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Gas Pipeline Blowdown Time
Gas Pipeline Blowdown Time
t c=ln
( )( ) ( )
Pi
Pa
−
k
k−1
×ln
k+1
2
k +1
τ v=
V× ( )
k +1 2×(k −1)
2
c× Ath ×C d
c=
√ Z ×k ×R×T
MW
1
Z=
[( )]
1 .785 ×SG
P i×5270×10
1+
T 3 .825
[ ( )] [ ( )]
2 3
C f =a1 +a2 ×log 10 ( )
f ×L
D
+a3 × log 10
f ×L
D
+a 4 × log 10
f ×L
D
( ) 1 2
( ) ( )
3
1 1
a1 =1 . 0319−5 . 2735× +25 . 680× −38 . 409×
Ar Ar Ar
() () ()
2 3
1 1 1
a2=−0.26994+17.304× −86.415× +144.77×
Ar Ar Ar
1 2
() () ()
3
1 1
a3=0.24175−12.637× +56.772× −88.351×
Ar Ar Ar
1 2
() () ()
3
1 1
a 4 =−0.054856+2.6258× −8.9593× +12.139×
Ar Ar Ar
Ap
A r=
A th×Cd
Note:
The polynomials for the coefficients (a1, a2, a3, a4) are valid only for 3 < Ar < 30 and should
not be used outside this range.
k Pc ts
1.20 0.5645 0.7371
1.25 0.5549 0.7605
1.30 0.5457 0.7833
1.35 0.5368 0.8058
1.40 0.5283 0.8278
1.45 0.52 0.8495
1.50 0.512 0.8707
1.55 0.5042 0.8916
1.60 0.4968 0.9122
t tot =( t c +t s ) ×τ V ×C f
where:
tc = Dimensionless Sonic blowdown time
Pi = Initial Pressure of the gas pipeline, kPa (abs)
Pa = Atmospheric Pressure, kPa (abs)
k= Ratio of Specific heats (Cp/Cv)
τV = Time constant, seconds
V= Volume of the pipe being blown down, m3
(Pipe C/S area X Pipe length)
c= sonic velocity, m/s
Z= compressibility factor
SG = Specific Gravity of Gas (Air =1)
T= Absolute temperature of the gas in pipeline, K
R= Universal Gas Constant (8314 J/kmol-K)
MW = Molecular Weight of the Gas
= SG*28.96 (if only specific gravity of gas is known)
Cf = Blowdown Correction Factor, dimensionless
f= Darcy friction factor, dimensionless
L= Length of pipeline, m
D= Inside Diameter of the Pipeline, m
Ar = Ratio of Pipe-to-effective-valve-discharge-area, dimensionless
Ap = C/S area of pipe, m2
Ath = Blowdown Valve discharge Area, m2
Notes:
1. For full-bore ball valves the "discharge area" will be considered the
same as the blowdown line cross-sectional area
2. For reduced bore ball valves the "discharge area" should be considered
based on the cross-sectional area of one size lower than the blowdown
line size
Cd = Blowdown Valve discharge coefficient, dimensionless
(Use a value of 0.85 to 1 in absence of manufacturer's data)
Ath*Cd = Effective valve discharge area, m2
Pc = Critical Pressure Ratio
k
Pc = ( ) 2
k +1
(k −1)
Inputs
Pi = 6000 kPa(abs)
Pa = 100 kPa(abs)
k= 1.3 input from external source
Cd = 0.85
D= 0.895 m Input based on NPS & Pipe Schedule
T= 10 °C
SG = 0.6 specific gravity of gas (Air =1)
f= 0.011 manual input based on table for Darcy friction factor
BDV size = 8 inch (if RB use one size lower than BD line size and if FB use line size)
L= 25000 m
ts = 0.7833 Refer table
Calculations
Z= 0.87
MW = 17.4
V= 15728.1 m3
c= 390.4 m/s
Ath = 0.031 m2
Ap = 0.629 m2
Ar = 23.6
tc = 3.49
τV = 2578.0 seconds
a1 = 0.8514
a2 = 0.3229
a3 = -0.1991
a4 = 0.04138464
Cf = 1.06
ttot = 11669.7 seconds
Losses 1.05 (Time delay is based on losses in vent line and entrance)
ttot = 12253.2 seconds (including losses)
204.2 minutes
√ ( )
k +1
2
ms =C d × A th× ρi×Pi ×k × k −1
k+1
where:
Pa = Atmospheric Pressure, Pa (abs)
Pi = Initial Pressure of the gas pipeline, Pa (abs)
ms = Sonic Release Rate, kg/s
Cd = Hole or Orifice discharge coefficient, dimensionless
(Use a value of 0.62 for sharp-edged orifices)
(Use a value of 0.95-0.99 for rounded orifices)
Ath = Hole or Orifice C/S Area, m2
ρi = density of the gas in pipeline@P i,T
T= Absolute temperature of the gas in pipeline, K
MW = Molecular Weight of the Gas
= SG*28.96 (if only specific gravity of gas is known)
Z= Compressibility Factor
SG = Specific Gravity of Gas (Air =1)
k= Ratio of Specific heats (C p/Cv)
Pi ×MW
ρ i=
8314×T ×Z
Inputs
Pi = 6.00E+06 Pa (abs)
k= 1.3
Cd = 0.62
T= 10
SG = 0.6
Hole/ Orifice Size = 2 inch
Z= 0.87
Calculations
MW = 17.4
ρi = 50.9 kg/m3
Ath = 0.00203 m2
ms = 14.65 kg/s
Sub-Sonic Release Rate (mss), kg/s
If the pressure ratio (Pa/Pi) is greater then the critical pressure ratio (P c), (Psc), then the flow
is sub-sonic and the mass flow rate through the hole or orifice can be calculated from:
√ ( )
k +1
2
mss =C d × A th ×ψ× ρi ×Pi ×k× k−1
k+1
where:
mss = Sub-sonic Release Rate, kg/s
( )
P a 1k
√ ( ) √( ) ( )
k−1
P 2 k +1 k +1
ψ= × 1− a k
× × k −1
Pi Pi k −1 2
Inputs
Pa = 1.00E+05 Pa (abs)
k= 1.3
Cd = 0.62
T= 10 °C
SG = 0.6
Hole/ Orifice Size = 2 inch
Z= 1
Psc = 0.5555 (Pc = 0.5457 for k =1.3)
Calculations
MW = 17.4
Pi = 1.80E+05 Pa (abs)
ψ= 0.99978
ρi = 1.3 kg/m3
Ath = 0.00203 m2
mss = 0.41 kg/s