Politics & Gender, 15 (2019), e1, 1–28.

Online Book Reviews

Thematic Review: Transgender

Body Politics and the Policing of
Gender Norms and Transgressions

Beyond Trans: Does Gender Matter? By Heath Fogg Davis.

New York: New York University Press, 2017. 208 pp. $25 (hardcover),
$17 (paperback).
Phenomenal Gender: What Transgender Experience Discloses.
By Ephraim Das Janssen. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2017.
192 pp. $75 (hardcover), $25 (paperback).
The Right to Maim: Debility, Capacity, Disability. By Jasbir
K. Puar. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017. 296 pp. $95
(hardcover), $27 (paperback).
True Sex: The Lives of Trans Men at the Turn of the 20th
Century. By Emily Skidmore. New York: New York University Press,
2017. 272 pp. $27 (hardcover).
doi:10.1017/S1743923X18000958, e1

Courtenay W. Daum
Colorado State University

In 1987, Sandy Stone’s “The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttransexual

Manifesto” facilitated the establishment of contemporary transgender
studies as a distinct field of academic study. Stone positioned transsexual
individuals and theory as reconstructive forces capable of challenging
Published by Cambridge University Press 1743-923X/19 $30.00 for The Women and Politics Research Section of the
American Political Science Association.
# The Women and Politics Research Section of the American Political Science Association, 2019.

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 2 POLITICS & GENDER, 15(1), 2019

governing norms and constructs. “For a transsexual, as a transsexual, to

generate a true, effective and representational counterdiscourse is to
speak from outside the boundaries of gender, beyond the constructed
oppositional nodes which have been predefined as the only positions
from which discourse is possible” (Stone 1987, 13). More than 30 years
later, Stone’s call to action has resulted in the proliferation of
transdisciplinary approaches to studying questions of gender, sex,
sexuality, and the complexity of identities. Much of this scholarship
seeks to expose the fallacies of the governing sex and gender binaries and
challenge dominant normativities to facilitate the legibility of
transgender individuals (see, e.g., Currah, Juang, and Minter 2006;
Serano 2007; Spade 2015; Stryker and Aizura 2013; Stryker and Whittle
2006). While this research is produced by scholars across multiple
disciplines and is instrumental in challenging prevailing conceptions of
gender conformity and heteronormativity in the medical, legal, queer,
and feminist research, it consistently engages inherently political
questions and issues. Similarly, although the four books included in this
review are produced by scholars from different disciplines — political
science (Davis), philosophy (Janssen), ethnic studies (Puar), and history
(Skidmore) — each author engages how governing institutions, populations,
and/or norms work together to police bodies and manage populations. As
such, despite their different scholarly origins, these books directly implicate
the politics of gender and contribute to our understanding of how gender is
socially constructed and wielded by the state and public to privilege some
and marginalize others.
Although the Davis, Janssen, and Skidmore books focus exclusively on
gender identity and transgender individuals, Puar’s book includes a
chapter on transgender persons as part of a broader analysis of the
mechanisms by which the state and other neoliberal forces utilize the
right to maim and the debilitation of certain bodies as tools of population
management and social control. Puar’s analysis of debility complicates
the disabled/able-bodied binary and directly implicates biopower and
body politics in ways that have resonance for transgender studies and
politics. As such, I have opted to include The Right to Maim in this review.
To begin, it is important to acknowledge that the Davis, Janssen, Puar,
and Skidmore books cover a broad array of historical and geographic
terrains. For the purposes of this review, I examine their shared focus on
how the interactions between sociocultural norms and formal institutions
enforce binary conceptions of identity that facilitate dominant gender
norms and effectively distribute costs and benefits. Governing binaries

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 ONLINE BOOK REVIEWS 3

are powerful tools for locating and policing individuals and determining
which bodies will be legible in society. To that end, the sex and gender
binaries are instrumental in facilitating the state and dominant publics’
identification and surveilling of the population to enforce gender
compliance. Each of these authors attends to these issues in different
ways, but their shared attention to the policing of bodies provides
evidence that gender is political.
Janssen’s Phenomenal Gender is an ontological project that examines the
historical origins and construction of gender, from Ancient Greece through
early Christianity and the Enlightenment to the present day, to elucidate
the making and marking of gender transgressors over time. Specifically,
Janssen utilizes Heidegger’s phenomenological model of Dasein
(human existence, Being-there) from Being and Time (1962) to
interrogate and articulate the question of gender (3). This proves to be a
useful mechanism for teasing out the disconnects between biological
categories of male and female and the roles of women and men in order
to challenge the widely shared assumption that the gender binary is the
logical result of a sex binary. Recognizing that those things understood to
be “true” are perceived that way because they conform to a broader
knowledge, Janssen explains that for the phenomenologist, “The question
is not one of observing differences in bodies and then classifying those
differences with names but rather of examining how preconceptions of
gender have affected the science of human biology concerning sexual
difference. How has the naming of things shaped what can be seen in
them?” (47). As such, Janssen’s analysis challenges the reader to reevaluate
the phenomenon of gender and the governing binary by asking not “What
are the differences between the sexes?” but rather “What is meant by
‘sexes’?” (emphasis added, 57).
The widely accepted sex (male – female) and gender (man – woman)
binaries are inaccurate with respect to physiology, as demonstrated by
the existence of intersex, gender-fluid, and gender-nonconforming
individuals. Yet Janssen makes a strong case that these binaries are
theoretically problematic as well. As Phenomenal Gender makes clear,
binaries may be powerful governing norms, but the gender binary clearly
is not “true” because “[i]f it were, there would be no need to tell the
story; it would just be” (1). The fallacy of gender explains how and why
the policing and punishment of gender transgressors have come to be
powerful mechanisms for keeping people as they “ought to be” (1). Das
Man (one, the they) institutes and enforces the norms of gender, which
then form and constrain Dasein’s possibilities, and those who comply

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 4 POLITICS & GENDER, 15(1), 2019

with the dominant discourse are normalized, whereas those who do not are
abjected (105). At the same time, however, Janssen argues that das Man’s
“truth” and the subsequent sex and gender binaries actually provide a
means of resistance. The existence of gender transgressors — including
transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals — throughout
history serves as evidence that there are multiple ways for Dasein to be in
the world, which in turn has the potential to challenge dominant
publics and institutions of power.
Davis’s Beyond Trans demonstrates how the broad use of sex
classification policies empowers public and private administrators to
police Janssen’s gender transgressors. Consistent with Janssen’s argument
that “gender generally becomes conspicuous as an issue precisely when
there are problems associated with it” (30), Davis explores how
discontinuities among an individual’s sex identity documents and/or
their gender presentation in person shift the inquiry away from “Who are
you?” to “What are you?” (5). In this way, transgender discrimination is
better understood as sex-identity discrimination, and the problem to be
remedied is that sex classification policies empower some individuals to
police sex identity and mark as illegible those who do not comply with
dominant gender norms. Building on Dean Spade’s (2015) research on
administrative violence, Davis argues that bureaucratic sex classification
policies transform administrative agents into the “misbegotten role of sex
identity verifiers” empowered to enforce gender norms and render
gender transgressors administratively impossible (142).
In Beyond Trans, Davis examines sex classification policies that lead to
sex-identity discrimination in four different areas (i.e., government
identity documents, public restrooms, single-sex educational institutions,
and athletics) to demonstrate that the need to know an individual’s sex
organs is irrelevant to most policy goals. Davis explains that government
documents and sex-segregated bathrooms rely on antiquated sex
classifications that fail to advance rational policy goals. For example,
Davis accepts that “vital” documents, such as birth certificates, may be
necessary to verify an individual’s age and eligibility for government
programs, but he makes a strong case that it is not necessary to verify
someone’s sex organs for eligibility for government policies. Davis’s
elegant and simple proposal that institutions eliminate sex classification
policies belies its radical nature. As Janssen’s analysis makes clear, das
Man is invested in the “truth” of the sex and gender binaries, and
resistance to change is likely to be especially acute in those areas where

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 ONLINE BOOK REVIEWS 5

sex classification policies distribute advantages to certain privileged

populations.
As such, Davis’s analyses of single-sex colleges and sex-segregated athletics
are likely to meet resistance because entry to elite women’s colleges
and sporting events is highly competitive. Therefore, eliminating sex
classification policies in these two venues distributes tangible costs and
benefits, and women who benefit from policies that exclude transwomen
(or transmen) may resist attempts to replace sex classification policies with
gender-neutral criteria. In the case of sex segregation in sports, Davis
demonstrates how raced, sexed, and gendered assumptions intersect to reify
“real” sex and obfuscate attempts to move beyond gender, as exemplified by
the literal policing of athletes’ bodies via invasive physical examinations
and/or hormone testing. Yet Davis suggests that “[t]he distinction between
‘sex’ and ‘sex-related’ characteristics can help sports administrators redesign
policies that are closely tied to their legitimate policy goals” (137).
Consistent with his pragmatic approach throughout the book, rather than
advocate a “one size fits all” solution, Davis entertains the idea that
recreational, student, and elite athletic programs may consider different
mechanisms for moving beyond default sex classifications in sports based
on their different goals.
In The Right to Maim, however, Puar suggests that transgender
discrimination goes beyond the sex-identity discrimination described by
Davis to implicate a far vaster biopower that cannot be remedied by
eliminating sex classification policies alone. Puar shows how regimes of
biopower make transgressive bodies, including but not limited to
transgender bodies, precarious through a triangulation of debility,
disability, and capacity (xv). Specifically, Puar challenges the idea that
disability is a fixed identity to argue that the disabled/able-bodied binary
elides those populations that are marked for debilitation and that this
omission enables state control of populations and the maintenance of
colonial territories. Thus, although Puar and Janssen share an interest in
the ontological assemblages of power, The Right to Maim pushes beyond
phenomenological essences to make the case that disability is a form of
“risk coding, as an embedded aspect of biopolitical population
management” (73).
In the first chapter, “Bodies with New Organs: Becoming Trans,
Becoming Disabled,” Puar explains how the popular media refrain that
we have reached the “transgender tipping point” in the United States is
predicated on the assimilation of a transnormative subject into “racial
and gendered mandates of bodily comportment” (35). Bodies that are

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 6 POLITICS & GENDER, 15(1), 2019

unable to be comported in this way are not only marked as abjected as

Janssen claims but are further manifested as debilitated bodies. For Puar,
“debilitating and abjecting are co-substancing processes” (35). The
recognition of nonnormative transgender bodies as debilitated bodies
enables Puar to craft a powerful intersectional critique of both disability
and trans rights movements and their tendencies to privilege the
exceptional disabled and transgender figures over those who are
debilitated and/or incapable of being recapacitated. Specifically, The
Right to Maim criticizes transnormative conceptions of trans “becoming”
and the “recapacitation machine” that conditions the acceptance of trans
communities and transgender identity on individuals’ abilities to reform
their debilitated bodies “through a white/liberal/male assemblage” (10).
This racialized capacitation effectively privileges white masculinities
within trans communities.
Drawing on the work of Deleuze and Guattari ([1987] 2016), Puar offers
becoming trans as an alternative trajectory that seeks to dissolve rather than
reify binary frames: “Becoming is not about trying to make the body more
capacitated but about allowing and reading more multiplicity, multiplicities
of the impersonal and of the imperceptible” (56). To that end, becoming
trans entails a political commitment to deterritorializing gender, sex, and
race as a means of moving away from the either/or of the normative-
nonnormative binary (60). Puar imagines new multiplicities and
proliferations of becomings as “a politics of manifesting beyond what
control can control” (61), thereby challenging the biopolitics of capacitation.
Interestingly, Skidmore’s True Sex validates Puar’s claim that gender
normativity intersects with other categories of “risk coding” to render
some bodies more easily recapacitated than others. Skidmore utilizes
newspaper accounts of the “outing” of transmen in rural counties at the
turn of the twentieth century to expand the sociocultural history of
LGBTQ lives in the United States to document the extent to which
local communities accepted and supported their transgender neighbors.
Specifically, True Sex reports that “white, middle-class, able-bodied, and
economically productive bodies” were granted leeway for their gender
transgressions, whereas “foreign” bodies were more likely to be marked as
abject (99). Skidmore demonstrates that to the extent that the former
were perceived as valuable contributing members of the community
(i.e., farmers, ranch hands, husbands, and neighbors), they were largely
left alone (45). This finding confirms Janssen’s analysis of the
phenomenon of gender as a process and not a biological fact. Due to the
fact that these transmen complied with expectations about masculinity

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 ONLINE BOOK REVIEWS 7

and successfully fulfilled the roles that were expected of men in these
communities, they were recognized as productive members of society
and their gender transgressions were overlooked (Janssen 2017, 15). For
a period of time, married transmen were even referred to as “female
husbands” in the press, which conveyed legitimacy on both their asserted
identities and their marriages (41). For example, when George Green —
a married transman who worked as a farmhand — passed away in Ettrick,
Virginia, his neighbors and friends were shocked to learn that his
anatomy did not correlate with his gender. Yet, as Skidmore reports,
local newspaper coverage suggests that his neighbors were not troubled
by Green’s “true sex” because he “had been an honest and hardworking
individual during his life” (47). Green’s funeral was held in the local
Catholic Church, presided over by a priest, and his body was buried in a
nearby Catholic cemetery (49). His widow was supported by the local
community, and she continued to reside there after Green’s death (48).
As such, Skidmore’s research challenges traditional assumptions about
trans and queer legibility in rural America and US history. Skidmore’s
exploration of the myriad ways local communities negotiated their
relationships with their transgender neighbors is truly fascinating. One of
her most interesting findings is that local and national newspaper reports
varied greatly in their descriptions of these transgender individuals and
their circumstances and that the national discourses informed the ways in
which local communities constituted and navigated the boundaries of
social membership in their small towns (7). Furthermore, Skidmore’s
contribution is notable because her research challenges the predominance
of metronormativity and the privileging of urban case studies in LGBTQ
research. Although “rural” is often “the devalued term in the urban/rural
binary governing the spatialization of modern US sexual identities”
(Halberstam 2005, 36–37), in True Sex, the story of queer migration —
from closeted rural communities to gay urban enclaves — takes on new
dimensions as Skidmore finds that many transmen migrated from their
rural hometowns to new rural communities. In fact, Skidmore’s research
makes clear that for some transmen it was precisely the decision to live in
a small or rural town that provided them with the opportunity to live freely
as men and to be accepted and integrated into their communities.
Together, these authors’ research demonstrates how binary constructions
of gender and the associated normativities distribute costs and benefits. The
roles that the state and public play in policing gender intersect with race,
disability, and class to mark some as abject or debilitated gender
transgressors. In contrast, those who are able to present as they “ought to

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 8 POLITICS & GENDER, 15(1), 2019

be” either via gender compliance or assimilation are capacitated as

legitimate subjects. Yet, as Janssen and Skidmore’s research
demonstrates, the histories of gender and sexuality are highly contextual
and inform the processes by which individuals are marked as
transgressive or assimilated. Throughout the twentieth century,
government surveillance and recording of individuals’ gender identities
proliferated via various government social welfare programs as well as the
broader use of identity documents such as driver’s licenses and passports.
Effective in 2020, all state driver’s licenses must comply with
requirements of the federal REAL ID Act, and these documents will be
required for boarding airplanes and entering US government buildings
and facilities, thereby expanding the federal government’s surveilling of
the population. The growth of both the administrative and surveillance
states is accompanied by increased scrutiny of individuals, which makes
some more vulnerable to bureaucratic profiling and sex-identity
discrimination as described by Davis in Beyond Trans. Similarly, the past
century has witnessed massive technological advancements that have
created new opportunities for biopolitics, ranging from the changing
nature of military warfare to new methods of manufacturing and
production. As Puar makes clear in The Right to Maim, these
developments implicate the biopolitics of disability, which intersect with
race and gender to mark some as productive citizens and others as
debilitated bodies. The politics of gender are imbricated in all of these
developments.
Recognizing that the policing of gender is highly intersectional, the
question becomes how to advance the interests, well-being, and safety of
all transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals as opposed to
only those most capable of transnormative capacitation or assimilation.
In the past few decades, a new demand for political recognition and
legibility for transgender and gender nonconforming individuals has
emerged, but none of the four books included in this review focuses on
the pursuit of transgender rights per se. In fact, Davis and Puar both
offer powerful critiques of the practice of privileging rights-based reform
as the mechanism for advancing the interests and legibility of atypical
bodies in the United States. They warn that the privileging of
assimilation and accommodation as the means by which these bodies are
integrated into prevailing normative structures comes with real costs; it
ignores how race intersects with gender and other characteristics to make
capacitation and assimilation impossible for some. Similarly, Janssen
cautions transgender rights movements that absent a critical interrogation

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 ONLINE BOOK REVIEWS 9

of what gender is and how it came to be, legal and legislative reform will
merely reify governing binary assumptions about gender (5).
Davis’s book is distinct from the others in that he prescribes solutions to
the administrative violence that is perpetuated by myriad bureaucratic
officials on transgender individuals, whereas the other authors engage in
descriptive analyses. As an alternative to rights recognition and litigation,
Davis prescribes that organizations proactively apply anti-discrimination
law’s rational basis test (i.e., asking whether an existing policy is rationally
related to a legitimate policy goal) to all of their sex classification policies
and practices (17). Davis posits that in most cases, organizations will find
that their sex classification policies are not a rational (or necessary)
means to furthering their articulated policy goals and that the latter can
be advanced via alternative means that reduce the opportunities for sex-
identity discrimination. In fact, Davis concludes his book with a
“Gender Audit” that he utilizes to move companies and organizations
toward more inclusive workplace policies. As stated previously, this
proposal is more radical than it sounds, given that entrenched and
privileged interests are invested in the maintenance of the gender binary
and its associated conformities, and at times I think Davis is overly
optimistic about the viability of his proposal. I appreciate that Davis is
willing to provide specific policy recommendations and that he is
actively working with organizations to reform their sex classification
policies. Political science scholarship would benefit from more work in
this vein. Finally, Beyond Trans is well written and accessible to a broad
audience, and it would be an excellent addition to any undergraduate or
graduate class on gender or LGBTQ politics.
Although the Janssen, Puar, and Skidmore books are descriptive in nature,
each has utility for those committed to advancing transgender interests.
Although many agree that gender is a social construct, Janssen’s
phenomenological critique provides critics of the biological roots of gender
with the discourse needed to challenge these frames. For example,
Phenomenal Gender exposes the limitations of allowing individuals to self-
select into the existing male/female binary on legal identity documents, a
practice that reifies rather than dismantles these categories. As such, Janssen
asks whether the state should include gender categories beyond the male/
female dichotomy on these documents to represent a broader array of
individuals (61). In addition, his theoretical arguments also can be used to
substantiate Davis’s push to get rid of sex classification policies altogether
because these policies sort people according to differences based on sex
assigned at birth as opposed to observing how difference emerges over time.

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 10 POLITICS & GENDER, 15(1), 2019

Readers unfamiliar with Heidegger’s Being and Time may find Phenomenal
Gender challenging at times, and those disinclined to his theoretical
contributions are not likely to appreciate Janssen’s extensive discussion of
das Man and Dasein. Ultimately, Phenomenal Gender makes a valid case
for why it is imperative to explore the “existential, cultural and historical
origins of gender” in addition to “the biological aspect of gender” (3,
emphasis in original).
Consistent with Janssen’s call to action, Skidmore’s True Sex makes
legible the existence of transgender men in the rural United States at the
turn of the century. This contribution is significant for the advancement
of transgender interests because the lack of historical research on
transgender individuals in the United States complicates contemporary
claims to legibility and recognition. Absent an awareness of our gendered
history, it is difficult to critically interrogate the contemporary politics of
gender and sexuality. Although research on the history of gays and
lesbians across the United States usually references transgender
individuals in passing if at all, True Sex makes an important contribution
to the growing history of transgender individuals in the United States as
well as work on LGBTQ individuals outside of urban contexts.
Skidmore’s book is filled with the names and lives of previously
unknown transgender pioneers, and she does an excellent job of telling
their stories and integrating their experiences into her broader historical
analysis. As such, I hope that additional historians will follow her lead
and bring the stories of other hidden figures to light in order to complete
and complicate the history of gender in the United States.
Finally, Puar’s project draws attention to the ways in which trans and
disabled bodies are both subject to the recapacitation machine as their
(racialized) bodily differences are operationalized as defects. Puar not
only offers a critique of liberal rights movements but also makes the case
for an intersectional disability justice movement that identifies and
demands an end to the conditions that debilitate populations around the
world, ranging from transwomen of color to black Americans and
Palestinians in Gaza. Although Puar’s book at times suffers from trying to
cover so much ground (i.e., gender identity, disability, queer politics,
Black Lives Matter, the Israeli-Palestine conflict), she makes a powerful
point about the myriad ways neoliberal forces utilize the politics of
debilitation to create precarious populations. Ultimately, the analysis of
the Israeli –Palestine conflict in the latter half of the book is arguably
Puar’s strongest contribution. Her discussion of the Israeli Defense
Forces’ practice of maiming, as opposed to killing, Palestinians in Gaza

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 ONLINE BOOK REVIEWS 11

is theoretically and politically powerful, and is a “must read” for fans of

Puar’s Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times (2007).
The books included in this review are but a small sample of the
outstanding new research on transgender identities and politics being
published today. Forty years after Stone’s call for a “true, effective, and
representational counterdiscourse,” transgender scholars have challenged
the “constructed oppositional nodes” that worked as mechanisms for
erasing and silencing transgender lives and voices. In addition, their
work has paved the way for a broad array of scholars from diverse
backgrounds and scholarly orientations to expand their own purviews to
critically interrogate the role and power of the gender binary and
normativity across time and place (Stone 1987). As these books
demonstrate, scholars from multiple disciplines are engaging the politics
of gender identity and expanding the discourse and scholarship in
meaningful and important new directions. Political scientists interested
in these issues would be well served by engaging with this innovative
research both inside and outside of our discipline.

Courtenay W. Daum is a professor in the political science department,

affiliate faculty with the Center for Women’s Studies and Gender
Research, and a fellow at the One Health Institute at Colorado State
University: courtenay.daum@colostate.edu.

REFERENCES
Currah, Paisley, Richard M. Juang, and Shannon Price Minter. 2006. Transgender Rights.
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari. [1987] 2016. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and
Schizophrenia. Translated by Brian Massumi. London: Bloomsbury.
Halberstam, Jack. 2005. In a Queer Time and Place: Transgender Bodies, Subcultural Lives.
New York: New York University Press.
Heidegger, Martin. 1962. Being and Time. Translated by John Macquarrie and Edward
S. Robinson. New York: Harper.
Serano, Julia. 2007. Whipping Girl. Berkeley, CA: Seal Press.
Spade, Dean. 2015. Normal Life: Administrative Violence, Critical Trans Politics, and the
Limits of Law. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Stone, Sandy. 1987. “The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto.” https://
sandystone.com/empire-strikes-back.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2018.
Stryker, Susan, and Stephen Whittle. 2006. The Transgender Studies Reader, Volume 1.
New York: Routledge.
Stryker, Susan, and Aren Aizura. 2013. The Transgender Studies Reader, Volume 2.
New York: Routledge.

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