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Culture- can be defined as all the ways
of life including arts, beliefs and
institutions of a population that are
passed down from generation to
generation.
Culture- refers to that complex whole
which includes knowledge, laws, morals,
beliefs, customs and art. – Edward B.
Taylor.
Society-is not just the community that
you live in, it is all the groups of people
that share the same laws, rights, and
resources and live under the same
flag.
Politics -the social institution through
which power is acquired and exercised
by certain individuals and groups.
3 DISCIPLINES
1)Anthropology- study of human and
their behavior and human societies
around the world. :Understand humans,
Include past and present, Why human
behave?
:It is the scientific study of man: his
works, his body, his behavior, his values,
time,space
: Also includes the study of man's
physical social cultural development
that describes and explain the
phenomenon of human life
:Anthropology is the study, analysis, and
description of humanity’s past and
present. Questions about the past
include prehistoric origins and human
evolution.
Human evolution- is the lengthy
process of change by which people
originated from apelike ancestors. 
Paleoanthropology- is the scientific
study of human evolution.
Why do we need to study
anthropology?
•to understand origin of mankind
•to observe the common and
differences human being
BRANCHES OF ANTHROPOLOGY
● Physical/Biological
● Archeology
● Linguistic-deals with underlying
principles concerning the
formation and evolution of
language
● Cultural
Anthropological perspectives- are
culture, cultural relativism, fieldwork,
human diversity, holism, bio-cultural
focus.
Perspectives of Anthropology are:
● Cultural Relativism-ability to
understand a culture on its own
terms and not to make
judgments using the standards of
one's own culture (ALL
POSITIVE)
~Ethnocentrism-judging another
culture based upon the values
and standards set in one's own
culture, superiority.(NEGATIVE)
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~Xenocentrism- is the opposite
of ethnocentrism, the belief that
one’s
culture is inferior compared to
others.
Preference for another culture or
another culture over one's own
culture
● Comparison-compare ideas
morals practices and systems
within or between cultures.
● Fieldwork-referred to
ethnography which is both the
interaction and after effect of
social anthropological
examination. (Composing)
● Holistic emphasis/
Holism-anthropologists are keen
in all mankind in how different
parts of life connect
contemplating a salutary part of
our unbelievable histories
dialects bodies or social orders.
2)Sociology-it is the scientific
investigation of human culture and
social behavior is a discipline in social
sciences concern about the human
society and human social activities. It
exist in particular places and times, and
they change over time.
The ultimate goal of sociology is to
acquire knowledge and about society
like all other social sciences discipline
subject matters: diverse ranging from
crime to religion, family to state,
divisions of race, social class, shared
belief of common culture, social
stability, radical change in whole
society.
Auguste Comte-father of sociology
Perspective: support us with
understanding ourselves better.
Sociological imagination- individuals
tend ro see the world through their
restricted insight of a little circle of
family, companions, colleague.The
sociological imagination permits us to
stand separated intellectually from our
restricted insight and see the
connection between private concerns
and social issues. It grants us to follow
the connection between the patterns
and events of our own and the patterns
and events of our society.
At the heart of sociology is the
sociological perspective the view that
our social background influence our
attitudes behavior and life chances
3)Political Science- is a branch of
social science that deals with human
and their interaction.
: It is the study of the nature causes and
consequences of the collective decisions
and action taken by groups of people
unleaded cultures and institution that
structure power and authority.
: Is a social science discipline that deals
with systems of governance and
analysis of political activities political
thoughts associated constitution and
political behavior.
:Investigation of the state in the past
present and future political organization
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cycles and functions of political
establishments and theories.
Social Science is one of the branches of
science, devoted to the study of
societies and the relationships among
individuals within those societies.
Aristotle-father of political science
Subfields:
● Political hypothesis
● public policy
● public legislative issues
● Worlwide relations
● human rights
● natural governmental issues
and near legislative issues
Perspective: 1)psychology social
research cognitive neuroscience
2)approaches include positivism
interpretivism rational choice theory
behaviorism structuralism post
structuralism realism institutionalism
and pluralism 3) as one of the social
sciences uses methods and techniques
that relate to the kinds of increased
sought primary resources as such as
historical documents and official record
secondary sources such as scholarly
journal articles survey research
statistical analysis case studies
experimental research and model
building.
Functional Society- achieve the goal of
its members. (It meets the needs of the
people)
:has reciprocal relationship- means
exchanging of needs.
Structural Society- society is the total
social heritage of folkways. Still in use
today here in the Philippines.
The following are reasons people live
together as a society (Ariola, 2012):
a. For survival – No man is an island.
No man can live alone. From birth to
death, man always depends upon his
parents and from others. The care,
support, and protection given by them
are important factors for survival.
b. Feeling of gregariousness – This is
the desire of people to be with other
people, esecially of their own culture.
People flock together for emotional
warmth and belongingness. the need for
approval, sympathy and understanding
to which the individual belongs is a
psychosocial need.. The more the person
is needy, the more he craves sympathy
and understanding from someone else.
c. Specialization – Teachers,
businessmen, students, physicians,
nurses, lawyers, pharmacists, and other
professionals organize themselves into
societies or associations to promote and
protect their own professions.
Society comprises a group of people
who share a common culture, live in a
particular area and feel themselves to
constitute a unified and distinct entity.
CHARACTERISTICS
1)It is a social system: it holds its
members through a common culture.
2)It is relatively large:The people must
be socially integrated to be considered
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relatively larger than if the people are
individually scattered.
3)It socializes its members and from
those from without:Since most of
society’s members are born to it, they
are taught the basic norms and
expectations.
4)It endures, produces and sustains
its members for generations:For
society to survive, it must have the
ability to produce, endure and sustain
its new members for at least several
generations.
5)It holds its members through a
common culture:The individuals in a
society are held together because that
society has symbols, norms, values,
patterns of interaction, vision and
mission that are commonly shared by
the members of such society
6)It has clearly-defined geographical
territory: The members in a society
must live in a certain specific habitat or
place and have a common
belongingness and sense of purpose.
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
1)It provides a system of
socialization:
2)It provides the basic needs of its
members:it must be provided by society
to satisfy the basic needds of its
members
3)It regulates and controls people’s
behavior:Conformity to the prevailing
norms of conduct ensures social control.
Peace and order are created through a
system of norms and formal
organizations.
4)It provides the means of social
participation:Through social
participation, the individuals in a
society learn to interact with each other,
present and discuss their concerns and
solve their own problems or renew their
commitment and values
5)It provides mutual support to the
members:Mutual support is provided to
the members of society in the form of
relief in any form and solution to
problems met by them. This form of
assistance may come from the family,
neighbors, clans, government and
non-government agencies, civic and
religious organizations.
Societies exist in particular places and
times, and they change over time.
Societies are organized in particular
patterns, patterns that are shaped by a
range of factors, including the way
people procure food, the availability of
resources, contact with other societies,
and cultural belief.
TYPES OF SOCIETY
People's Subsistence
1) Hunting-Gathering Societies
Societies in which people rely on
hunting, fishing and gathering wild
plants for their subsystems. They use
tools and weapons made from natural
materials such as stone wood bone in
animal hide. They may also use fire
for cooking and warmth. The earliest
form of human society. Often nomadic
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moving from place to place to find
food
2) Horticultural Societies
Societies that rely on cultivation of
plants and subsistence. Settlement is
small and neighborhood is solid.
People learn to use human muscle
power and hand held tools for
cultivate fields. Live in villages or semi
permanent settlements
3) Pastoral Societies
Societies that rely on the raising and
herding of animals for subsistence.
Rely on herding cattle or goats or for
subsistence they may use animals for
transportation clothing and other
goods as well. Nomadic or semi
nomadic moving from place to place
to find grazing land for their animals
they make trouble in search of water
and other resources as well.
4) Agricultural Societies
Rely on intensive cultivation of crops
for subsistence. Often have social
stratification with hierarchical
systems of power and authority.
Wealth and status are often based on
land ownership and control over
resources. Often have specialized
occupations with such people
specializing in certain trades such as
farming metalworking or weaving
5) Industrial Societies
Rely on mass production methods to
create goods and services.
Individuals tend to specialize in
specific roles or professional such as
factory workers engineers or
managers specialization of labor
allows for greater efficiency and
productivity
6)Post-Industrial Societies
Are characterized by the widespread
use of information technology and the
internet which have transformed
many aspects of daily life including
communication work and
entertainment. Tend to have a
knowledge-based economy with an
emphasis on the production and
exchange of information services and
expertise rather than goods.
Dissolution
There are several ways by which a
society is dissolved: (1) when the people
kill each other through civil revolution;
(2) when an outside force exterminates
the members of the society; (3) when
the members become apathetic among
themselves or have no more sense of
belongingness; (4) when a small society
is absorbed by a stronger and larger
society by means of conquest or
territory; (5) when an existing society is
submerged in water killing all the
people and other living things in it; or
(60 when the people living in such a
society voluntarily attach themselves to
another existing society.
KEYWORDS! Civil War, Foreign War,
Absorption
Example of Dissolved Country:
Philippines:
● Japanese Occupation-World
War II, became a puppet
government under Japanese
control.
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Culture is a concept in sociology. It
shapes social relationships, maintains
challenges, social order and influence
how we understand the world and our
place in it. Stability that allows us to
cooperate and function as a society.
: It is the way of living of a society
that passes generations to
generations.
:Promoting social harmony and be able
to build a more inclusive and equitable
society for all.
: It is the way we understand
ourselves both as individuals and as a
members of society and includes
stories religion media it wasn't even
language itself. A way of life and
morality is a part of culture.
all cultures comprise (a) material
objects, (b)ideas, values, and attitudes,
and (c) patterned ways of behaving.
● Culture is a product of human
interaction
● Social things that is complex and
socially transmitted
● Provide socially acceptable
pattern for meeting biological
social needs
● Meaningful to human beings,
established pattern of behavior,
cumulative
● Serves as a "trademark" of a
society's people
Edward Burnett Tylor-according to him
culture is a complex whole which
consists of knowledge beliefs ideas
habits attitudes skills abilities values
norms are morals customs traditions
feelings and other capabilities of
woman which are acquired learn and
socially transmitted by a man from one
generation to another through language
and living together as members of the
society.
In the book of (David and Macaraeg,
2010), the following functions of culture
were given emphasis: (1) it serves as the
“trademark” of the people in the
society; (2) it gives meaning and
direction to one’s existence; (3) it
promotes meaning to individual's
existence; (4) it predicts social behavior;
(5) it unifies diverse behavior; (6) it
provides social solidarity; (7) it
establishes social personality; (8) it
provides systematic behavioral pattern;
(9) it provides social structure category;
(10) it maintains the biologic
functioning of the group; (11) it offers
ready-made solutions to man’s material
and immaterial problems; and (12) it
develops man’s attitude and values and
gives him a conscience.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
1)Language
2)Social Norms-unwritten rules of
behavior that are considered to be
acceptable. what is being practice in a
society
3)Traditions
4)Art
5)Music
6)Religion
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7)Cuisine religion, science or a combination

of all of these
8)Symbols- symbolic representation
● Values are culturally defined
that carry meanings
standards for what is good or
Cultural Characteristics can evolve over desirable. Values determine how
time/influenced. Historical events, individuals will probably respond
social changes and interactions with in any given circumstances.
other cultures. Members of the culture use the
shared system of values to
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE decide what is good and what is
bad.
● Symbol anything that is used to
● Norms are specific
stand for something else. It is
rules/standards to guide for
anything that gives meaning to
appropriate behavior
the culture. (Object gestures
sound image) Types of Norms
● Language storehouse of the
culture it system of words and a. Proscriptive norm defines and tells
symbols used to communicate us things not to do
with other people (philippines is a
b. Prescriptive norm defines and tells
multilingual country with over
us things to do
170 languages and dialects
spoken) Forms of Norms
● Technology refers to the
● Folkways are also known as
application of knowledge and
customs (customary/repetitive
equipment to ease the task of
ways of doing things); they are
living and maintaining the
forms of norms for everyday
environment; it includes artifacts,
behavior that people follow for
methods and devices created
the sake of tradition or
and used by people
convenience.
● Belief refers to the faith of an
● Mores are strict norms that
individual. They are conceptions
control moral and ethical
or ideas of people have about
behavior; they are based on
what is true in the environment
definitions of right and wrong.
around them like what is life, how
● Laws are controlled ethics and
to value it and how one’s belief
they are morally agreed, written
on the value of life relate with his
down and enforced by an official
or her interaction with others and
law enforcement agency. They
the world. These maybe based on
are institutionalized norms and
common sense, folk wisdom,
mores that were enacted by the

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state to ensure stricter
punishment in order for the
people to adhere to the
standards set by society (formal
norms)
Two Components of Culture
Material culture consists of tangible
things . It refers to the physical objects,
resources, and spaces that people use
to define their culture. These include
homes, neighborhoods, cities, schools,
churches, synagogues, temples,
mosques, offices, factories and plants,
tools, means of production, goods and
products, stores, and so forth. All of
these physical aspects of a culture help
to define its members' behaviors and
perceptions. Everything that is created,
produced, changed and utilized by men
is included in the material culture.
[Clothing, Tools, Technology]
Non-material culture consists of
intangible things. Non‐material culture
refers to the non physical ideas that
people have about their culture,
including beliefs, values, rules, norms,
morals, language, organizations, and
institutions. (God, worship, morals, and
ethics) :Symbols, language, values, and
norms. Non-material culture can be
categorized into cognitive and
normative culture.
[Language, Beliefs, Values, Norms ]
Cultural Diversity
are diverse and can vary significantly
across different societies and regions
this diversity can be influenced by
historical events social changes and
interaction with other culture
The Philippines is the diverse country
with a wide range of ethnic linguistic
and cultural groups
● Indigenous cultures philippines
is santa number of indigenous
people such as aeta igorot and
lumad have their own investing
cultural traditions languages and
practices. It reflects the country's
pre-colonial history
● Regional differences the
philippines is composed of more
than 7,000 islands each with its
own unique regional cultural
traditions and practices cuisine
music and festivals
● Colonial influences philippines
was colonized by spain for over
300 years and by united states
for nearly 50 years resulting that
adoption of spanish and
american culture elements this
influences can be seen in the
countries architectural language
religion and customs
● Religious diversity the
philippines is predominantly
catholic but also has significant
muslim and protestant
population this religious groups
have their own distinct beliefs
practices and traditions that
contribute to the country's
cultural diversity
● Multilingualism the Philippines is
a multilingual country with over
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170 languages and dialects
spoken throughout the country is
linguistic diversity reflects the
different ethnic and cultural
groups found in the philippines.
Cultural Variation refers to the rich
diversity in social patterns that different
human group exhibit around the world.
Music, dance, languages, cuisine, and
art are different from one culture to
another.
The variation in human conditions
promotes diversity in cultural traditions.
What may be considered good practice
in one culture may be considered bad
practice in one another.
Cultural Universals are patterns or
traits that are globally common to all
societies.
Dominant Society- who hold the most
power, privilege and influence to control
other society.
Example: United States: Political,
Economical, Social and Cultural powers
Variation between Cultures within a
human group, certain segments of the
society develop cultural patterns that
differs from the patterns of the
dominant society.
1. Subculture is a culture that is shared
with a distinctive pattern of mores,
folkways, and values which differ from a
larger society. The group of society who
exhibit subculture have a specific and
unique set of beliefs and values that set
them apart from the dominant culture.
2. Counter Culture is a culture practice
by groups whose values and norms
place it at odds with mainstream
society or a group that actively rejects
the dominant cultural values and norms.
: antagonist opposing (NPA, terrorist)
3. High Culture is a culture practiced
and patronized by the upper classes of
the society.
Example: watching opera, classical
music and live theater
4. Popular Culture is a culture
practiced or patronized by the middle
and working classes of the society
(middle culture)
Example: Watching soap opera over the
televisions, movies and rock concerts
Cultural Relativism means
understanding and judging cultural
beliefs, values, and practices based on
the culture they belong to, rather than
judging them from one's own cultural
perspective.
:This approach emphasizes respecting
and understanding cultural diversity,
rather than viewing one culture as
superior or inferior to another.
Many cultures around the world believe
that their beliefs, practices are in fact
superior to that of others. This mentality
sometime leads to discrimination and
ostracism.
ostracism- vanishment or exclusion
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Ethnocentrism is the regard that one’s
own culture and society is the center of
everything and seen as the most
efficient and superior among the
cultures in the world. A person who
exhibits ethnocentrism feels that his or
her culture is correct and appropriate as
compared to other cultures thus an
ethnocentric attitude can be a problem
in understanding each other culture and
foster tensions, misunderstanding and
conflicts between societies.
Xenocentrism- A cultural belief or
attitude that views foreign or exotic
cultural products practices or values as
superior to those of one's own culture.
Opposite of ethnocentrism, the belief
that one's culture is inferior compared
to others.
Culture Shock is the feeling of
disoriented, uncertain, out of place or
even fearful when immersed in an
unfamiliar culture.
Culture shocks may appear because
people aren’t always expecting cultural
differences. People evaluates the
particular culture based on their own
culture which often give problems and
bias due to his or her own perspective
that his or her culture is the efficient
and appropriate for the environment.
Cultural Relativism is the practice by
assessing a culture by its own standards
rather that viewing it through the lens of
one’s own culture. It is the practice that
one must understood in the context of
their locality. Practicing cultural
relativism requires an open mind and a
willingness to consider, and even adapt
to, new values and norms.
Advantages of Cultural Relativism:
1. It promotes cooperation. Embracing
the differences of the different society
can create cooperation because it
allows a stronger bond with one another
in the society.
2. Respect and Equality is encouraged.
People from different culture with
different ideas that share their own
perspectives and experiences in the
society can promote respect and
equality.
3. It preserves human cultures.
Respect with the diverse set of
traditions, ideas and practices would
help preserve the culture.
4. Cultural relativism creates a society
without judgement. Worrying and
practicing your own culture prevent
disagreement & judgement in the
society.
Culture is evolving. New things are
added to material cultures every day
can cause cultural change.
Cultural Change is observed when new
opens up new ways of living and when
new ideas enter a culture as a result of
globalization.
Human Capacity for Culture
Culture is defined as “that complex
whole which encompasses beliefs,
practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms,
artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and
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everything that a person learns and
shares as a member of a society”
(Taylor, 2010).
It is by-product of the attempt of
humans to survive their environment
and to compensate for their biological
characteristics and limitations. Our
evolution toward humanity as we know
it has been a long journey of survival
against the elements of the
environment and against competing
species. As our ancestors evolved
biologically in response to their
environment, they have also developed
cultural technologies that aided them to
efficiently obtain food and deter
predators.
Culture is a complex combination of
beliefs, practices, values, attitudes,
laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, and
knowledge that people learn and share
as members of society. It is a product of
human attempts to survive in their
environment and compensate for their
biological limitations. As humans
evolved biologically, they also
developed cultural technologies to
efficiently obtain food and deter
predators, resulting in the evolution of
both biology and culture.
Cultural Technologies- tools that was
used before and during the human
Biocultural Evolution.
Evolution is a natural process of
biological changes occurring in a
population across successive
generations (Banaag, 2012 p.31).
:It helps us identify and analyze man’s
physiological development and
eventually the emergence of different
society. Moreover, man’s progression
and characteristics are essential in
understanding the capability for
adaptation. Most scientists currently
recognize some 15 to 20 different
species of early humans that evolved
over million of years.
Human Biocultural Evolution is the
idea that humans have evolved both
biologically and culturally throughout
their history, and that these two
processes are interconnected and have
influenced each other. Biocultural
evolution recognizes that human
biological evolution and cultural
evolution are intertwined, and that both
have contributed to the survival and
success of the human species.
Human biocultural evolution has
allowed humans to adapt to changing
environments and to develop a wide
range of cultural practices, beliefs, and
technologies that have allowed us to
thrive in different parts of the world.
This interconnectedness of biology and
culture is what makes us uniquely
human and has led to the diversity of
human cultures and biological
adaptations that we see today.
Human Biocultural Evolution
Species Characteristics
Hominids The development of
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“Manlike the different species of Pekinensis “Peking

Primates” primates which were Man” –Discovered at
able to evolve in 40 Choukoutien village,
million years ago. Beijing, China in 1929
There have been
various relics of Homo It was believed that
hominids which could Sapiens this was the direct
be described as “The descendant of modern
manlike primates. They Thinking man who lived about
are Ramapithecus, Man” 250,000 years ago.
Lucy and They had similar
Australopithecus. physical descriptions
with modern man.
Homo The apelike men who They originated as the
Habilis first to used stone primitive men whose
“Handy tools as weapons and activities were largely
Man” protection of their dependent on hunting,
enemies. They are fishing and agriculture.
recognized as the first They buried their dead,
true human. Lived used had tools and
about 2.4 to 1.4 million had religion. The
years ago. following are Homo
Sapiens subspecies:
Homo It was believed to be a. Neanderthal Man
Erectus the first man like –Discovered in
“The Upright creature that lived Neanderthal valley
Man” about 500,000 years near Dusseldorf,
ago in Asia, Africa and Germany in 1856 who
Europe. This manlike lived in cave
specie could walk and dependent in
straight with almost hunting and fishing.
the same brain with b. Cro-Magnon Man –
modern man. He made Discovered by a
refined stone stools for French
hunting and weapons archaeologist Louis
for protection of the Lartet in the Cro
enemies. The following Magnon Cave in
are the major Southern France. It
discovered fossils: was believed to live in
a. Pithecanthropus Europe, Asia and
Erectus “Java Man” Africa. As a prehistoric
–Discovered by man, they were the
Eugene Dubois at first to produce art in
Trinil, Java, Indonesia cave paintings and
in 1891. crafting decorated
b. Sinanthropus tools and accessories.

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"Wise Men"
COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
The beginning of early man is a proper
reference in treating the interesting
subject of culture. Man’s adaptation to
his society, his conformity with the
culture of his time and his education
have worked alongside each other in
putting him in his present status as the
strongest and the most intelligent
creature in the world. As perceived by
sociologists and anthropologists, culture
is rather a complex concept. To
understand culture, one must examine
its major elements:
1. Material Culture –It is the physical
objects a society produces, things
people create and use. These are tools,
furniture, clothing, automobiles, and
computer systems, to name a few. Thus,
the awareness of the kind of objects
created and how people use them
brings about greater understanding of
the culture and of a society.
1.1. Technology: A Society’s culture
consists of not only physical objects but
also rules for using those objects.
Sociologists sometimes refer to this
combination of objects and rules as
technology. Using items of material
culture, particularly tools, requires
various skills, which are part of the
nonmaterial culture.
2. Non-material Culture –It consists of
elements termed norms, values, beliefs,
and language shared by the members
of a society. Non-material culture is
considered as the carriers of culture.
2.1. Language. Perhaps, the most
defining characteristics of human being
is the ability to develop and use highly
complex systems of symbols like
language. A symbol, as sociologists say,
is the very foundation of culture. The
essence of culture is the sharing of
meanings among members of a society.
Unless one shares the language of a
culture, one cannot participate in it.
(Fishman, 1985; p.128)
:Language influences our ways of
perceiving, behaving, and feeling, and
thus, tends to define and shape the
world around us. It is through language
that idea values, beliefs, and knowledge
are transmitted, expressed, and shared.
Without language, there will be no
culture.
2.2. Beliefs. These are ideas that people
hold about the universe or any part of
the total reality surrounding them.
These are the things how people
perceive reality. The subject of human
beliefs may be infinite and may include
ideas concerning the individual, other
people and any all aspects of the
biological, physical, social, and
supernatural world be it primitive or
scientific.
2.3. Values. They are shared ideas
about desirable goals. They are the
person’s ideas about worth and
desirability or an abstract of what is
important and worthwhile. Values make
up our judgements of moral and
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immoral, good and bad, right and
wrong, beautiful and ugly, etc.
2.4. Norms. These are shared rules of
conduct that specify how people ought
to think and act. A norm is ideas in the
minds of the members of a group put
into a statement specifying what
members of the group should do, ought
to do or are expected to do under
certain circumstances. (Homans, 1950;
p. 123).
One of the essential features of
folkways is that there is no strong
feeling of right or wrong attached to
them. If one violates folkways, there is
NO punishment attached to it.
2.4.3. Laws. These are often referred to
as formal norms. They are rules that are
enforced and sanctioned by the
authority of the government.

Norms are usually in the form of rules, Four Biological Capacity of Human
standards, or prescriptions and social to Develop Culture
shared expectations. Norms has three
1. Our The primary biological
forms:
Thinking component of humans
capacity that allowed for culture
2.4.1. Mores. These are norms
is the developed brain. It
associated with strong ideas of right
has the necessary parts
and wrong. Mores are standard of for facilitating pertinent
conduct that are highly respected and skills such as speaking,
valued by the group and their fulfilment touching, feeling, seeing,
is felt to be necessary and vital to group and smelling.
welfare. Compared with other
primates, humans have
They are considered essential to the a larger brain, weighing
group’s existence and accordingly, the 1.4 kg. Due to the size of
brain and the complexity
group demands that they be followed
of its parts, humans
without questions. They represent were able to create
obligatory behavior because their survival skills that
infraction results to punishment –formal helped them adapt to
or informal. their environment and
outlive their less
2.4.2. Folkways. These are norms that adaptive biological
are simply the customary, normal, relatives.
habitual ways a group does things.
2. Our Look at your hands.
These customary ways are accumulated gripping Notice how your thumb
and become repetitive patterns of capacity relates with your other
expected behavior which tends to fingers. This capacity to
become permanent traditions. directly oppose your
thumb with your other

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fingers is an exclusive longer vocal tract

trait of humans. It compared with
allowed us to have a chimpanzee. A longer
finger grip. The hand of vocal tract means that
human has digits there is a longer
(fingers) that are vibration surface,
straights, allowing human to
as compared with the produce a
curved ones of the other wider array of sounds
primates. Notice that the than chimpanzees. The
thumb of the human is tongue of human is also
proportionately more flexible than of a
longer than those of chimpanzee, allowing for
other primates. These more control in making
characteristics of the sounds
human hand allowed for
two types of grip” power 4. Our Primates have two forms
and walking/ of locomotion:
precision. standing bipedalism and
a) Power grip enabled capacity quadropedalism.
humans to wrap the Bipedalism is the
thumb and fingers on an capacity to walk and
object; it became the stand on two feet,
cornerstone of our whereas
capacity to hold tool quadropedalism uses
firmly for hunting and all four limbs. Although
other apes are semi-bipedal,
activities. humans are the only
b) Precision grip fully bipedal primates.
enabled humans to hold Being bipedal, humans
and pick objects steadily gained more capacity to
using fingers. This move while
capacity was crucial for carrying objects with
tool-making activities their free hands. It gave
humans
3. Our As the brain is the more capacity or
speaking capacity source of productivity with their
capacity humans’ capacity to hands like hunting and
comprehend sound and foraging.
provide meaning to it, Cultural and Sociopolitical
the vocal tract acts as
Development refers to changes in a
the mechanism by which
sounds are produced society's cultural practices, beliefs,
and reproduced to values, and political systems over time.
transmit ideas and Cultural development includes changes
values. Humans have in language, religion, art, music, and

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technology, while sociopolitical

Neolithic -Stone tools were
development includes changes in how Age shaped by polishing
society is governed, including the (New Stone or grinding.
adoption of new laws and political Age) -Settlement in
systems. These changes can occur Occurred permanent villages.
gradually or rapidly due to factors such sometime -Dependence on
about domesticated plants
as social movements, political
10,000 BCE or animals.
upheavals, economic developments, -Appearance of such
and technological advancements. crafts as pottery and
weaving.
The physical as well as the mental -“Food-producing
development of early human beings cultures”
helped them understand and adapt to
their existing environment. Thus, their Age of -The used of metal
Metals such as bronze,
adjustment served as the onset of their
4,000 B.C. – copper, and iron
culture. Culture enables the members of
1,500 produced a new
society to develop ways of coping with B.C historical
exigencies of nature as well as ways of development form
harnessing their environment (Panopio, cradles civilization of
et.al 1994). Egypt, Mesopotamia,
Persia, including India
and China which later
on spread throughout
Cultural and Cultural and Asia.
Socio-politic Socio-political -The civilization which
al Development defines to a more
Developmen developed social,
t cultural, political and
economic system.
Paleolithic -Use of simple pebble -It had already direct
Period tools. contacts through
(Old Stone -Learned to live in tribes,
Age) caves. kingdoms, empire and
3 million &Discovered the use later on state which
years of fires. the
to 8,000 B.C. -Developed small constant political
sculptures; and activities were
monumental painting, through conquest,
incised designs, and wars and trade.
reliefs on the wall of
caves.
- “Food-collecting The changes made by man through his
cultures” interaction with the environment
establish the different cultural evolution

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which determines man’s socio-cultural
development.
Components of culture: Material/Non
•Language
•Belief
•Values
•Norms: Mores, Laws, Folkways
The United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO) is the primary transnational
entity that manages and negotiates
matters relating to human heritage. It
defined cultural heritage as follows:
Cultural heritage is not limited to
material manifestations, such as
monuments and objects that have been
preserved over time. This notion also
encompasses living expressions and the
traditions that countless groups and
communities worldwide have inherited
from their ancestors and transmit to
their descendants, in most cases, orally
(UNESCO, 2010).
TWO-PART MEANING OF CULTURAL
HERITAGE:
1)tangible in the form of structures,
monuments, historical sites, and other
artifacts.
•Movable tangible heritage pieces are
often removed from the sites where
they were found and transferred to
museums for safekeeping and
maintenance.
•Immovable tangible heritage pieces
are often left to the elements of nature
(i.e., rain, wind, sand, sun), which makes
them vulnerable to decay and corrosion.
This does not mean that conservation
efforts are not being made. [buildings,
structures, lasndscapes etc.]
(2) intangible in the form of literature,
oral, traditions, concepts, and values.
Socialization is a process that
introduces people to social norms and
customs. This process helps individuals
function well in society, and, in turn,
helpssociety run smoothly. Family
members, teachers, religious leaders,
and peers all play roles in a person's
socialization.
Socialization concerns both SOCIAL
STRUCTURE and INTERPERSONAL
RELATIONS . It contains three key
parts: context, content and process,
and results.
Social Structure refers to how a society
is organized and how people interact
with one another based on their social
positions, roles, and relationships.
Interpersonal Relationship is a
connection, association, or interaction
between two or more people.
•involves a mutual exchange of
emotions, thoughts, and behaviors
•can be romantic, platonic, familial, or
professional, and can range from brief
encounters to lifelong partnerships
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•characterized by trust, mutual respect, toys such as dolls or dollhouses that

communication, and support stresses physical appearance and
domesticity while boys receive
Context refers to the culture, language,
playthings such as legos, toy soldiers, or
social structures and one’s position
race cars that involve thinking skills or
within that particular society. It also
manly type of sports. Additionally,
includes history and the roles people
research has shown that girls with
and institutions around them performed
brothers are associated to understand
in the past. One's life context will
that household labor is expected of
significantly affect the socialization
them but not of their male siblings. Girls
process. For example, a family's
tend to be engaged in doing chores
economic class may have a huge impact
without receiving a pay while their
on how parents associate or deal with
brothers do.
their children.
Race also plays a factor in socialization.
Content and process are two important
Since white people bear a
aspects of socialization, which refers to
disproportionate experience of police
the process through which individuals
violence, they can encourage their
learn and internalize the values, beliefs,
children to defend and know their rights
customs, and social norms of their
when the authorities try to violate them.
society. Comprise the work of this
In contrast, parents of color must
undertaking.
instruct their children to remain calm,
Content refers to the specific ideas, compliant and secure in the presence of
attitudes, and behaviors that are taught law enforcement.
during the socialization process.
MOJOL SIKS Kk—----------—
Process refers to the ways in which
A society is mostly characterized as an
socialization occurs.
organized interrelated group of people
Result / Consequence are the outcome who act together for collective living, as
of socialization and refer to the way a they share the same language, territory,
person conceives and conducts after and culture
undergoing this process.
(Lagipen yo man latta ta pogi,flor, cl tlc
and flor ken burger ni sir'en, amen
damagen u latta ken kyronen:)))
Gender stereotypes also bear strong
influence on socialization processes. Social groups are fundamental parts of
human life. They are a multitude of
:Cultural expectations for gender roles people who see each other often and
and gendered behavior are conveyed to think of themselves as part of a group.
children through color-coded clothes
and sorts of game. Girls usually receive

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Structural Functionalism (Macro or

Mid): The way each part of society
functions.

Conflict Theory (Macro):The way

inequalities contribute to social
differences and perpetuate differences
in power.

Symbolic Interactionism (Macro):

One-to-one interaction and
communication

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PREAMBLE anarchy," but the humanization of laws

and the equalization of social and
We, the sovereign Filipino people,
economic forces by the State so that
imploring the aid of Almighty God, in
justice in its rational and objectively
order to build a just and humane
secular conception may at least be
society, and establish a Government
approximated. Social justice means the
that shall embody our ideals and
promotion of the welfare of all the
aspirations, promote the common good,
people, the adoption by the
conserve and develop our patrimony,
Government of measures calculated to
and secure to ourselves and our
insure economic stability of all the
posterity, the blessings of independence
competent elements of society, through
and democracy under the rule of law
the maintenance of a proper economic
and a regime of truth, justice, freedom,
and social equilibrium in the
love, equality, and peace, do ordain and
interrelations of the members of the
promulgate this Constitution.
community, constitutionally, through the
adoption of measures legally justifiable,
or extra-constitutionally, through the
ARTICLE I: NATIONAL TERRITORY exercise of powers underlying the
existence of all governments on the
The national territory comprises the
time-honored principle of salus populi
Philippine archipelago, with all the
est suprema lex.
islands and waters embraced therein,
and all other territories over which the
Philippines has sovereignty or
(MWEHEHEHE GOODLUCK MGA SISS
jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial,
fluvial and aerial domains, including its 🩷 MWAMWA)
territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil,
the insular shelves, and other submarine
areas. The waters around, between, and
connecting the islands of the
archipelago, regardless of their breadth
and dimensions, form part of the
internal waters of the Philippines.

(G.R. No. 47800 December 2, 1940 -

MAXIMO CALALANG v. A. D.
WILLIAMS)

Social justice is "neither communism,

nor despotism, nor atomism, nor

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