positive slope (say m) and positive
intercept (say c ). Therefore, v-s equation is
v = ms + c
dv
⇒ =m
ds
dv
Now, a = v⋅ = (ms + c) (m)
ds
a = m2s + mc
a-s equation is a linear equation. Therefore, a-s graph is also a straight line with positive slope
(= m2) and positive intercept (= mc). a-s graph is as shown below.
a
s
Chapter 6 Kinematics 181
Concept
There is no direct formula for calculation of distance. In the formula,
1
s = ut + at 2
2
s = displacement, not the distance
So, you will have to convert the given distance into proper displacement and then apply the
above equation.
2 m/s2
8 m/s
–8 m –4 m x=0 +8 m
t=0 t1
v=0
t3 t2
Now, 8 m distance from origin will be at two coordinates x = 8 m and x = − 8 m. From the
diagram, we can see that particle will cross these two points three times, t1 , t2 and t3 .
(b) t1 and t2 : At x = 8 m, displacement from the starting point is
s = x f − x i = 8 − ( −4) = 12 m
1 2
Substituting in s = ut + at , we have
2
1
12 = 8t − × 2 × t2
2
Solving this equation, we get
smaller time t1 = 2 s Ans.
and larger time t2 = 6 s Ans.
t3 : At x = − 8 m, displacement from the starting point is
s = xf − xi = − 8 − (−4) = − 4 m
1 2 1
Substituting in s = ut + at , we have −4 = 8 t − × 2 × t 2
2 2
Solving this equation, we get the positive time,
t3 = 8.47 s Ans.
Miscellaneous Examples
V Example 9 A rocket is fired vertically upwards with a net acceleration of 4 m/ s2
and initial velocity zero. After 5 s its fuel is finished and it decelerates with g. At
the highest point its velocity becomes zero. Then, it accelerates downwards with
acceleration g and return back to ground. Plot velocity-time and
displacement-time graphs for the complete journey. Take g = 10 m/s 2 .
Solution In the graphs,
vA = atOA = (4) (5) = 20 m/s
vB = 0 = vA − gtAB
v 20
∴ tAB = A = = 2s
g 10
∴ tOAB = (5 + 2) s = 7 s
Now, sOAB = area under v-t graph between 0 to 7 s
1
= (7) (20) = 70 m
2
v (m/s) s (m)
B
70
50 A
A
20
B C C
t (s) t (s)
O 5 7 10.7 O 5 7 10.7
1
Further, |sOAB| = |sBC| = gt 2
2 BC
1
∴ 70 = 2
(10) tBC
2
∴ tBC = 14 = 3.7 s
∴ tOABC = 7 + 3.7 = 10.7 s
Also, sOA = area under v-t graph between OA
1
= (5) (20) = 50 m
2
Solution (a) At the time when ball again meets the lift,
sL = sB
1 1
∴ 10 t + × 2 × t 2 = 20 t − × 10 t 2
2 2
Solving this equation, we get
5
t = 0 and t = s
3
5
∴ Ball will again meet the lift after s.
3
2
5 1 5 175
(b) At this instant s L = s B = 10 × + × 2× = m = 19.4 m
3 2 3 9
(c) For the ball u is antiparallel to a. Therefore, we will first find t 0 , the time when its
velocity becomes zero.
u
t0 = = 20 = 2 s
a 10
5
As t = s < t0, distance and displacement are equal
3
or d = 19.4 m
V Example 12 In a car race, car A takes a time t less than car B at the finish and
passes the finishing point with speed v more than that of the car B. Assuming
that both the cars start from rest and travel with constant acceleration a1 and a2
respectively. Show that v = a1 a2 t.
Solution Let A takes t1 second, then according to the given problem B will take (t1 + t )
seconds. Further, let v1 be the velocity of B at finishing point, then velocity of A will be (v1 + v).
Writing equations of motion for A and B.
v1 + v = a1t1 K (i)
and, v1 = a 2(t1 + t ) K (ii)
From these two equations, we get
v = (a1 − a 2) t1 − a 2t K (iii)
Total distance travelled by both the cars is equal.
or sA = sB
1 1
or a1t12 = a 2 (t1 + t )2
2 2
a2 t
or t1 =
a1 − a 2
Substituting this value of t1 in Eq. (iii), we get the desired result
v = ( a1a 2 ) t
V Example 16 Figure shows a rod of length l resting on a wall and the floor. Its
lower end A is pulled towards left with a constant velocity v. Find the velocity of
the other end B downward when the rod makes an angle θ with the horizontal.
B
v A θ
Solution In such type of problems, when velocity of one part of a body is given and that of
other is required, we first find the relation between the two displacements, then differentiate
them with respect to time. Here, if the distance from the corner to the point A is x and that up
to B is y. Then,
dx
v=
dt
dy
and vB = − (– sign denotes that y is decreasing)
dt
Further, x2 + y2 = l2
186 Mechanics - I
u s2
2s 2 × 2.7
=
a 11
= 0.7 s. Ans.
(b) Displacement of bolt relative to ground in 0.7 s.
1 2
s = ut + at
2
1
or s = (2.4)(0.7) + (− 9.8)(0.7)2
2
s = − 0.72 m Ans.
Velocity of bolt will become zero after a time
u
t0 = (v = u − gt )
g
2.4
= = 0.245 s
9.8
u2 1
Therefore, distance travelled by the bolt = s1 + s2 = + g (t − t0 )2
2g 2
(2.4)2 1
= + × 9.8 (0.7 – 0.245)2
2 × 9.8 2
= 1.3 m Ans.
188 Mechanics - I
u
45°
vb
v y
θ 45°
x
A u
Resultant of v and u should be along AB. Components of vb (absolute velocity of boatman) along
x and y-directions are,
vx = u − v sin θ
and vy = v cos θ
vy
Further, tan 45° =
vx
v cos θ
or 1=
u − v sin θ
u
∴ v=
sin θ + cos θ
u
=
2 sin (θ + 45° )
v is minimum at, θ + 45° = 90°
or θ = 45° Ans.
u
and vmin = Ans.
2
Exercises
LEVEL 1
Assertion and Reason
Directions Choose the correct option.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true, but the Reason is false.
(d) If Assertion is false but the Reason is true.