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PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN FLY ASH DAN VOLUME FOAM TERHADAP KUAT

TEKAN, DAYA SERAP AIR, DAN BERAT JENIS BETON RINGAN FOAM DENGAN
PERBANDINGAN 1PC : 1PS

Article  in  Indonesian Journal Of Civil Engineering Education · December 2016

DOI: 10.20961/ijcee.v2i2.22766

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IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

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Physical, mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight foamed

concrete with fly ash
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2nd Nommensen International Conference on Technology and Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 420 (2018) 012062 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/420/1/012062
1234567890‘’“”

Physical, mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight foamed

concrete with fly ash
Chundakus Habsya1, Kuncoro Diharjo2,*, Prabang Setyono3, Prasasto
Satwiko4
1
Doctor Candidate in Postgraduate Program, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia
2
Mechanical Engineering Dept., Engineering Faculty, Sebelas Maret University,
Surakarta, Indonesia
3
Environmental Science Dept., Postgraduate Program, Sebelas Maret University,
Surakarta, Indonesia
4
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Atma Jaya
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
1
habsyasl.2004@gmail.com; 2,*kuncorodiharjo@ft.uns.ac.id;
3
prabangsetyono@gmail.com; 4prasast@gmail.com

Abstract. This study aims to investigate the effect of fly ash content on the
density, thermal conductivity, compressive strength and water absorption of
Lightweight Foamed Concrete (LFC). This LFC consists of cement, water, sand,
fly ash (FA) and foam. The foam is needed to to create air voids in the mixture
and reduce its weight. The foaming agent which was diluted in the water was
given air pressure using foam generator to produce foam. The LFC are made with
water-cement ratio of 1:1 and cement-agregat ratio of 1: 4. Aggregates consisted
of sand and FA varied by 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% in weight. The content offoam
was 30% and 40% of the mortar volume. The increasing of foam content
decreases density, thermal conductivity, and compressive strength of LFC.
However, that increases its water absorption. The increasing of FA contentalso
decreases water absorption, but it density, thermal conductivity and compressive
strength.

1.Introduction
Normal weight concrete (NWC) is one of preferred building materials for wall structure
component which has several advantages, such as low price, high compressive strength, good
weather resistance and formability.Its density is about 2,400 kg/m3 and its strength proper for
building structure. While the non-structural components require building materials with low
density, it can reduce the load of structures and construction costs [1].
Lightweight concrete (low density concrete) can be made with cement/mild-aggregate or
cement/sand-aggregate/foam. Cement, sand and foam aggregates are known as lightweight
foamed concrete (LFC), which has main composition of cement, foam, and with or without
filler. Its density is 300 – 1,800 kg/m3 and affected by foam content in the lightweight
concrete mix [2]. The higher the percentage of foam in the lightweight concrete, the lower of
the density [3]. The lower of density results in lower the compressive strength and thermal
conductivity [4]. LFC can be produced by addition of pre-foam into mortar to produce LFC
without filler or LFC with filler, such as fly ash (FA), palm oil fuel ash, and clay. FA is one of
the materials that can act as pozzolan to produce light concrete [5]. FA contains high calcium,

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Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
2nd Nommensen International Conference on Technology and Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 420 (2018) 012062 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/420/1/012062
1234567890‘’“”

silica, and alumina which can be used to create geopolymers bond with good strength and
resistance characteristics [6].
FA waste utilization for LFC is an effort to create a sustainable environment and give
positive effect that has better properties, more economical for non-structural components and
reduce total self-weight compared with conventional materials[7]. The LFC has excellent
thermal resistance compared to NWC and other conventional materials. LFC produces better
energy efficiency for use as non-structural alternative materials in tropical climates [8].
Thermal insulation materials play an important role in reducing power requirements and
greenhouse gas emissions.
Those studiesshow that LFC has low density and thermal conductivity. LFC with FA can
increase more significant in strength compared to LFC with sand. However, the density,
thermal conductivity, compressive strength and water absorptionof LFC with variation of fly
ash percentage are not yet known. Therefore, a study to measure the effect of FA percentage
on the density, the thermal conductivity, the compressive strength, and the LFC water
absorption is necessary. Furthermore, the relationship between density to thermal
conductivity,compressive strength, and water absorption can be obtained.

2. Experimental methods
2.1.Materials
The density of LFC was designed at 850 – 1,500 kg/m3.The LFC samples are made with
constant water-cement ratio of 1:1 and cement-agregat ratio of 1:4. The sand aggregates were
sieved for maximum size of 4.75mm. They consist of sand with FA addition which wasvaried
in 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% in weight. The foam content in LFC is 30% and 40% of the mortar
volume.
2.2.Samples preparation
The density, compressive strength and water absorption tests consist of 4 samples for each
LFC composition with a size of 75 mm in diameter and 150 mm in height. However, the
thermal conductivity test consists of 3 samples for each composition with a size of 40 mm in
diameter and 8 mm in height. The composition of each sample is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. The LFC samples code and composition

Sample Foam Cement Sand FA Water Foam
code (vol%) (kg) (kg) (kg) (ltr) (ltr)
FA0 30 12,59 50,36 0,00 12,59 2,08
FA10 30 12,59 50,36 5,04 12,59 2,08
FA20 30 12,59 50,36 10,07 12,59 2,08
FA30 30 12,59 50,36 15,11 12,59 2,08
FA0 40 23,38 93,52 0,00 23,38 4,84
FA10 40 23,38 93,52 9,35 23,38 4,84
FA20 40 23,38 93,52 18,70 23,38 4,84
FA30 40 23,38 93,52 28,06 23,38 4,84

2.3.Curing of LFC samples

The curing period is an important factor in the production of high mechanical strength LFC
[9]. The LFC curing was in accordance with ASTM C459-99a and it was demolded after a

2
2nd Nommensen International Conference on Technology and Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 420 (2018) 012062 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/420/1/012062
1234567890‘’“”

day of curing [10]. The next curing was performed indoors at room temperature of 21±5.5 oC
for 24 days and continued with curing for 3 days in anovenat the temperature of 60±2.8 oC.
The sample test was performed for the LFC after the curing age of 28 days and the LFC
temperature was equal to room temperature.
2.4.Test methods
The density test of LFC was performed by weighting of sample and measuring of its mass.
Then, the compressive testwas conducted using a universal testing machine (UTM). The data
obtained in this testing was maximum load and dimension of each sample. The thermal
conductivity test was conducted using the apparatus of HVS-40-200SE model from Tokyo
Meter Co. Ltd.The thermal conductivity formulae are shown in Eq.3. Where kis thermal
conductivity (W/mK), qis the heat flow (J/s), tis the sample thickness (m), Ais the specimen
surface area (m2) and ∆Tis the temperature difference between the hot and the cold plates (◦C).
𝑞. 𝐿⁄
𝑘= 𝐴. ∆𝑇 (1)
The water absorption test procedure was performed in accordance with ASTM C642. The
water absorption formulae are shown in Eq.. Where WAis the water absorption (%), Ws is the
Saturated Surface Dry (SSD) mass of the test specimen in the air after immersion (g); Wd is
the Open Dry (OD) mass of test specimen in the air (g).

𝑊𝑠 − 𝑊𝑑
𝑊𝐴 = 𝑥 100 (2)
𝑊𝑑

3.Results and discussions

3.1. The density and the compressive strength

10 1489.345 1524.345 1600

9.5 1403.661
1346.25
9
8.5 1300
8
Compressive Strength MPa)

7.5 980.98 1010.74

7 908.30
6.5 855.57 1000
Density (kg/³)

6
5.5
5 700
4.5
4 3.505
3.5 2.76 2.93
400
3
2.5 1.62
2
1.5 100
0.53 0.62
1 0.26 0.36
0.5
0 -200
FA0 FA10 FA20 FA30

fc [F30](MPa) fc [F40](MPa)
Density [F30](kg/m³) Density [F40](kg/m³)

Figure 1. Density and compressive strength.

The increase of foam content decrease of density and compressive strength [1] due to an
increase of air cavities trapped within the LFC. Mydin said that the density and compressive

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2nd Nommensen International Conference on Technology and Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 420 (2018) 012062 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/420/1/012062
1234567890‘’“”

strength of LWC is influenced by the amount of foam added to the mixture [2]. The results
show the lowest density is 855.57 kg/m3 and the highest density is at 1,524.34kg/m3. The
density has good correlation withthe previous research, where the LFC density was 600-1,800
kg/m3 [11], [12].
The increase of FA percentage in LFC results an increase of density and compressive
strength. It is influenced by the smaller FA diameter (0.01 - 0.015 mm) compared to the sand.
Smaller FA diameters tend to fill the larger diameter sand cavities (1- 4.75 mm). This result is
strengthened by previous studies that the density and compressive strength of LFC was
influenced by the number and size of cavities. The pozzolanic reaction of FA improves the
structure and strength of LFC [13], [14]. The FA, as an LFC additive, produces a uniform air
void spread, preventing bubbles from joining one bubble with another bubble and providing a
uniform membrane on each bubble. The pozzolanic reactions such as cement with fly ash and
calcium hydroxide will form calcium silicate hydrates that produce small pores that increase
the density and compressive strength of LFC [15].
3.2.The density and the thermal conductivity
The thermal conductivity of a material is the quantity of heattransmitted through a unit
thickness in a direction perpendicularto a surface of unit area, due to a unit temperature
gradient undergiven conditions [16]. The Increase of the foam content in the LFC results in a
decrease in thermal conductivity thermal. The decrease was caused by the increase of air
cavities inside the LFC which is a bad conductor compared to solid and liquid. Previous
studies of LFC have shown that good heat insulation capability is obtained from the increase
in closed cavities to form multi-cellular structures present in lightweight concrete [12].

1489.35 1524.35 1600

1403.66
0.099 1346.25
Thermal conductivity (W/mK)

0.097 1300
980.98 1010.74
0.095 908.30
Density (kg/m³)

855.57 1000
0.093
0.090 700
0.091 0.089
0.089 0.088 0.0875 400
0.086 0.0863
0.087 0.0853
0.0842 100
0.085
0.083 -200
FA0 FA10 FA20 FA30

k [F30](W/mK) k [F40](W/mK)
Density [F30](kg/m³) Density [F40](kg/m³)

Figure 2. Density and Thermal conductivity.

The density plays an important role in thermal conductivity. Any increase in FA percentage
results in the increase of the density andthermal conductivity (Fig. 2). In contrast, any
decrease in the LFC density results in a decrease in the thermal conductivity. A low LFC
density will result in low thermal conductivity as well. The number and size of the air cavity
are significant in affecting the density as it determines the thermal conductivity [15], [17].

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2nd Nommensen International Conference on Technology and Engineering IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 420 (2018) 012062 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/420/1/012062
1234567890‘’“”

3.3.The density and the water absorption

LFC has a higher water absorption capability compared to Normal weight Concrete (NWC)
due to lower density. The higher foam content of LFC results in higher water absorption
caused by the interconnection of more cell structures. Increasing the number of
interconnections of these cell structures results in channels for higher water absorption. Water
absorption increases with the increase in the air cavity contents and the interconnected pore
structure [18].

80.00 1489.35 1524.35 1600

1403.661
1346.25
70.00 1300
Water absorption (%)

980.98 1010.74
60.00 908.30

Density (kg/m³)
855.57 1000
50.00
700
40.00 31.84 31.13 30.35 30.02
400
30.00
16.30 15.86 15.70 14.77 100
20.00

10.00 -200
FA0 FA10 FA20 FA30

WA [F30](%) WA [F40](%)
Density [F30](kg/m³) Density [F40](kg/m³)

Figure 3. Density and Water absorption.

Fig. 3 shows the influence of the density tothe water absorption. Any increase in FA
percentage results in an increase in the density and results in a decrease in the water
absorption. In contrast, any decrease in the LFC density results in an increase in the water
absorption. The results are in accordance with the previous study that water absorption
increases with the decrease in the LFC density [19], [20].

4.Conclusions
The addition of foam content into the LFC results in the decrease of the density, the
thermal conductivity, and the compressive strength. However, the addition of foam content
into the LFC increasesthe water absorption. The addition of FA percentage into the LFC
results in the increase of the density, the thermal conductivity, and the compressive strength.
However, the additionn of FA percentage conten into the lFC decrease ofthe water
absorption. Higher density results in the increase of the thermal conductivity and the
compressive strength. In contrast, higher density results in the decreaseof the water
absorption.

References
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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 420 (2018) 012062 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/420/1/012062
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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 420 (2018) 012062 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/420/1/012062
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