PHONOLOGY

“DISCRIBING CONSONANT”

The Guide Lecturer : Dwi Andriani, M.Pd

Compiled By :

1. Handika Galih Prakasa 2088203002

2. Endang Khomasatun 2088203043

UNIVERSITAS NURUL HUDA

SUKARAJA BUAY MADANG OKU TIMUR

ACADEMIC YEAR 2022/2023

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 PREFACE

Gratitude is pronounced for the presence of Allah SWT for all His mercy so that this paper
can be compiled to completion. We do not forget to thank the assistance of those who have
contributed to the production of this paper.

The author really hopes that this paper can add knowledge and experience for readers. In fact,
we hope further that this paper can be practiced by readers in their daily life.

For us as writers feel that there are still many mistakes in the preparation of this paper due to
our limited knowledge and experience. For that we are looking forward to criticism and
constructive suggestions from readers for the perfection of this paper.

OKU Timur, June 2, 2022

Writers

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Language is an important communication tool to establish good communication between

humans. In English, there are several very important topics, such as grammatical
structure and phonology.

One of them is phonology which discusses how to sound the letters correctly and
according to language rules. In addition, phonology is used to distinguish the sound of
one letter from another.

B. Formulation of Problem
The formulation of the problem to be discussed in this paper is as follows:
1. What do you mean by consonants?
2. What elements are in a consonant?

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Consonant
Consonant are basic speech sound ariculated with a partialy or completely closed vocal
tract.

1. Place of articulation
The place of articulation refers to where the articulators (tongue, teeth, lips or glottis)
make contact in the vocal tract to create consonant sounds.

1. Bilabial : pronunciation using the upper lip and lower lip

There are three bilabial sound in english /p/,/b/,/m/
2. Labiodental : Pronunciation between lower lip and upper teeth
There are two labiodental sound in english /v/,/f/
3. Interdental : pronunciation between the front of the tongue and the upper teeth
There are two interdental sound in english / θ/,/ ð/
4. Alveolars : consonant sounds produced with the tongue near or touching the
alveolar ridge. There are six alveolars sound in english /d/,/t/,/z/,/s/,/n/,/l/
5. Palatal : pronunciation using middle tongue and hard palate
Palatal sound in english / j/,
6. Velar : pronunciation using the back of the tongue and soft palate.
There are four velar sound in english / k/,/g/,/ŋ/,/w/
7. Palato-Alveolar: pronunciation using the front of the tongue and the space
behind the gums. There are five Palato-Alveolar sound in
english /ʃ/,/ʒ/,/dʒ/,/tʃ/,/r/
8. Glottal: restriction of the airflow at the glottis. Glottal is an articulation
involving the glottis. The vocal cords are held tightly together; after release the
air escapes with great force. For instance, the sound (or more precisely, the lack
of sound) indicated with the phonetic symbol [ ], produced before a vowel in
Dutch ge-[ ]eerd. 

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2. Manner of articulation 
Manner of articulation refers to the way in which articulators release the airflow to
create a consonant sound.

1. Stop/plosive is blocking of the oral vocal tract, and no nasal air flow, so the air
flow stops completely. Example include english /b/,/p/,/k/,/g/, /t/, /d/

2. Nasal, is occlusion of the oral tract, but air passes through the nose. Nasal
soumd include /m/,/n/,/ŋ/

3. Approximant consonant sounds are made by bringing two articulators close

together without them touching as sound leaves the b ody. The result is a
smooth, vowel-like sound. English pronunciation has 3 approximant
phonemes /j/,/w/,/l/

4. Fricative consonants are made by squeezing air between a small gap as it leaves
the body. In English pronunciation, there are 9 fricative phonemes:
/f/,/v/,/θ/,/ð/,/s/,/z/,/ʃ/,/ʒ/,/h/. The fricative sounds /v/,/ð/,/z/,/ʒ/ are voiced, they
are pronounced with vibration in the vocal cords, whilst the sounds
/f/,/θ/,/s/,/ʃ/,/h/ are voiceless; produced only with air.

5. Affricate consonant sounds are made by starting with a plosive (full block of
air) and immediately blending into a fricative (partial block). English
pronunciation has 2 affricate phonemes. /tʃ/ is a voiceless affricate consonant
sound, it is pronounced only using the release of air. /dʒ/ is a voiced affricate
consonant sound, the vocal cords vibrate as the sound is produced.

3. Voicing
Voicing refers to if a consonant sound is voiced or voiceless (like whispering).

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B. Explanation of Consonants

1. Bilabial : pronunciation using the upper lip and lower lip

There are three bilabial sound in english /p/,/b/,/m/
Oral :/b/
Manner of articulation : Plosive
Place of articulation : Bilabial
Voicing : Voiced
Examples : Big, Bee, Beat
Oral : /p/
Manner of articulation : Plosive
Place of articulation : Bilabial
Voicing : Voiceless
Examples : Pig, Pitch, Path
Oral : /m/
Manner of articulation : Nasal
Place of articulation : Bilabial
Voicing : Voiced
Examples : Meat, Mat, Mint

2. Labiodental : Pronunciation between lower lip and upper teeth

There are two labiodental sound in english /v/,/f/
Oral : /v/
Manner of articulation : Fricative
Place of articulation : Labiodental
Voicing : Voiced
Examples : Vote, Vault
Oral : /f/
Manner of articulation : Fricative
Place of articulation : Labiodental
Voicing : Voiceless

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 Examples : Food, Fine

3. Interdental : pronunciation between the front of the tongue and the upper teeth
There are two interdental sound in english / θ/,/ ð/
Oral : /θ/
Manner of articulation : Fricative
Place of articulation : Interdental
Voicing : Voiceless
Examples : Thin, Think
Oral : /ð/
Manner of articulation : Fricative
Place of articulation : Interdental
Voicing : Voiced
Examples : The, That

4. Alveolars : consonant sounds produced with the tongue near or touching the alveolar
ridge. There are six alveolars sound in english /d/,/t/,/z/,/s/,/n/,/l/
Oral : /d/
Manner of articulation : Plosive
Place of articulation : Alveolars
Voicing : Voiced
Examples : Dad, Day, Dog
Oral : /t/
Manner of articulation : Plosive
Place of articulation : Alveolars
Voicing : Voiceless
Examples : Tea, Tape
Oral : /z/
Manner of articulation : Fricative
Place of articulation : Alveolars
Voicing : Voiced
Examples : Zig-Zag, Zoo

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 Oral : /s/
Manner of articulation : Fricative
Place of articulation : Alveolars
Voicing : Voiceless
Examples : Sea, Soup, Sir
Oral : /n/
Manner of articulation : Nasal
Place of articulation : Alveolars
Voicing : Voiced
Examples : No. Knee
Oral : /l/
Manner of articulation : Approximant Sound
Place of articulation : Alveolars
Voicing : Voiced
Examples : Long, Left

5. Palatal : pronunciation using middle tongue and hard palate

Palatal sound in english / j/,
Oral : /j/
Manner of articulation : Approximant Sound (Glides)
Place of articulation : Palatal
Voicing : Voiced
Examples : Yes, Year

6. Velar : pronunciation using the back of the tongue and soft palate.
There are four velar sound in english / k/,/g/,/ŋ/,/w/
Oral : /k/
Manner of articulation : Plosive
Place of articulation : Velar
Voicing : Voiceless
Examples : King
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 Oral : /g/
Manner of articulation : Plosive
Place of articulation : Velar
Voicing : Voiced
Examples : Grand
Oral : /ŋ/
Manner of articulation : Nasal
Place of articulation : Velar
Voicing : Voiced
Examples : Song, Hang
Oral : /w/
Manner of articulation : Approxximant Sound (Glides)
Place of articulation : Velar
Voicing : Voiced
Examples : Way

7. Palato-Alveolar: pronunciation using the front of the tongue and the space behind the
gums. There are five Palato-Alveolar sound in english /ʃ/,/ʒ/,/dʒ/,/tʃ/,/r/
Oral : /ʃ/
Manner of articulation : Fricative
Place of articulation : Palato-Alveolar
Voicing : Voiceless
Examples : Shin
Oral : /ʒ/
Manner of articulation : Fricative
Place of articulation : Palato-Alveolar
Voicing : Voiced
Examples : Vision
Oral : /dʒ/
Manner of articulation : Affricate
Place of articulation : Palato-Alveolar
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 Voicing : Voiced
Examples : Gin

Oral : /tʃ/
Manner of articulation : Affricate
Place of articulation : Palato-Alveolar
Voicing : Voiceless
Examples : Chin

8. Glottal: restriction of the airflow at the glottis. Glottal is an articulation involving
the glottis. The vocal cords are held tightly together; after release the air escapes with
great force. For instance, the sound (or more precisely, the lack of sound) indicated
with the phonetic symbol [ ], produced before a vowel in Dutch ge-[ ]eerd. 
Oral : /h/
Manner of articulation : Fricative
Place of articulation : Glottal
Voicing : Voiceless
Examples : Hide

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A.Conclusion
No matter what language you speak, you know about a whole bunch of completely
unwritten rules that apply specifically to your language and your particular dialect. Many
of these rules relate to Phonology which requires you to learn how to pronounce them
correctly, others refer to how you pronounce certain words, when to unmute, and when to
leave them muted. Sequential constraints in phonology refer specifically to the group of
sounds you're allowed to use when making words happen.

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 REFERENCES

https://www.studysmarter.us/explanations/english/phonetics-phonology-and-prosodics/place-
of-articulation/

https://youtu.be/dfoRdKuPF9I

https://youtu.be/sbNDFgWOrTQ

https://youtu.be/PSIKihopkGY

https://youtu.be/7dskXjMgtZs

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