Diagnostic Test

Introduction to Criminology

1) The term “criminology” was derived from the Italian term “criminologia” which coined by:
a) Paul Topinard c) Raffaelle Garofalo
b) Edwin Sutherland d) Enrico Ferri

2) According to him, “[c]riminology is the entire body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon. It
includes within its scope the process of making laws, of breaking laws, and of reacting towards the breaking
of laws”:
a) Cesare Beccaria c) Cesar Lombroso
b) Edwin Sutherland d) Raffaelle Garofalo

3) He theorized that criminals are born:

a) Cesare Beccaria c) Cesar Lombroso
b) Edwin Sutherland d) Raffaelle Garofalo

4) He advocated the classical school of thought in criminology:

a) Cesare Beccaria c) Cesar Lombroso
b) Edwin Sutherland d) Raffaelle Garofalo

5) This school of thought in criminology maintains that knowledge of social phenomenon should be based on
scientific approach:
a) neo-classical c) classical
b) contemporary d) positivist

6) He advocated the doctrine of freewill, which refers to the ability to know the difference between right from
wrong:
a) Cesare Beccaria c) Jeremy Bentham
b) Cesare Lombroso d) Enrico Ferri

7) This assumes that all human actions are calculated in accordance with their likelihood of bringing happiness
(pleasure) or unhappiness (pain):
a) utilitarianism c) neo-classicism
b) militarism d) post-modernism

8) This book by Charles Darwin greatly influenced the thinkers of the positivist school:
a) On Crimes and Punishment c) Origin of Species
b) The Republic d) The Spirit of the Laws

9) It is the study of facial features and their relation to human behavior:

a) craniology c) somatotype
b) physiognomy d) phrenology

10) It is the study of the human skull in relation to criminality:

a) osteology c) somatotype
b) physiognomy d) phrenology

11) Who is the father of criminology?

a) Cesare Becarria c) Raffaelle Garofalo
b) Cesare Lombroso d) Edwin Sutherland

12) According to Lombroso, this kind of criminals are not criminal from birth; they become criminals as a result of
some change in their brains which interferes with their ability to distinguish between right or wrong:
a) born criminals c) insane criminals
b) criminaloids d) irrational criminals

13) Garofalo traced the roots of criminal behavior not to physical features but to their psychological equivalents
which he called:
a) moral irregularities c) moral abnormalities
b) moral anomalies d) moral defects

14) Who founded the school of physiognomy?

a) Giambattista della Porta c) Franz Joseph Gall
b) Johann Kaspar Lavater d) Johann Kaspar Spurzheim

15) Who developed the science of phrenology?

a) Giambattista della Porta c) Franz Joseph Gall
b) Johann Kaspar Lavater d) Johann Kaspar Spurzheim
16) The somatotype school of criminology originated with the work of:
a) Ernst Kretschmer c) William Sheldon
b) Richard Dugdale d) Henry Goddard

17) A type of physique with relative predominance of muscles, bone and the motor organs of the body:
a) endomorphic c) ectomorphic
b) mesomorphic d) cerebrotonic

18) A type of physique with relatively great development of digestive viscera; round body, short tapering limbs,
small bones and smooth velvety skin:
a) endomorphic c) ectomorphic
b) mesomorphic d) cerebrotonic

19) A type of physique with relative predominance of skin and its appendages which includes the nervous
system; lean, fragile, delicate bones, droopy shoulders, small face, fine hair and relatively small body mass:
a) endomorphic c) ectomorphic
b) mesomorphic d) cerebrotonic

20) He developed constitutional psychology, the study of the relationships between physical attributes and
personality traits:
a) Ernst Kretschmer c) William Sheldon
b) Richard Dugdale d) Henry Goddard

21) A type of physique characterized by lean, slightly built, narrow shoulders:

a) athletic c) asthenic
b) pyknic d) aesthetic

22) A type of physique characterized by strong, muscular and coarse bones:

a) athletic c) asthenic
b) pyknic d) aesthetic

23) A type of physique characterized by massive neck, broad face, rounded figure and medium height:
a) athletic c) asthenic
b) pyknic d) aesthetic

24) The King of Sumer who was credited to be the source of the first legal code adapted later by Hammurabi:
a) Dungi c) Attila
b) Nebuchadnezzar d) Ur-Nammu

25) He is an acknowledged American psychiatrist who popularized the concept of “moral insanity” in his book, “A
Treatise on the Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity”:
a) Sigmund Freud c) J.C. Prichard
b) Isaac Ray d) Lucy Ozarin

26) He was born in Freiberg, Moravia, an Austrian Empire (now Příbor of Czech Republic) who collaborated with
Josef Breuer and stated that ‘[t]he doctrines of resistance and repression, the unconscious, the aetiological
significance of a person’s sex life and the importance of childhood experiences are the main building blocks,”
of his own technique of behavioral analysis.
a) Sigmund Freud c) J.C. Prichard
b) Isaac Ray d) Lucy Ozarin

27) He is the father of sociology and credited with the introduction of the concept of anomie:
a) Emile Durkheim c) Robert Merton
b) Gabriel Tarde d) Edwin Sutherland

28) Their works on social ecology as influenced by urban sociologists Robert Ezra Park and Ernest Burgess were
focused on social institutions such as the school and the family, and how their breakdown influences deviant
and anti-social behavior:
a) Matza and Sykes
b) Shaw and Mckay
c) Akers and Burgess
d) Reckless and Hirschi

29) A violation of the law committed by a person or group of persons in the course of an otherwise respected and
legitimate occupation or business enterprise:
a) corporate crime c) white-collar crime
b) organized crime d) occupational crime

30) This means “there is no crime if there is no law punishing it”:

a) nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege c) ignorantia legis non excusat
b) dura lex sed lex d) stare decisis
31) A condition where there is a breakdown of norms, values and rules of behavior in a society during periods of
rapid change or social crisis:
a) conflict c) anomie
b) chaos d) anarchy

32) Tax evasion, embezzlement of money, insurance and bank fraud are examples of:
a) corporation crime c) white-collar crime
b) corporate crime d) occupational crime

33) The following are categorized under social structure theories, EXCEPT:
a) social disorganization theory c) social learning theory
b) cultural deviance theory d) strain theory

34) This theory views crime-ridden neighborhoods as those in which residents are uninterested in community
matters, therefore, the common sources of control – family, school, church – are weak and disorganized:
a) social disorganization theory c) social learning theory
b) cultural deviance theory d) strain theory

35) This theory holds that crime is a function of the conflict between the goals people have and the means they
can use to legally obtain them. It argues that it is the inability to obtain these goals, usually materials goals,
that triggers the commission of crimes because members of the lower class are unable to achieve these goals
which come easy for members of the upper class:
a) social disorganization theory c) social learning theory
b) cultural deviance theory d) strain theory

36) The anger, frustration and resentment that members of the lower class feel are collectively referred to as:
a) conflict c) pressure
b) strain d) stress

37) This theory states that members of the lower class of society create an independent subculture with its own
set of rules, values and norms in order to cope with social isolation and economic deprivation:
a) social disorganization theory c) social learning theory
b) cultural deviance theory d) strain theory

38) The following are categorized under the social process theories, EXCEPT:
a) social learning theory c) social reaction theory
b) social control theory d) social response theory

39) This theory believes that crime is a product of learning the norms, values and behaviors associated with
criminal activity:
a) social learning theory c) social reaction theory
b) social control theory d) social response theory

40) This theory holds that people enter into law-violating careers when they are labeled for their acts and
organize their personalities around the labels:
a) social learning theory c) social reaction theory
b) social control theory d) social response theory

41) This is also called the labeling theory:

a) social learning theory c) social reaction theory
b) social control theory d) social response theory

42) This theory explains that both conforming behavior and deviant behavior have two reinforcing elements: an
inner control system and an outer control system:
a) culture conflict theory c) differential association theory
b) containment theory d) social disorganization theory

43) This theory by Edwin Sutherland states that criminal behavior is learned and the principal part of learning
occurs within an intimate personal group:
a) culture conflict theory c) differential association theory
b) containment theory d) theory of imitation

44) He introduced the theory of imitation which states that individuals emulate behavior patterns in much the
same way that they copy styles of dress and this applies to individuals imitating criminal behavior of other
individuals:
a) Raffaelle Garofalo c) Emile Durkheim
b) Edwin Sutherland d) Gabriel Tarde
45) This theory, popularized by Shaw and Mckay, focuses on the conditions within the urban environment that
affect crime rates:
a) differential association theory
b) social disorganization theory
c) cultural deviance theory
d) social control theory

46) According to Maslow, this need explains that individuals desire respect as an honorable human being:
a) self-actualization c) esteem
b) cognitive d) aesthenic

47) This views that becoming criminal is a learning experience in which potential delinquents and criminals
master techniques that enable them to counterbalance conventional values and drift back and forth between
illegitimate and conventional behavior:
a) differential association theory
b) differential reinforcement theory
c) neutralization theory
d) social control theory

48) According to Lombroso, the following are the three classes of criminals, EXCEPT:
a) insane criminals c) born criminals
b) criminaloids d) androids

49) This social control theory, according to Walter Reckless, views that strong self-image insulates the youth from
the pressures and influences in the environment:
a) containment theory
b) social bond theory
c) differential reinforcement theory
d) differential association theory

50) According to Edwin Sutherland, these crimes are committed by persons of respectability and high social
status in the course of occupation:
a) organized crimes c) white collar crimes
b) political crimes d) professional crimes

51) They introduced Social Disorganization Theory and contended that criminals are not biologically inferior,
intellectually impaired, or psychologically damaged. To them, neighborhood denigration and slum conditions
are the primary causes of criminal behavior:
a) Park and Burgess c) Marx and Engels
b) Shaw and Mckay d) Durkheim and Merton

52) In the study and practice of criminology, it employs knowledge derived from other fields of study such as
psychology, sociology, chemistry, medicine and others. This characterizes criminology as:
a) an applied science c) nationalistic
b) a social science d) dynamic

53) This character of criminology explains crime as a social phenomenon as it is a social creation that affects
society in general:
a) an applied science c) nationalistic
b) a social science d) dynamic

54) That character of criminology which explains that the study of criminology is not absolute and constant, as it
varies as social conditions change over time:
a) an applied science c) nationalistic
b) a social science d) dynamic

55) This character of criminology explains that the study of crimes must be in relation to the existing criminal law
within the country:
a) nationalistic c) applied science
b) dynamic d) social science

56) This theory argues that intelligence is largely determined genetically, that ancestry determines IQ, and that
low intelligence is linked to criminal behavior. Proponents of this theory claimed that crime is an expression of
the mental content of the individual; frustration of the individual causes emotional discomfort and personality
demands removal of pain and the pain is eliminated by a substitute behavior, that is, the criminal behavior of
the individual:
a) nature c) positive
b) nurture d) free will

57) It is the study of the relationship between the environment and criminality:
a) criminal physical anthropology c) criminal demography
 b) criminal epidiomology d) criminal ecology

58) It is the study of criminality in relation to the spatial distribution in a community:

a) criminal physical anthropology c) criminal demography
b) criminal epidiomology d) criminal ecology

59) It is the study of criminality in relation to physical constitution of men:

a) criminal physical anthropology c) criminal demography
b) criminal epidiomology d) criminal ecology

60) It is the study of human behavior in relation to criminality:

a) criminal physical anthropology c) criminal psychology
b) criminal psychiatry d) abnomal psychology

61) It is the study of the human mind in relation to criminality:

a) criminal physical anthropology c) criminal psychology
b) criminal psychiatry d) abnormal psychology

62) In 1931, he conducted a study to determine the relationship between intelligence and criminality:
a) Edwin Sutherland c) Emile Durkheim
b) Robert Merton d) Henry Mckay

63) Under this theory, human development is controlled by a master trait consistent of personality, intelligence
and genetic make-up present at birth. As people travel in their life course this trait is always there directing
their behavior:
a) Life course theory
b) Latent trait theory
c) Theory of delinquent development
d) Developmental theory/multiple factor theory

64) This is a justification of punishment as introduced by the classical school, which may be classified either as
specific or general, explaining that punishment serves to set an example to the person himself or to the
society in general:
a) retribution c) exemplarity
b) deterrence d) All of the above

65) This theory seeks to identify, describe and understand the factors that explain the onset and continuation of
criminal career:
a) Life course theory
b) Latent trait theory
c) Theory of delinquent development
d) Developmental theory/multiple factor theory

66) This views criminality as a dynamic process, influenced by a multitude of individual characteristics, traits and
social experiences:
a) Life course theory
b) Latent trait theory
c) Theory of delinquent development
d) Developmental theory/multiple factor theory

67) This theory, which was adopted by the Philippine legal system, presumes that an offender possesses full
control of his mental faculties. This also resulted to the development of the concept that a person may also
be held liable “although the wrongful act done be different from that which he intended”:
a) classical c) positive
b) neo-classical d) multiple

68) In this legal system, punishment was based on physical retaliation or lex talionis (“an eye for an eye, a tooth
for a tooth”):
a) Mosaic Code c) Code of Hammurabi
b) Common Law d) Law of the Twelve Tables

69) This was a special commission of ten noble Roman men who formulated the Law of the Twelve Tables:
a) Decemviri Consulari Imperio Legibus Scribundis
b) Habeas corpus ad testificadum
c) Roman Legionnaires
d) Foresfactura Plena

70) This system of law, which came to existence during the reign of Henry II (1154-1189), is based on judges’
decisions. Judges would decide cases, and future cases would be decided based on those previous
decisions:
a) Mosaic Code c) Code of Hammurabi
 b) Common Law d) Law of the Twelve Tables

71) This doctrine explains why common law is not applicable in the Philippines:
a) Doctrine of parens patriae c) Doctrine of stare decisis
b) Nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege d) ignorantia lege excusat

72) These are crimes that are so serious in their effects on society as to call for almost unanimous condemnation
of its members:
a) mala inse c) mens rea
b) mala prohibita d) actus reus

73) These are violations of mere rules of convenience designed to secure a more orderly regulations of the
affairs of society and made criminal by special laws:
a) mala inse c) mens rea
b) mala prohibita d) actus reus

74) He deviated from the concept of rapid social change or social crisis as the cause of anomie. He argues that
crime is a function of the conflict between the goals people have and the means they can use to legally
obtain them:
a) Emile Durkheim c) Thorsten Sellin
b) Robert Merton d) Albert Cohen

75) A crime is classified as _____ if it is a single act constituting two or more grave felonies:
a) compound c) duplex
b) complex d) double

76) A crime is ________ if the offender is able to acquire something as a result of his act.
a) extinctive c) acquisitive
b) situational d) seasonal

77) A crime is ______ if it is committed by an offender who does not know the nature and quality of his act on
account of the disease of the mind.
a) situational c) episoidal
b) extinctive d) irrational

78) A crime is _____ if the consequence of the act is destructive.

a) acquisitive c) situational
b) extinctive d) static

79) A school of thought in criminology which proposes that individuals commit crimes after weighing the
consequences of their actions:
a) neo-classical c) positivist
b) contemporary d) classical

80) A school of thought in criminology which posits that criminal behavior is determined by biological,
psychological and social factors:
a) neo-classical c) positivist
b) contemporary d) classical

81) This refers to the physical features of a human being at an earlier stage of development which allegedly
distinguish a born criminal from the general population:
a) ape-like characteristics c) physical stigma
b) atavistic stigmata d) genetic flaw

82) It is computed as: number of reported crimes over the total population multiplied by 100,000:
a) crime density c) crime rate
b) crime volume d) crime trend

83) It is the discipline that studies the nature and causes of victimization as well as programs for aiding victims
and preventing victimization:
a) victim pricipitation c) victim rehabilitation
b) victim assistance d) victimology

84) These are crimes that are serious in nature and common in frequency:
a) index crimes c) prominent crimes
b) salient crimes d) non-index crimes

85) A British scholar and reformer, he graduated from Oxford University and developed a scientific approach to
the making and breaking of laws and founded the concept of “utilitarianism”:
a) Becarria c) Garofalo
b) Bentham d) Ferri
86) An insane person is exempted from criminal liability unless it can be proven that he acted:
a) during lucid interval c) under the influence of medication
b) with discernment d) due to burst of feeling

87) This principle, which was proposed by Becarria in his book, “On Crimes and Punishment,” means that rulers
have the absolute power over the governed; in return the ruler should protect the people from their
natural state of affairs:
a) social policy c) social contract
b) coherence d) agreement

88) Bentham explained in this formula that individuals are human calculators who put all the factors into an
equation before deciding whether a particular crime is worth committing or not:
a) human intelligence c) felicific calculus
b) human free will d) decision

89) This compromise theory on biological determinism came as a result to the rejection of biological
contributions to behaviors. Diana Fishbein postulates that individuals choose a course of action within a
preset, yet to some degree changeable, range of possibilities and that, assuming he conditions are suitable
for rational thought, we are accountable for our actions:
a) free will c) biological perspective
b) conditional free will d) felicific calculus

90) A British psychologist who published in 1965 the book, “The Young Delinquent” which became a pioneering
work on educational psychology and statistical analysis:
a) August Aichorn c) William Healy
b) Henry Maudsley d) Cyrill Burt

91) He claimed in his book, “Crime and the Mind” that criminality is the result of emotional immaturity:
a) Dr. Walter Bromberg c) Emile Durkheim
b) Adolphe Quetelet d) Andre-Michel Guerry

92) In the book, “The Subculture of Violence” published in 1967, they presented an explanation on homicide
and other crimes of violence by drawing from Sutherland’s differential association theory. Their treatise
ranges from psychoanalytic theories of aggression, medical and biological studies, the frustration-aggression
hypothesis, containment theory, child-rearing practices, and social learning and conditioning propositions:
a) Shaw and Mckay c) Wolfgang and Ferracuti
b) Park and Burgess d) Durkheim and Merton

93) This was the term used by Albert Cohen in his book, “Delinquent Boys,” in theorizing that because social
conditions make them incapable of achieving success legitimately, lower class youths experience a form of
conflict:
a) subculture c) status frustration
b) frustration d) delinquency

94) This theory, which assumes that people enter into law-violating careers when they are labeled for their acts
and the individuals so labeled come to see them as criminal, was made popular by:
a) Howard Saul Becker c) David Matza
b) Gresham Sykes d) Ronald Akers

95) This refers to the movement from one extreme behavior to another, resulting in behavior that is sometimes
unconventional, free or deviant and at other times constrained and sober:
a) drift c) non-conformity
b) deviance d) violation

96) They viewed the process of becoming criminals as a learning experience in which potential delinquents and
criminals master techniques that enables them to counterbalance or neutralize conventional behavior:
a) Matza and Sykes c) Wolfgang and Ferracuti
b) Reckless and Hirschi d) Durkheim and Merton

97) Containment theory was introduced by:

a) Sykes c) Wolfgang and Ferracuti
b) Reckless d) Durkheim and Merton

98) In the book “Causes of Delinquency,” he linked the onset of criminality to the weakening of ties that bind
people in the society:
a) Sykes c) Wolfgang
b) Hirschi d) Durkheim

99) This theory explains that people obey the law because behavior and passions are being controlled by internal
and external forces:
 a) Social control theory c) Containment Theory
b) Social Bond Theory d) Labeling Theory

100) This refers to the lower class frustration, anger, and resentment as a result of their inability to obtain goals:

a) strain c) hindrance
b) anomie d) deviance

101) The following comprise the social process theories which generally view that criminality is a function of the
people’s interest with various organizations, institutions, and processes in the society, EXCEPT:
a) social learning theory c) differential reinforcement theory
b) differential association theory d) social disorganization theory

102) This was the theory introduced by Travis Hirschi:

a) Social bond theory c) social reaction theory
b) Social control theory d) labeling theory