Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation 3

QUANTITY SURVEYING
& COST ESTIMATION
CE-372
Geometric Shapes
 Today's Objectives
2

 Identify the different geometric shapes like

triangles ,quadrilaterals and circles.

 Find angles in triangles, quadrilaterals and

other geometrical constructions.

 Use Pythagoras’ theorem to determine

diagonals.

 Calculate the circumference of a circle.

Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation
 Practical Usage
3

 Geometric shapes are frequently used in structures.

 Triangular shapes provides stability, hence are used in

roof trusses and multistory steel frames.

 Therefore, knowledge about different geometric

shapes is essential for the QS as he frequently has to
calculate the lengths of various members and their
angles.
CE 372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation
 Polygons
4

❑ Shapes or figures made by straight lines are also

called polygons.
❑ They are plane figures with only two dimensions, i.e.,
length and width.
❑ Examples of polygons
❑ Triangles
❑ Rectangles
❑ Squares
❑ Trapeziums
❑ Pentagons
CE 372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation
 Types of Triangles
5

 Acute angled triangle: Each angle less than 90°

 Obtuse angled triangle: One angle more than 90°

 Right-angled triangle: One angle equal to 90°

 Equilateral triangle: All equal sides, Each angle 60°

 Isosceles triangle: Two sides & two angles equal

CE 372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation

 Types of Triangles
6

CE 372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation

 Types of Triangles
7

 Scalene triangle: It has all angles of different

magnitude and all sides of different length.

❑ Acute, obtuse and right-angled triangles.

 Similar triangles: Angles of one triangle are

equal to the angles of the other triangle.

❑ Similar triangles are different in size but have

the same shape and their sides are proportional.

CE 372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation

 Theorem of Pythagoras
8

❑ (Hypotenuse)2 = (Perpendicular)2+ (Base)2

❑ AC2 = AB2 +BC2

If ∠𝐵𝐶𝐴 = 𝜃then Perpendicular

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐴𝐵
❑ 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 = =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐵𝐶

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐴𝐵
❑ 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝐶 Base

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐵𝐶
❑ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝐶
CE 372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation
 Theorem of Pythagoras
9

CE 372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation

 Theorem of Pythagoras
10

 Problem: For each figure, find unknown sides?

 Ans: AB=5.657 cm, AC=5.196 cm, BC=8 cm

CE 372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation
 Finding the angles
11

 The gradient of a road is 1 in 5. Find the angle that

the road makes with the horizontal.

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐵𝐶 1
𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝐴 = = = = 0.2
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝐵 5
∴ ∠ 𝐴 = tan−1 0.2 = 11.31° 𝑜𝑟 11° 18′ 36′′
CE 372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation
 Quadrilaterals
12

 Figures bounded by four straight lines are called

quadrilaterals.
 Rectangle, square, trapezium, parallelogram and
kite.
 A line joining the opposite corners of a
quadrilateral is called a diagonal.
 There are two diagonals in a quadrilateral, and
depending on the shape of the quadrilateral they
may or may not be equal.
 A diagonal divides a quadrilateral into two
triangles, hence the sum of the internal angles of a
quadrilateral is 360°.
CE 372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation
 Types of Quadrilaterals
13

 Rectangle:Each angle is equal to 90° and the opposite sides are equal.

 Square: A special form of a rectangle in which all four sides are equal.

 Parallelogram:Opposite sides are parallel and equal. Sum of internal angles are
360°. Only the opposite angles are equal. Diagonals are not
equal, theorem of Pythagoras is not applicable.

 Rhombus:Parallelogram with all four sides equal. Diagonals are not equal
but they bisect each other at right angles.

 Kite: It has two pairs of equal sides which are adjacent to each other

 Trapezium: It has a pair of parallel sides, which are not of equal length.

CE 372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation

 Types of Quadrilaterals
14

For Kite: side

NP =side NS
and side RP
= side RS

CE 372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation

 Finding Angles of Quadrilaterals
15

 Calculate angles a, b, c and d for the given

parallelogram EFGH.

CE 372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation

 Finding Angles of Quadrilaterals
16

 Calculate angles a, b, c and d for the parallelogram

EFGH.

CE 372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation

 Circles
17

 The plane figure enclosed by the curved line is

called a circle.

 Line OA is called the radius (r)

 The length of the curved line is called the

circumference (= 2𝜋r)

 A straight line that passes through the center

with its ends touching the circumference is
called a diameter(d=2r)
CE 372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation
18 END
Effort Never Dies

CE-372 Quantity Surveying & Cost Estimation