AI PROJECT CYCLE

• Write down the different stages of Project Cycle

Ans : The different stages of Project Cycle are
• Problem Scoping
• Data Acquisition
• Data Exploration
• Modelling
• Evaluation

• Explain Problem Scoping ?

Ans: The problem scoping refers to the identification of a problem and the vision to
solve it.

3. 4Ws Problem Canvas

WHO WHAT WHERE WHY

The 4Ws are very helpful in problem scoping. They are:

• Who? – Refers that who is facing a problem and who are the stakeholders of the
problem
• What? – Refers to what is the problem and how you know about the problem
• Where? – It is related to the context or situation or location of the problem
• Why? – Refers to why we need to solve the problem and what are the benefits to
the stakeholders after solving the problem

• What is Problem Statement Template ?

Problem Statement Template gives us a ready reference to the problem and all its
components.
 • Differentiate between Testing and Training Data ?
Ans : Data can be a piece of information or facts collected for reference or analysis.
Training data is the data on which the model is trained so that the model is able to predict
an output.
Testing data is the data on which the model will make predictions.

• Which are the sources from where data can be acquired ?

Ans : Sources from where data can be acquired are
• Surveys
• Scraping
• Sensor/Hardware/GPS
• Cameras
• API

• Steps of Problem Scoping

• Identifying/Supervising the problem
• Goal Setting
• Identification of the Stakeholders
• Identification of the Existing Measures
• Identifying the Ethical concerns

9. What are the various types of Data  Visualisation techniques

Ans : The various types of Data  Visualisation techniques which can be used to depict the
data are Bar Graph, Histogram, Pie Chart, Line Graph and many more.
 • Classification of AI Models
AI Models are classified into Rule based and Learning Based Models. Learning Based
Model is further classified into Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models.

• LEARNING BASED APPROACH IS FURTHER DIVIDED INTO SUPERVISED , UNSUPERVISED AND

REINFORCEMENT LEARNING.

• Explain Learning Based Approach

The Learning Based Approach is the path through which the machine learns through
experience. The models and algorithms assist the mechanism. Sample data is the base used
as the training data. In this process the coder need not direct what to do, instead the
instructions are fed in with the data where a comparision is done with the previous data
through learning.

• Explain RULE BASED APPROACH

• In the RULE BASED APPROACH, the machine follows the rules or instructions mentioned
by the developer, and performs its task accordingly.

• Explain Decision Tree

• A Decision Tree is a graphical representation of all the possible solutions to a
decision based on certain conditions.
• DECISION TREE  has the following components
• ROOT :  A root is the starting point of any decision tree
• BRANCHES : The branches offer conditions.
• LEAF: The Leaf represents the decision.

• EXPLAIN SUPERVISED LEARNING

Supervised learning is the types of machine learning in which machines are trained using well
"labelled" training data, and on basis of that data, machines predict the output. The labelled
data means some input data is already tagged with the correct output.

Supervised learning is a process of providing input data as well as correct output data to the
machine learning model. The aim of a supervised learning algorithm is to find a mapping
function to map the input variable(x) with the output variable(y).

In the real-world, supervised learning can be used for Risk Assessment, Image classification,
Fraud Detection, spam filtering, etc.

Types of supervised Machine learning Algorithms:

Supervised learning can be further divided into two types of problems:

• EXPLAIN UNSUPERVISED LEARNING

ANS : As the name suggests, unsupervised learning is a machine learning technique in

which models are not supervised using training dataset. Instead, models itself find the
hidden patterns and insights from the given data. It can be compared to learning which
takes place in the human brain while learning new things. It can be defined as:

Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning in which models are trained using unlabeled
dataset and are allowed to act on that data without any supervision.

Types of Unsupervised Learning Algorithm:

• CLUSTERING

• DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION

• What is Reinforcement Learning?

• Reinforcement Learning is a feedback-based Machine learning technique in which an

agent learns to behave in an environment by performing the actions and seeing the
results of actions. For each good action, the agent gets positive feedback, and for each
bad action, the agent gets negative feedback or penalty.
• The agent learns with the process of hit and trial, and based on the experience, it learns
to perform the task in a better way. Hence, we can say that "Reinforcement learning is
a type of machine learning method where an intelligent agent (computer program)
interacts with the environment and learns to act within that." How a Robotic dog
learns the movement of his arms is an example of Reinforcement learning.

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Classification is supervised learning model in which data is classified according to

labels. This model works on discrete data sets and then classifies new observation
into a number of classes or groups. Such as cat or dog, etc. Since the Classification
algorithm is a Supervised learning technique, hence it takes labeled input data, which
means it contains input with the corresponding output.

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20. Explain Clustering :

Clustering or cluster analysis is a machine learning technique, which groups the unlabelled
dataset. It can be defined as "A way of grouping the data points into different clusters,
consisting of similar data points. The objects with the possible similarities remain in a
group that has less or no similarities with another group."

It does it by finding some similar patterns in the unlabelled dataset such as shape, size, color,
behavior, etc., and divides them as per the presence and absence of those similar patterns.

It is an unsupervised learning method, hence no supervision is provided to the algorithm, and it

deals with the unlabeled dataset.

Apart from these general usages, it is used by the Amazon in its recommendation system to
provide the recommendations as per the past search of products. Netflix also uses this
technique to recommend the movies and web-series to its users as per the watch history.

The below diagram explains the working of the clustering algorithm. We can see the different
fruits are divided into several groups with similar properties.

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 21. EXPLAIN “DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION.”
The performance of machine learning algorithms can degrade with too many input variables.

If your data is represented using rows and columns, such as in a spreadsheet, then the input variables
are the columns that are fed as input to a model to predict the target variable. Input variables are also
called features.

We can consider the columns of data representing dimensions on an n-dimensional feature space and
the rows of data as points in that space. This is a useful geometric interpretation of a dataset.

Having a large number of dimensions in the feature space can mean that the volume of that space is very
large, and in turn, the points that we have in that space (rows of data) often represent a small and non-
representative sample.

This can dramatically impact the performance of machine learning algorithms fit on data with many input
features, generally referred to as the “curse of dimensionality.”
Therefore, it is often desirable to reduce the number of input features.

This reduces the number of dimensions of the feature space, hence the name “dimensionality reduction.”
Dimensionality reduction refers to techniques for reducing the number of input variables in training data.

When dealing with high dimensional data, it is often useful to reduce the dimensionality by projecting the
data to a lower dimensional subspace which captures the “essence” of the data. This is called
dimensionality reduction.

• EXPLAIN DATA EVALUATION

• ANS : This stage follows the modelling and features various phases of testing. The stage
of testing the models is figured as Evaluation. In this very process, the evaluation of each
and every model is tried and the one which provides the most efficient and reliable
output or the result is chosen. The evaluating process helps to recognise  different  type
of graphs and explore various patterns and trends out of the data explore.