01
Chapter
부정사
Unit 01 to부정사의 명사적 용법
Practice
A 1 to entertain 2 not to be
3 It 4 to pronounce
B 1 to quit, 목적어 2 to get, 보어 Unit
3 to accept, 목적어 4 to have, 주어
C 1 It, to go 2 It, to satisfy
3 where to look for 4 what to do
D 1 I want to travel around the world
2 how to get to the subway station
3 find it quite easy to please the child
4 It is hard to master a foreign language
Unit 02 to부정사의 형용사적, 부사적 용법
Practice
A 1 to try 2 to write with
3 in order to 4 to protect
B 1 to be 2 to believe
3 to wear 4 To hear
C 1 ①, 중요한 경기에서 져서
2 ③, 전자 제품을 살 (수 있는) 가장 좋은 장소
3 ②, 더 높은 점수를 받기 위해서
4 ①, 그렇게 비싼 차를 소유하고 있다니
D 1 old machine is inconvenient to use
2 rent a house to live in
3 the first person to reach
4 am sorry to hear the bad news
Unit 03 to부정사의 의미상의 주어
Practice
A 1 X 2 for you 3 him 4 of them
B 1 of 2 for 3 X 4 of
C 1 of me, 그녀에게 나의 비밀을 말하다니 내가 어리석었다.
2 her, 김 선생님이 그녀에게 다시는 수업에 늦지 말라고
말했다.
3 Eva’s family, Eva의 가족은 다음 봄에 유럽으로 여행가기
로 결정했다.
4 for me, 내가 그 에세이를 한 시간 내에 끝내는 것은 불가
능하다.
D 1 was hard for them to hide
2 expects him to win the competition
3 was brave of her to speak
p. 09 4 take me about an hour to memorize
04 목적격보어로 쓰이는 부정사
Practice p. 15
A 1 move 2 to take 3 fall 4 turn off
B 1 to take 2 to repair
3 clap/clapping 4 sleep
C 1 him ride/riding 2 her to buy
3 me use 4 them to finish
D 1 made me wash his car
2 heard rain fall/falling
3 told him not to worry
4 help you learn more
p. 11
Unit 05 to부정사를 이용한 구문
Practice p. 17
A 1 to hear 2 To begin with
3 to have studied 4 Strange to say
B 1 sweet too → too sweet
2 knowing → to know
3 so speak → so to speak
4 enough kind → kind enough
C 1 too shy to go
2 to have lost a lot of weight
3 too far away to read
4 to have a positive attitude
D 1 He seems to make excuses
2 was too difficult to solve
p. 13 3 To be brief, she is an example
4 My laptop is light enough to carry
Grammar Writing pp. 18-19
Task 1
1 His plan was to learn how to speak Spanish.
2 Nina is a pleasant person to work with.
1

3 Jeff found it difficult to fit in at his new school.
4 It was careless of him to run a red light.
5 My mom got me to make my bed every morning.
6 His sculpture isn’t good enough to sell at an
auction.
Task 2
1 a safe place to keep our luggage
2 excited to see the band’s performance
3 important for them to share their ideas
4 told us when to complete the project
5 didn’t let her go to the party
6 was too confused to understand the situation
Task 3
1 how to turn on the air conditioner
2 where to find the nearest drugstore
3 when to take the shuttle bus to the airport
Task 4
1 X, she didn’t know how to find one
2 X, her mom helped her (to) look for
3 O
4 X, it was wise of her to get
Task 4
Crystal은 올 여름에 일자리를 얻길 원했지만, 그녀는 일자리를 찾
는 방법을 알지 못했다. 그래서 그녀의 어머니는 그녀가 시간제 일자
리가 있는 곳을 찾도록 도와 주었다. 그들이 찾은 한 장소는 식당이었
다. 그곳의 주인은 친절해 보였다. 짧은 면접 후에 그는 Crystal을 종
업원으로 채용했다. 그는 그녀가 여름 일자리를 구한 것이 현명하다
고 말했다.
Actual Test pp. 20-22
1 ⓒ 2 ⓐ 3 ⓔ 4 ⓔ 5 to leave
6 sing/singing 7 ⓓ 8 ⓑ 9 ⓒ
10 get the student to stop 11 ⓒ 12 ⓑ
13 seems to explain everything
14 seems to have been popular
15 Brian didn’t tell me when to feed the dog.
16 It was impolite of her to ignore the questions.
17 I don’t know what to do. 18 ⓑ
19 X, for → of 20 X, explain → to explain/explaining
21 X, care → care of 22 O
23 X, understand → to understand
24 X, losing → (to) lose
1 how to-v : 어떻게 ~할지, ~하는 법
2 사역동사 make는 목적격보어로 원형부정사를 취한다.
2 3
3 to부정사의 의미상의 주어는 보통 「for + 목적격」을 쓴다. sweet
와 같이 사람의 성향이나 특성을 나타내는 형용사가 문장의 보어
일 경우 「of + 목적격」을 쓴다.
4 지각동사 feel은 목적격보어로 원형부정사를 취한다. / need는
목적격보어로 to부정사를 취한다.
5 expect는 목적격보어로 to부정사를 취한다.
6 지각동사 listen to는 목적격보어로 원형부정사를 취한다. 진행
의 의미를 강조하기 위해 현재분사를 쓸 수도 있다.
7 think + 가목적어 it + 목적격보어 + to-v
8 It takes + 목적격 + 시간 + to-v : …가 ~하는 데 시간이 …걸리
다 2 make → making
9 ask는 to부정사를 목적격보어로 취하는 동사이다.
10 get은 사역의 의미를 갖지만, 목적격보어로 to부정사를 취한다.
11 ⓒ enough tall to go → tall enough to go 「… enough
to-v」: …할 만큼 충분히 ~하다
12 ⓑ는 부사적 용법(감정의 원인), ⓐ와 ⓒ는 명사적 용법, ⓓ와 ⓔ
는 형용사적 용법의 to부정사이다.
13 to부정사의 시제가 주절의 시제와 같은 경우, 단순형 「to-v」를 쓴
다.
14 to부정사의 시제가 주절의 시제보다 이전인 경우, 완료형 「to
have p.p.」를 쓴다.
15 when to-v : 언제 ~할지
16 사람의 성향이나 특성을 나타내는 형용사가 문장의 보어일 경우
의미상의 주어는 「of + 목적격」을 쓴다.
[17~18]
A: 수학 시험 어떻게 봤니?
B: 부모님은 내가 A를 받길 기대하셨지만 실제로는 C를 받았어. 나는
무엇을 해야 할지 모르겠어.
A: 이런! 무슨 일이 있었던 거니?
B: 나는 그날 몸이 좋지가 않아서 시험에 집중하기가 어려웠어.
A: 선생님께 말씀드려 보는 건 어때? 아마 네가 시험을 다시 보도록
허락해 주실지도 몰라.
17 what to-v : 무엇을 ~할지
18 (A) find + 가목적어 it + 목적격보어 + to-v
(B) 사역동사 let은 목적격보어로 원형부정사를 취한다.
19 wise가 사람의 성향이나 특성을 나타내므로 의미상의 주어는
「of + 목적격」을 쓴다.
20 동사가 명사처럼 문장에서 주어, 목적어, 보어 역할을 할 때에는
to부정사 형태로 쓴다.
21 to부정사구에 전치사가 필요한 경우 빠트리지 않도록 주의해야
한다.
22 to make a long story short : 간단히 말하면
23 to부정사의 부사적 용법으로 형용사 easy를 수식하여 ‘~하기에’
의 뜻을 나타낸다.
24 help는 목적격보어로 to부정사와 원형부정사를 모두 취한다.
02
Chapter
동명사
Unit 01 동명사의 역할
Practice
A 1 Eating 2 helping
3 her 4 having made
B 1 he → his
3 Read → Reading/To read
4 passing not → not passing
C 1 her joining the debate team
2 having caused so much trouble
3 being able to answer
D 1 is translating English into Korean
2 not playing online games
3 you mind my using your computer
4 Finding a suitable name, was not easy
Unit 02 동명사 vs. to부정사
Practice
A 1 being 2 to play 3 making 4 getting
B 1 to know 2 typing 3 adopting 4 running
C 1 이 책들을 2주 안에 반납해야 하는 것을 기억하세요.
2 할머니는 고등학교를 마치지 못한 것을 항상 후회하신다.
3 나는 컴퓨터를 다시 시작해 봤지만 소용이 없었다.
4 방을 나갈 때 에어컨을 끄는 것을 잊지 마세요.
D 1 plans to travel to Southeast Asia
2 puts off making decisions
3 tried not to cry in front of us
4 Remember to bring your passport
Unit 03 동명사를 이용한 구문
Practice
A 1 to go → going
2 to interpret → (in) interpreting
3 visit → visiting
4 blame → blaming
B 1 skiing 2 buying
3 finding 4 smiling
C 1 방을 나서자마자, 나는 전화벨이 울리는 것을 들었다.
2 그는 오디션 전에 불안해하지 않을 수 없었다.
3 내일 무엇이 일어날지 예상할 수는 없다.
D 1 I feel like swimming
2 Tony is busy preparing
p. 25 3 prevented the plant from growing well
4 is not used to sending text messages
Grammar Writing
pp. 30-31
Task 1
1 Noah suggested going to the cinema on Friday.
2 Watching the World Cup final was thrilling.
3 She’s proud of having won two gold medals.
4 The bad weather prevented them from going to
school.
5 The only joy for him was watching comedy shows.
6 He spends his free time hanging out with his
friends.
Task 2
1 I regret to say
2 couldn’t help laughing at his joke
3 remembers visiting the small town
4 didn’t give up following his principles
p. 27
5 doesn’t mind my using her laptop
6 look forward to going on a picnic
Task 3
1 Reading/To read books at the library is
2 is going/to go shopping with my sister
3 to attend Sam’s birthday party
4 practicing, to study math
Task 4
1 X, Do you keep forgetting things?
2 O
3 X, spend time hanging out
4 X, remember to get plenty of sleep
5 O
Task 4
당신은 계속해서 뭔가를 잊어버리나요? 걱정하지 마세요. 당신의 기
p. 29
억을 향상시키는 것은 약간의 노력만으로도 하기 쉽습니다. 첫 번째
단계는 악기 연주하는 것을 배우거나 크로스워드 퍼즐을 하는 것과
같은 활동을 하면서 규칙적으로 두뇌를 훈련시키는 것입니다. 또한
친구들이나 가족과 만나서 시간을 보내세요. 이것이 스트레스를 줄여
줍니다. 마지막으로 충분한 수면을 취해야 하는 것을 기억하십시오.
이런 조치들은 단순해 보일지도 모르지만, 당신이 잘 잊어버리는 사
람이 되는 것을 예방해 줄 것입니다.
 Actual Test
pp. 32-34
1 ⓔ 2 ⓓ 3 ⓒ 4 ⓓ 5 ⓓ 6 ⓔ
7 telling 8 ⓒ 9 ⓐ
10 remember making 11 forget to assign
12 ⓑ 13 Not being able to see her
14 The company is having difficulty entering
15 your having taken 16 On finding a place to stay
17 my borrowing your smartphone for a minute
18 ⓑ 19 X, do → doing 20 O
21 X, to understand → understanding
22 X, work → working 23 X, hearing → to hear
24 X, sharing → to share
1 promise는 to부정사만 목적어로 취하는 동사이다.
2 suggest는 동명사만 목적어로 취하는 동사이다.
3 hope는 to부정사만 목적어로 취하는 동사이다.
4 1. Learn → Learning / To learn 동명사/to부정사가 문장에서
주어 역할을 한다.
2. consider는 동명사만 목적어로 취하는 동사이다.
3. 동명사가 보어 역할을 한다.
5 be used to v-ing : ~하는 데 익숙하다 / feel like v-ing : ~하
고 싶다
6 stop + to-v : ~하기 위해 멈추다 (to부정사의 부사적 용법–목적)
7 regret v-ing : ~한 것을 후회하다
8 keep + 목적어 + from v-ing : …가 ~하는 것을 막다
9 동명사의 의미상의 주어는 보통 동명사 앞에 소유격을 써서 나타
내며 동명사의 부정형은 동명사 앞에 not을 써서 나타낸다.
10 remember v-ing : (과거에) ~한 것을 기억하다
11 forget to-v : (앞으로) ~할 것을 잊다
12 ⓑ to turn → turning put off는 동명사만 목적어로 취하는 동
사이다.
13 동명사의 부정형은 동명사 앞에 not을 써서 나타낸다.
14 have difficulty/trouble (in) v-ing : ~하는 데 곤란/어려움을
겪다
15 동명사의 의미상의 주어는 동명사 앞에 소유격을 써서 나타낸
다. 동명사의 시제가 문장 동사의 시제보다 앞설 경우 「having +
p.p.」를 쓴다.
16 「as soon as + 주어 + 동사」 = 「on v-ing」 (~하자마자)
[17~18]
A: 내 스마트폰이 계속 인터넷 접속이 끊겨. 내가 네 스마트폰을 잠깐
빌려도 되겠니?
B: 물론이지. 여기 있어. 그런데 무엇을 하려고 하는 중이니?
A: 내가 가장 좋아하는 밴드의 콘서트 티켓을 구해야 해. 그들은 정말
멋진 밴드야. 함께 갈 의향이 있니? 그건 갈 만한 가치가 있을 거
야.
B: 나는 요즘에 돈을 절약하려고 노력 중이야. 아마 다음번에 너랑 같
이 갈 수 있을 것 같아.
4 5
17 mind는 동명사만 목적어로 취하는 동사이다. 동명사의 주어가
문장의 주어와 다른 경우, 동명사 앞에 소유격을 써서 의미상의
Unit 03 여러 가지 분사구문
주어를 나타낸다.
Practice
18 (B) 동명사가 전치사의 목적어 역할을 한다.
A 1 It being 2 Having experienced
(C) try to-v : ~하려고 노력하다
3 Not wanting 4 Amazed
19 look forward to v-ing : ~하기를 고대하다
B 1 Frankly speaking 2 Considering
20 동명사가 문장에서 보어 역할을 한다.
3 Generally speaking
21 동명사가 전치사의 목적어 역할을 한다.
C 1 Not understanding Ted’s question
22 quit은 동명사만 목적어로 취하는 동사이다.
2 (Being) Tired and hungry
23 pretend는 to부정사만 목적어로 취하는 동사이다.
3 There being no other choice
24 refuse는 to부정사만 목적어로 취하는 동사이다.
D 1 The weather being nice
2 Having failed the audition
3 Not knowing where to go
03
4 Judging from her face
Chapter
5 After turning off all the lights
분사
Unit 01 현재분사와 과거분사
Grammar Writing pp. 42-43
Practice p. 37 Task 1
A 1 hidden 2 playing 1 Walking into the house
3 closed 4 embarrassed 2 Having seen the movie
3 It being late at night
B 1 sleeping baby 2 boring
4 Not wanting to disturb the prayer
3 drunk in Turkey 4 disappointed
5 (Being) Asked to be a judge for the contest
C 1 tested 2 carrying
Task 2
3 exciting 4 required
1 The boy taken to the hospital has recovered.
D 1 his name repeated 2 the train arriving 2 Can you hear the bells ringing from the church?
3 looked satisfied 4 the stolen computer
3 Strictly speaking, spiders are not insects.
4 Lost in the woods, I couldn’t eat anything.
5 Hearing the outcome, they were very excited.
Unit 02 분사구문 6 He broke the computer belonging to his father.
Task 3
Practice p. 39
1 looking at a music book
A 1 Seeing 2 waiting 2 sitting on the chair
3 Hearing 3 dressed in an orange dress
B 1 Having a headache Task 4
2 Working as a salesperson 1 X, Not knowing where the station was
3 Seeing the advertisement
2 X, very frustrated
C 1 꽃에 물을 주는 동안에, 그녀는 라디오를 들었다. 3 X, a train scheduled to leave
4 O
2 피곤했기 때문에, 나는 어젯밤에 일찍 잠자리에 들었다.
3 Maria는 뒤돌아 환하게 미소 지으며 우리에게 손을 흔들
Task 4
었다.
나의 유럽 여행 5일 차
D 1 Falling off the bike 오늘 나는 파리를 떠나서 기차를 타고 로마로 향했다. 역이 어디에 있
2 Watching a scary movie 는지 알지 못해서, 나는 여러 번 길을 물어보았다. 내가 예상했던 것
3 Knowing the town well 보다 시간이 더 걸려서, 나는 매우 초조해졌다. 나는 오전 7시 50분에
출발하기로 예정된 기차표를 가지고 있어서 늦을 거라고 생각했다.
다행히 내가 플랫폼에 도착했을 때 열차가 들어오고 있는 것을 보았
다. 이제 나는 이탈리아로 간다!
p. 41
Actual Test pp. 44-46
1 ⓑ 2 ⓑ 3 ⓒ 4 ⓔ 5 ⓐ 6 ⓔ
7 Looking out the window
8 Having spent 10 years in Germany
9 named, confusing 10 broken, surprised
11 ⓒ 12 Before coming to class, I had
13 Not feeling well 14 Judging from his accent
15 ⓓ 16 ⓑ 17 ⓓ
18 Because[Since/As] it was the Christmas season
19 X, Relax → Relaxing
20 X, waited → waiting
21 X, parking → parked 22 O
23 X, Washing → (Being) Washed
24 X, serving → served
1 ‘위치해 있는’이라는 수동의 의미이므로 과거분사를 쓴다.
2 주어가 감정을 느끼는 주체이므로 과거분사를 사용한다.
3 분사구문의 부정은 분사 앞에 not 또는 never를 쓴다.
4 ‘흥미로운’이라는 능동의 의미이므로 현재분사(interesting)
를 쓴다. / ‘만족스러운’이라는 능동의 의미이므로 현재분사
(satisfying)를 쓴다.
5 동시동작의 의미이므로 접속사 while을 사용하여 부사절로 바꿔
쓸 수 있다.
6 이유의 의미이므로 접속사 Because를 사용하여 부사절로 바꾸
어 쓸 수 있다. 완료형 분사구문(having p.p.)이므로 부사절은 주
절 보다 앞선 시제로 나타내야 한다.
7 부사절과 주절의 시제와 주어가 같으므로 동사를 「v-ing」 형태로
바꿔 쓴다.
8 부사절의 시제가 주절보다 앞서므로 완료형 분사구문을 쓴다.
9 ‘~라는 이름으로 불리는’이라는 수동의 의미이므로 과거분사
(named)를 쓴다. / ‘혼란스럽게 하는’이라는 능동의 의미이므로
현재분사(confusing)를 쓴다.
10 ‘부러진’이라는 수동의 의미이므로 과거분사(broken)를 쓴다. /
‘놀란’이라는 수동의 의미이므로 과거분사(surprised)를 쓴다.
11 분사구문의 주어(It)가 주절의 주어(they)와 다르므로 주어 It을 남
겨둔다. 부사절로 바꾸었을 때 시제가 주절과 같으므로 「v-ing」
형태로 쓴다.
12 분사구문의 뜻을 명확히 하기 위해 접속사 Before를 삭제하지
않고 그대로 쓸 수 있다.
13 분사구문의 부정은 분사 앞에 not 또는 never를 쓴다.
14 judging from: ~으로 판단하건대
15 ⓓ ‘주차된’이라는 수동의 의미이므로 과거분사를 쓴다.
ⓐ using → used, ⓑ making → made, ⓒ contain →
containing, ⓔ breaking → broken
 16 3. checked → checking 동시동작을 나타내는 분사구문이
므로 「v-ing」 형태로 쓴다. / 5. speak → speaking frankly
speaking : 솔직히 말해서
[17~18]
나는 탐정소설 읽는 것을 좋아한다. 2주 전에 내가 가장 좋아하는 작
가가 ‘The Sign’이라는 제목이 붙여진 새 책을 발간했다. 나는 바로
그것을 온라인으로 주문했다. 보통 주문한 것을 3~4일 이내에 받는
데, 이번에는 일주일이 지났지만 책을 받지 못했다. 크리스마스 시즌
이어서 주문이 너무 많았다. 결국 주문한지 2주 후 나는 주문을 취소
하고 서점에서 그것을 구매했다. 그것은 매우 실망스러웠다.
17 (A) ‘제목이 붙여진’이라는 수동의 의미이므로 과거분사를 쓴다.
(C) ‘실망시키는’이라는 능동의 의미이므로 현재분사를 쓴다.
18 이유의 의미이므로 접속사 because/since/as를 사용하여 부사
절로 바꿔 쓸 수 있다.
19 ‘해변에서 쉴 때’의 의미로 시간을 나타내는 분사구문이다.
20 동시동작을 나타내는 분사구문이다.
21 ‘주차된’이라는 수동의 의미이므로 과거분사를 쓴다.
22 분사구문의 부정은 분사 앞에 not 또는 never를 쓴다. 부사절로
바꾸었을 때 시제가 주절보다 앞서므로 완료형 분사구문을 쓴다.
23 ‘세탁된’이라는 수동의 의미이므로 「(being) p.p.」 형태의 분사구
문으로 나타낸다.
24 ‘제공된’이라는 수동의 의미이므로 과거분사를 쓴다.
04
Chapter
시제
Unit 01 현재완료
Practice
A 1 noticed 2 Have
3 for 4 have known
B 1 Have, seen 2 has been Task 3
3 has worked 4 have forgotten
C 1 have been practicing, for
2 has been learning, since
3 have been playing, for
4 has been snowing, since
D 1 I have never seen
2 She has already posted
3 has loved playing soccer since
4 has been looking for a part-timer for
6 7
Unit 02 과거완료, 미래완료
Practice
A 1 had worked 2 had already left
3 will have been married 4 had been suffering
B 1 had missed 2 will have finished
3 had lived 4 had been watching
C 1 had tried 2 had, scored
3 had used 4 had reserved
D 1 had taken care of this dog
2 had not/never lost a match
3 Jason will have arrived here by
4 had been quarreling, when I came home
Grammar Writing pp. 52-53
Task 1
1 Have you ever traveled to any African countries?
2 How long have you been studying English?
3 My dad had been a lawyer before he became
a novelist.
4 He had already prepared dinner when they arrived.
5 Her family has lived in this village for many
generations.
6 I’ve been volunteering at an animal shelter for two
months.
Task 2
1 has lost his laptop
2 had not/never eaten Thai food
3 have had a headache since
p. 49
4 will have worked for the company for
5 has been learning French for two years
6 had been watching a cartoon for an hour
1 came back home, had already finished dinner
2 arrived at the airport, had already taken off
3 got to the theater, had already started
Task 4
1 X, Have you found 2 X, I saw a dog
3 X, But it had disappeared 4 O
Task 4
Liam: 잃어버린 강아지를 찾았니?
Mia: 아니, 아직 못 찾았어. 어제 나는 우리 강아지와 비슷하게 생긴
강아지를 봤어. 하지만 내가 그곳에 갔을 때는 이미 사라지고
없었어.
Liam: 내가 알기론 네 여동생도 강아지를 매우 좋아하잖아. 그 애는
요즘 어떻게 지내고 있니?
p. 51
Mia: 잘 지내지 못하고 있어.
Liam: 유감이야. 강아지를 빨리 찾을 수 있길 바란다.
Actual Test
1 ⓒ 2 ⓒ 3 ⓓ 4 ⓐ 5 ⓔ
6 has been doing 7 will have stayed
8 ⓓ 9 ⓓ 10 have already replaced
11 had been snowing, went 12 ⓐ
13 has moved to Milan
14 has been pursuing, for 11 years
15 had already sold out when he arrived
16 has → had 17 ⓑ
18 I ran into him, he had been running on the
treadmill 19 X, being → been
20 X, has → had 21 X, were → had been
22 X, listening → listened
23 O 24 X, had → have
1 since(~이래로)가 쓰여 과거부터 현재까지 계속되어 온 일을 나
타내므로 현재완료를 쓴다.
2 과거의 한 시점을 기준으로 그 이전에 완료된 일을 나타내므로
과거완료를 쓴다.
3 과거부터 현재까지 ‘5년 동안 계속 살고 있다’는 의미이므로 현재
완료진행형을 쓴다.
4 과거의 특정 시점을 나타내는 a year ago가 있으므로 과거시제
를 쓴다. / yet과 함께 쓰여 완료를 나타내는 현재완료 용법이다.
5 for + 기간: ~ 동안 / since + 기준 시점: ~ 이래로
6 과거에 시작한 연습을 현재까지 계속 진행 중이라는 의미이므로
현재완료진행형을 쓴다.
7 미래의 어떤 시점(다음 달)까지 완료될 것으로 예상되는 일을 나
타내므로 미래완료를 쓴다.
8 제시된 문장과 ⓓ는 경험을 나타내는 현재완료 용법이다. ⓐ와
ⓔ는 결과, ⓑ와 ⓒ는 계속을 나타낸다.
9 제시된 문장과 ⓓ는 결과를 나타내는 현재완료 용법이다. ⓐ는
완료, ⓑ와 ⓒ는 경험, ⓔ는 계속을 나타낸다.
10 완료를 나타내는 현재완료 용법이다.
11 과거의 한 시점 이전에 시작되어 그 시점까지 계속 진행 중이었
던 일을 나타내므로 과거완료진행형을 쓴다.
12 ⓐ have celebrated → celebrated 과거의 특정 시점을 나타
내는 last night이 있으므로 과거시제를 써야 한다.
13 과거에 발생한 일의 결과가 현재까지 영향을 미치는 것을 나타내
므로 결과를 나타내는 현재완료 용법을 쓴다.
14 과거의 한 시점(11년 전)부터 현재까지 계속 진행 중인 일을 나타
내므로 현재완료진행형을 쓴다.
15 과거의 한 시점(가게에 도착했을 때)을 기준으로 그 이전에 완료
된 일을 나타내므로 과거완료를 쓴다.
16 과거의 한 시점(TV를 켰을 때)을 기준으로 그 이전에 완료된 일을
나타내므로 과거완료를 쓴다.
[17~18]
A: 안녕, Chloe. 최근에 James를 본 적이 있니? 나는 그애를 2주 동
안 보지 못했어.
pp. 54-56 B: 어제 헬스클럽에서 봤어. 내가 그애를 우연히 만났을 때 그애는 러
닝머신에서 뛰고 있던 중이었어.
A: 오, 헬스클럽에서? 너 헬스클럽 다니니?
B: 응, 나는 1월부터 운동을 하고 있어. 운동을 시작하기 전에는 자주
피곤함을 느꼈었는데, 지금은 훨씬 더 좋아졌어.
A: 듣던 중 반가운 소리네.
17 (A) 계속을 나타내는 현재완료 용법이다.
(C) 과거의 한 시점(1월)부터 현재까지 계속 진행 중인 일을 나타
내므로 현재완료진행형을 쓴다.
18 과거의 한 시점(그를 우연히 만났을 때) 이전에 시작되어 그 시점
까지 계속 진행 중인 일을 나타내므로 과거완료진행형을 쓴다.
19 경험을 나타내는 현재완료 용법이다. 현재완료의 의문형은
「Have/Has + 주어 + p.p. …?」의 형태로 나타낸다.
20 과거의 한 시점을 기준으로 그 이전에 완료된 일을 나타내므로
과거완료를 쓴다.
21 과거의 한 시점을 기준으로 그 이전에 완료된 일을 나타내므로
과거완료를 쓴다.
22 미래완료는 「will have + p.p.」의 형태로 쓴다.
23 과거의 한 시점을 기준으로 그 이전에 완료된 일을 나타내므로
과거완료를 쓴다.
24 과거의 한 시점부터 현재까지 계속 진행 중인 일을 나타내므로
현재완료진행형을 쓴다.
05
Chapter
조동사
Unit 01 had better, would rather, used to
Practice p. 59
A 1 use 2 believe
3 would rather not 4 used to
B 1 would rather 2 had better
3 used to
C 1 had better go 2 used to belong
3 had better not waste 4 used to have
D 1 had better buy a ticket
2 There used to be a statue
3 would rather not say anything
4 would chase cars on the street

Unit 02 조동사 + have + 과거분사
Practice
A 1 been 2 can’t
3 have studied 4 must
B 1 must have overheard
2 shouldn’t have ordered
3 may have been
4 can’t have missed
C 1 나는 그가 나에게 말한 것을 믿었어야 했다.
2 Tim은 그의 휴대폰을 잃어버렸음에 틀림없다.
3 Julia는 어젯밤에 그 신문을 읽었을지도 모른다.
4 그가 그렇게 시끄러운 곳에서 잤을 리 없다.
D 1 must have known each other
2 may have been nervous
3 The girl can’t have memorized
4 should have released the product
Grammar Writing pp. 62-63
Task 1
1 It must have been very rainy during the night.
2 I should have persuaded him to study harder.
3 She may have donated money to the charity.
4 You had better not spread rumors about him.
5 They used to sit around the fire on winter evenings.
6 I would rather not inform them of the changes.
Task 2
1 The actor can’t have arrived
2 He used to live in a dormitory
3 They had better not buy anything
4 She may have decided to go on a picnic
5 I would rather take a nap than watch TV.
6 I shouldn’t have wasted time during summer
vacation.
Task 3
1 advanced to the finals, must have practiced hard
2 didn’t call me, must have forgotten my phone
number
3 was annoyed at me, should have been polite to her
Task 4
1 X, I used to believe
2 X, I shouldn’t have had
3 X, I had better choose
4 O
8 9
Task 4
최근까지 나는 하루에 필요한 비타민을 섭취하기 위해 비타민 음료를
p. 61
마시곤 했다. 나는 비타민 음료가 건강에 좋다고 믿고 있었다. 하지
만 내가 틀렸다. 다수의 비타민 음료가 설탕과 카페인을 매우 많이 함
유하고 있다. 나는 그렇게 자주 비타민 음료를 마시지 말았어야 했다.
지금부터 내가 마시는 음료를 주의 깊게 고르는 것이 좋겠다. 그렇지
않으면, 과일과 채소 같은 음식으로부터 자연적으로 발생한 비타민을
섭취해야겠다.
Actual Test pp. 64-66
1 ⓔ 2 ⓐ 3 ⓓ 4 ⓓ 5 ⓑ
6 can’t have seen 7 had better not open
8 ⓓ 9 ⓔ 10 may have become friends
11 would rather walk, than take the bus 12 ⓑ
13 should have thought 14 used to go
15 can’t have purchased such an expensive car
16 1) had better book a plane ticket 2) had better
get a passport 17 may have misplaced it
18 ⓑ 19 X, am used → used
20 X, can → can’t 21 X, than buying → than buy
22 O 23 X, mistake → mistaken
24 X, have better don’t had better not
→
1 문맥상 우산을 가지고 가라고 충고의 의미를 나타내는 had
better(~하는 것이 낫다)를 써야 한다.
2 문맥상 과거의 일에 대한 후회나 유감을 나타내는 「should have
p.p.」(~했어야 했다)를 써야 한다.
3 문맥상 과거의 일에 대한 불확실한 추측을 나타내는 「may have
p.p.」(~했을지도 모른다)를 써야 한다.
4 would rather A (than B): (B하느니) 차라리 A하겠다
5 used to + 동사원형: ~였다 (과거의 습관/상태), 과거의 상태를
나타낼 때는 would를 쓰지 않는다. / must have p.p.: ~했음
에 틀림없다 (과거의 일에 대한 강한 추측)
6 Sarah는 전학을 가서 학교에서 보기 어려운 상황이므로 「can’t
have p.p.」(~했을 리 없다)를 써야 한다.
7 ‘~하지 않는 것이 낫다’라는 내용이 와야 하므로 had better의
부정형인 had better not을 써야 한다.
8 ⓓ I’d not rather → I’d rather not would rather의 부정형은
뒤에 not을 붙인다.
9 must have p.p.: ~했음에 틀림없다
10 may have p.p.: ~했을지도 모른다
11 would rather A than B: B하느니 차라리 A하겠다
12 티켓을 미리 사지 않은 것을 후회하는 내용이므로 「should have
p.p.」를 써야 한다.
13 과거의 일에 대한 후회를 나타내므로 「should have p.p.」를 써
야 한다.
14 과거의 습관을 나타내므로 「used to + 동사원형」(~하곤 했다)를
써야 한다.
Unit 02 주의해야 할 비교구문
15 can’t have p.p.: ~했을 리 없다 Practice p. 71
16 충고하는 내용이므로 had better를 써야 한다.
A 1 more
2 possible
[17~18] 3 oldest 4 better and better
A: 내 목걸이가 없어졌어.
B 1 successful than any other businessman
B: 어디에 있었는데?
2 is as successful 3 is more successful
A: 테이블 위에 있었어. 도난당한 것이 틀림없어. C 1 the more → more and more
B: 네가 집 어딘가에 그것을 잘못 두었을지도 몰라. 같이 찾아보자. 2 two → twice
A: 경찰에 연락을 해야겠어. 3 more → the more
B: 하지만 먼저 집 안 곳곳을 찾아보는 것이 좋아. 오, 테이블 아래에
D 1 one of the worst construction accidents
있는 것이 네 목걸이 아니니?
2 four times as deep as its size
A: 응, 그거야! 내가 테이블을 닦는 도중에 그걸 떨어뜨린 것이 틀림
3 your question as quickly as possible
없어. 정말 고마워.
4 better than any other lawyer in the city
17 may have p.p.: ~했을지도 모른다
18 (B) 집에서 먼저 찾아보자고 충고하는 내용이므로 had better을
쓰는 것이 가장 자연스럽다. Grammar Writing pp. 72-73
(C) 과거의 일에 대한 강한 추측을 나타내므로 「must have p.p.」
Task 1
를 써야 한다.
1 the cheapest of the new models
19 과거의 상태를 나타내므로 「used to + 동사원형」을 쓴다.
2 They felt more and more tired
20 과거의 일에 대한 강한 부정적 추측을 나타낼 때는 「can’t have 3 No other material is harder than
p.p.」를 쓴다.
4 much more delicious than those cookies
21 would rather A than B: B하느니 차라리 A하겠다, borrow가 5 The smaller the package, the easier it is
동사원형이므로 than 뒤에도 동사원형이 와야 한다.
6 grow old as slowly as they can
22 should have p.p.: ~했어야 했다
Task 2
23 may have p.p.: ~했을지도 모른다
1 The more you practice, the better
24 「had better + 동사원형」의 부정형은 「had better not + 동사원 2 grew bigger and bigger
형」의 형태이다.
3 is not as difficult as people think
4 the best movie (that) you have ever seen
5 one of the most famous structures
6 three times as crowded as (on) weekdays
06
Chapter
Task 3
비교구문
1 twice as expensive 2 the cheapest
3 more luxurious than
Unit 01 원급, 비교급, 최상급
Task 4
Practice p. 69 1 X, as soon as possible
2 X, it’s getting harder and harder
A 1 easy
2 warmer
3 O
3 most intelligent 4 much
4 X, one of the nicest gifts
B 1 the highest 2 more crowded
3 as comfortable 4 the earliest Task 4
C 1 cheaper than 2 as heavy as Anna: 우리는 가능한 한 빨리 Steve의 생일 파티 선물을 사야 해.
3 longer than 4 the youngest of Tom: 응, 그런데 특별한 걸 고르는 것이 점점 더 힘들어져. 그애에
게 그냥 티셔츠 정도 사 줘도 될 것 같아.
D 1 as powerful as other fans
2 drives more carefully than my dad
Anna: 그애는 그것보다 더 비싼 것을 받을 자격이 있어. 작년에 나
에게 내가 받은 가장 좋은 선물 중 하나를 사 줬어.
3 the most beautiful place in your country
Tom: 네 말이 맞아. 쇼핑몰에 가서 둘러보자.
 Actual Test
pp. 74-76
1 ⓔ 2 ⓓ 3 ⓑ 4 ⓓ 5 ⓔ
6 much closer than 7 more and more interesting
8 ⓒ 9 The dog is twice as heavy as my cat.
10 ⓒ 11 simply as possible
12 The higher, the colder 13 ⓓ
14 more expensive than 15 ⓒ
16 Sam 17 as fast as possible
18 Your document weighs less than one pound.
19 X, careful → carefully 20 O
21 X, animals → animal 22 X, best → the better
23 X, many → more 24 O
1 as + 원급 + as: …만큼 ~한/하게
2 one of the + 최상급 + 복수명사: 가장 ~한 것들 중 하나
3 smart의 비교급은 smarter이다. 나머지는 형용사는 앞에 more
를 붙여서 비교급을 만든다.
4 비교급 앞에 much, even, still, far, a lot 등을 써서 ‘훨씬’의 의
미로 비교급을 강조할 수 있다.
5 the + 최상급 + 명사 + (that +) 주어 + have ever p.p. : 지금까
지 …한 것 중 가장 ~한
6 비교급 + than: …보다 더 ~한/하게
7 비교급 + and + 비교급: 점점 더 ~한
8 ‘이 책이 너의 필기만큼 도움이 되지 않았다’는 말은 ‘너의 필기가
이 책보다 더 도움이 되었다’는 말과 같은 뜻이다.
9 배수사 + as + 원급 + as …: …의 몇 배로 ~한
10 ⓒ colder → warmer 화요일이 8 , 수요일이 10 로 예상되고
있다.
11 「as + 원급 + as + 주어 + can」은 「as + 원급 + as possible」로
바꿔 쓸 수 있다.
12 the + 비교급, the + 비교급: …하면 할수록 더 ~하다
13 ⓐ, ⓑ, ⓒ, ⓔ는 모두 ‘그가 영국에서 가장 유명한 배우다’라는 의
미의 최상급 표현이다.
14 스웨터가 셔츠보다 더 비싸므로 비교급 표현을 써야 한다.
15 ⓒ fastest → the fastest the + 형용사/부사의 최상급 + in/
of : …에서 가장 ~한/하게
16 나이가 많은 순서대로 나열하면 Sam, Daniel, Monica, Emma
순이다.
[17~18]
A: 이 서류를 토론토에 보내고 싶습니다.
B: 네. Standard Mail이나 Global Express 중 하나를 선택하실 수
있어요. 어떤 걸 선호하시나요?
A: 저는 그것이 가능한 한 빨리 배달되길 원해요.
B: 그럼 Global Express를 추천합니다. 서류가 영업일 기준으로
3일 안에 배달될 거예요.
A: 아주 좋아요.
B: 고객님의 서류는 1파운드보다 무게가 덜 나가네요. 12달러입니다.
10
A: 네. 반드시 그것이 제시간에 도착하도록 해주세요. 3 are taught English grammar by Ms. Davis,
B: 걱정하지 마세요. 저희는 이 도시에서 최상의 서비스를 제공하는 is taught to the students by Ms. Davis
것을 자랑스럽게 여기고 있으니까요.
D 1 will be named Ginger 2 were made to work
3 was advised to eat 4 was made for me
17 as + 원급 + as possible: 가능한 ~한/하게
18 비교급 + than : …보다 더 ~한/하게
19 ‘가능한 한 주의 깊게’라는 뜻으로 동사를 수식하므로 부사의
비교급을 써야한다. Unit 03 주의해야 할 수동태
20 비교급 앞에 far을 써서 ‘훨씬’의 의미로 비교급 taller를 강조한
Practice
문장이다.
21 「비교급 + than any other + 단수명사」는 최상급을 나타낸다. A 1 with 2 is looked after
3 resembles 4 is thought
22 the + 비교급, the + 비교급: …하면 할수록 더 ~하다
23 than 앞에는 비교급 표현을 써야 한다. B 1 in 2 with 3 at 4 of
24 as + 원급 + as: …만큼 ~한/하게 C 1 had to be put off until Tuesday (by them)
2 is said that eating breakfast improves
3 is thought to be one of the greatest actresses
D 1 The furniture was covered with dust.
07
Chapter
2 The actor is said to sing very well.
수동태 3 was reported that a typhoon is approaching
4 was laughed at by the other ducks
Unit 01 수동태의 개념과 형태
Practice p. 79
Grammar Writing
A 1 stops
2 was composed
Task 1
3 has been built 4 will be delivered
1 The runners will be given a medal
B 1 is pronounced 2 lost, was found 2 It is said that the company is in trouble.
3 be released 4 has, are stored 3 She is satisfied with the results of the experiment.
C 1 are used as a means of transportation (by many 4 My question has not been answered yet.
people) 5 He was seen riding his bike in the yard.
2 is being chased by the police officer 6 Young birds are taken care of by their mother.
3 has been completed by Mr. Lewis Task 2
D 1 was invented 2 was being repaired 1 is fed by Dan
3 has been held 4 might be closed 2 was made by my grandfather
3 The construction must be finished
4 are expected to bring some food
5 This bracelet was bought for Jenny
Unit 02 4형식, 5형식의 수동태 6 should not be parked
Practice p. 81 Task 3
1 is filled with bags and suitcases
A 1 was shown 2 for
2 is composed of 50 states
3 to report 4 to write
3 is covered with fallen leaves
B 1 1) makes 2) was made
Task 4
2 1) saw 2) was seen
1 X, It is believed that Nobel wanted
3 1) was sent 2) sent
2 O
C 1 will be painted white by the couple 3 X, The prizes are given to people
2 was heard singing[to sing] a song by my 4 X, The winners are looked up to by people
daughter
Task 4
노벨상은 Alfred Nobel에 의해 설립되었다. 그는 다이너마이트를
발명한 것으로 유명했다. Nobel은 다음 세대를 위해 좋은 유산을 남
기길 원했던 것으로 보인다. 그의 죽음 이후에, 그의 재산은 여러 상
을 제정하는 데 쓰였다. 그것은 물리, 화학, 의학, 경제학, 문학, 평화
의 여섯 개의 범주로 나누어져 있다. 그 상은 괄목할 만한 성취를 이
룬 사람들에게 주어진다. 수상자들은 전 세계 사람들에게 존경을 받
는다.
p. 83
Actual Test pp. 86-88
1 ⓒ 2 ⓑ 3 ⓓ 4 by people 5 ⓔ
6 ⓐ 7 is included 8 is not visited
9 ⓒ 10 ⓓ
11 His daughter was taught how to swim.
12 Earth was thought to be the center of the universe.
13 ⓓ 14 ⓑ
15 was given to me as a gift (by them)
16 The passengers were asked to put seat belts on
by the driver. 17 ⓔ
18 should be taken to the service center
19 X, given to → given 20 O
21 X, is resembled → resembles 22 O
23 X, being → been 24 X, riding → ridden
pp. 84-85
1 주어가 행위를 당하는 대상이므로 수동태(be + p.p.)를 써야 한다.
2 조동사가 있는 수동태: 조동사 + be + p.p.
3 사역동사 make의 목적격보어는 수동태 문장에서 to부정사로 바
뀐다.
4 행위자가 일반인이거나 불분명할 때, 또는 중요하지 않을 때는
「by + 행위자」를 생략한다.
5 4형식 문장에서 직접목적어가 주어로 올 경우 간접목적어 앞에
전치사를 쓰는데, send는 to를 make는 for를 쓴다.
6 be composed of : ~로 구성되다 /
be covered with: ~로 덮여 있다
7 주어가 행위를 당하는 대상이므로 수동태를 써야 한다.
8 블로그가 visit의 대상이므로 수동태를 써야 한다. 수동태의 부정
형은 「be + not + p.p.」이다.
9 지각동사의 목적격보어는 수동태 문장에서 현재분사나 to부정사
로 쓸 수 있지만 현재분사로 쓰는 것이 더 자연스럽다.
10 수동태의 진행형은 「be + being + p.p.」 형태로 나타낸다. 동사구
(take care of)의 수동태는 동사만 「be + p.p.」 형태로 바꾸고 나
머지는 그대로 쓴다.
11 4형식 문장의 수동태에서 간접목적어가 주어로 온 경우로 「주어
+ be + p.p. + 직접목적어」의 순서로 쓴다.
12 A is thought to-v : A가 ~하다고들 여긴다
13 수동태의 현재완료시제: have/has been + p.p.
ⓐ leaving → left, ⓑ hunt → hunted,
ⓒ by → of be made of : ~로 만들어지다,
11
 ⓔ practice → practicing/to practice 지각동사의 목적격보
어는 수동태 문장에서 현재분사나 to부정사로 쓴다.
14 2. was disappeared → disappeared 자동사는 수동태로 쓰
지 않는다.
4. of → with be filled with: ~로 가득 차다
15 4형식 문장의 수동태에서 직접목적어가 주어로 올 때, 대부분의
동사는 간접목적어 앞에 전치사 to를 쓴다.
16 5형식 문장을 수동태로 바꿔 쓸 때, 동사 ask의 목적격보어는 형
태 변화 없이 그대로 쓴다.
9 과거의 사실과 반대되는 것에 대한 소망, 아쉬움을 나타내므로
3 had eaten, wouldn’t feel Task 4
「I wish + 가정법 과거완료」를 쓴다.
D 1 were you, would accept 1 X, I had booked a different hotel
10 과거의 일이 현재에 영향을 미치는 경우이므로 혼합 가정법을 쓴
2 hadn’t spent, could buy 2 O
다. 「If + 주어 + had p.p., 주어 + would/could/might + 동사원
3 knew, would call her 3 X, shopping would have been easier
형」의 형태로 나타낸다.
4 had had the book, could have finished 4 X, If I travel to Paris again
11 과거의 사실과 반대의 뜻을 나타내므로 「as if + 가정법 과거완
료」를 쓴다.
Task 4
나의 지난 파리 여행은 재앙이었다. 위치가 나빴기 때문에 다른 호텔 12 과거의 사실과 반대되는 것에 대한 소망, 아쉬움을 나타내므로
Unit 02 I wish, as if 을 예약했더라면 좋을 것이다. 시내 중심가 근처에 머물렀더라면, 나
「I wish + 가정법 과거완료」를 쓴다.

[17~18] 는 많은 관광지에 걸어 갈 수 있었을 것이다. 또한 내가 프랑스 말을 13 과거의 사실과 반대인 일을 가정하는 것이므로 가정법 과거완료
Practice p. 93 조금 배웠더라면 쇼핑하기가 좀 더 쉬웠을 것이다. 내가 한국말을 했 를 쓴다.
A: 내가 오늘 아침에 너에게 여러 번 전화했는데, 네가 안 받더라. 걱
A 1 were 2 knew 을 때, 상점 점원들은 마치 내가 이상한 사람인 것처럼 나를 쳐다보았 14 가정법 과거에서 if절의 be동사는 주어와 상관없이 were로 쓴다.
정했잖아.
3 would have done 4 had read 다. 내가 파리에 다시 간다면 나는 많은 것들을 다르게 할 것이다. 15 과거의 사실과 반대인 일을 가정하는 것이므로 가정법 과거완료
B: 아, 미안해. 내 전화가 또 고장이 났어. 지난밤부터 작동이 안되고
를 쓴다.
있어. B 1 But for 2 I wish 3 as if
A: 그건 즉시 서비스센터로 가져가야 해. 16 ⓔ could have gone → could go 과거의 일이 현재에 영향을
C 1 I weren’t late all the time Actual Test pp. 96-98 미치는 경우이므로 혼합 가정법을 쓴다.
B: 알아. 방과 후에 그곳에 갈 생각이야. 2 he were my boss
A: 너 정말 짜증났겠다. 1 ⓐ 2 ⓑ 3 ⓒ 4 were [17~18]
3 I had brought extra clothes
B: 응, 맞아. 이 전화는 내 생일 선물로 받은 거야. 5 wouldn’t have left 6 If it had not been for
4 it were not for humor
A: 심각한 문제가 아니길 바래. 7 had known the facts, would have forgiven Molly에게
B: 나 역시 그래. D 1 as if I were 8 Nora liked Chinese food, could go 과학 시간에 필기한 것을 내게 빌려줘서 정말 고마워. 복습하는 날 결
2 I wish I had learned 9 ⓓ 10 ⓓ 11 He acts as if he had been sick. 석하지 않았더라면 좋을 테지만, 나는 병원에 있었어. 네 필기가 없었
17 (A) be worried about : ~에 대해 걱정하다 3 he driven, wouldn’t have gotten 12 I wish she had thought about the plan. 다면 나는 시험 공부를 하지 못했을 거야. 정말 도움이 됐어. 네가 도
(B) 4형식 문장의 수동태에서 직접목적어가 주어로 올 때 동사 와주지 않았었다면, 나는 낙제했을 거야. 너는 정말 좋은 친구야.
13 ⓔ 14 If he were alive now, he would be 95.
buy는 간접목적어 앞에 전치사 for를 쓴다. 고마워!
15 If he hadn’t helped me, I would have been late.
18 조동사가 있는 수동태: 조동사 + be + p.p.
Grammar Writing pp. 94-95 16 ⓔ 17 ⓐ Amanda
19 4형식 문장의 수동태에서 간접목적어가 주어로 올 경우에는 전치 18 If you hadn’t helped me, I would have failed.
Task 1
사를 쓰지 않는다.
1 I had a car, could give you a ride 19 X, came → had come 20 O 17 (A) 과거의 사실과 반대되는 것에 대한 소망, 아쉬움을 나타내므
20 be surprised at : ~에 놀라다 21 O 22 X, have been → be 로 「I wish + 가정법 과거완료」를 쓴다.
2 I hadn’t left the door open, couldn’t have escaped
(B) 과거의 사실과 반대인 일을 가정하는 것이므로 가정법 과거완
21 resemble은 상태를 나타내는 타동사이므로 수동태로 쓰지 않는 3 it had been sunny, would have played outside 23 X, She had → If she had / Had she
료를 쓴다.
다.
4 he were from Australia 24 X, have chosen → choose
22 조동사가 있는 수동태의 부정형: 조동사 + not + be + p.p. 18 과거의 사실과 반대인 일을 가정하는 것이므로 가정법 과거완료
5 they had thought twice before doing that
1 현재나 미래에 충분히 일어날 수 있는 일을 가정하는 것이므로 를 쓴다.
23 수동태의 현재완료시제: have/has been + p.p. 6 she had attended the biology class
단순 조건문을 쓴다. 19 과거의 사실과 반대되는 것에 대한 소망, 아쉬움을 나타내므로
24 롤러코스터가 ride의 대상이므로 수동태를 써야 한다. Task 2
2 현재의 사실과 반대인 일을 가정하는 것이므로 가정법 과거를 쓴 「I wish + 가정법 과거완료」를 쓴다.
1 I were you, wouldn’t drive in the snow 다. 「If + 주어 + 동사의 과거형, 주어 + would/could/might + 동 20 현재의 사실과 반대인 일을 가정하는 것이므로 「as if + 가정법
2 I knew his name, would say hello 사원형」의 형태로 나타낸다. 과거」를 쓴다.
3 you had listened to, wouldn’t be in trouble

08
3 현재의 사실과 반대의 뜻을 나타내므로 「as if + 가정법 과거」를
Chapter

21 Without(= But for/If it had not been for): ~이 없었다면 (가

4 she had been more careful, wouldn’t have broken 쓴다. 정법 과거완료)
가정법 5 I wish I had seen it
4 현재의 사실과 반대되는 것에 대한 소망, 아쉬움을 나타내므로 22 과거의 일이 현재에 영향을 미치는 경우이므로 혼합 가정법을 쓴
6 as if he had expected the question 「I wish + 가정법 과거」를 쓴다. 다.
Unit 01 가정법 과거, 가정법 과거완료 Task 3 5 과거의 사실과 반대인 일을 가정하는 것이므로 가정법 과거 23 문맥상 과거의 사실과 반대인 일을 가정하는 것이므로 가정법 과
1 hadn’t experimented with peas, wouldn’t have 완료를 쓴다. 「If + 주어 + had p.p., 주어 + would/could/ 거완료를 쓴다. if절의 동사가 had인 경우, if를 생략하고 동사와
Practice p. 91
discovered Mendel’s law might + have p.p.」이다. 주어의 위치를 바꿔서 쓸 수 있다.
A 1 would 2 feel 2 hadn’t written the Harry Potter series, couldn’t 6 Without은 if절을 대신하는 구문으로 가정법 과거 완료는 「if it 24 현재의 사실과 반대인 일을 가정하는 것이므로 가정법 과거를 쓴
3 had had 4 would be read it had not been for」이다. 다.
B 1 created → creates 2 had had → had 3 hadn’t tried to sail to India, wouldn’t have found 7 과거의 사실과 반대인 일을 가정하는 것이므로 가정법 과거완료
3 knew → had known America 를 쓴다.

C 1 had locked, wouldn’t have come 4 hadn’t created Hangul, couldn’t read and write 8 현재의 사실과 반대인 일을 가정하는 것이므로 가정법 과거를 쓴
2 could play, weren’t easily 다.

12 13

09
Chapter
접속사
Unit 01 부사절을 이끄는 접속사
Practice
A 1 because 2 Even if
3 finish 4 When
B 1 1) if 2) By the time 2 1) until 2) because
3 1) Though 2) Since
C 1 Although the heater was on
2 As soon as we get the results
3 since he was in high school
4 Unless we book a room now
D 1 While I was watching TV
2 Every time I visit the restaurant
3 As he gets older, he resembles
4 Although/Though she likes coffee, she doesn’t
drink
Unit 02 짝으로 이루어진 접속사
Practice
A 1 or 2 are 3 but also 4 both
B 1 Richard nor Jessica 2 steak and pasta
3 Friday or Saturday 4 and Tim have
C 1 either tea or juice
2 neither exciting nor funny
3 Both Kate and Kurt
4 Spanish as well as English
D 1 not only delicious but also nutritious
2 either walk or take a bus
3 Both my father and I graduated from
4 Neither the students nor their teacher is familiar
Grammar Writing pp. 104-105
Task 1
1 every time it rains
2 since I installed this program
3 Because Jerome forgot to bring his textbook
4 Though he has met Ally several times
5 Unless you prepare for the interview
14
Task 2
1 As soon as I get the visa
2 Even if you don’t like to exercise
3 can be seen on both TV and the Internet
4 didn’t go to work since she wasn’t feeling well
5 studied hard until he was confident in himself
p. 101
6 you should consider the audience as well as the
topic
Task 3
1 either a T-shirt or a sweater
2 Both T-shirts and sweaters
3 Neither the blue one nor the pink one
4 credit cards as well as cash
Task 4
1 X, Unless you have[If you haven’t] studied enough
2 O
3 X, to either concentrate or do well on the test
4 X, not only be prepared but also approach
Task 4
내일 시험이 있다고 상상해 보라. 당신이 충분히 공부하지 않았다면
그것에 대해 초조함을 느끼는 것이 이상하지 않다. 하지만 어떤 사람
들은 잘 준비를 했음에도 불구하고 지나치게 스트레스를 받는다. 그
들이 느끼는 초조함은 시험에 집중하거나 시험을 잘 보는 것을 더 어
p. 103 렵게 만든다. 이것은 시험 불안이라고 불린다. 시험 불안을 극복하려
면, 준비가 되어 있어야 할 뿐만 아니라 자신감을 가지고 시험에 임해
야 한다. 긍정적으로 생각하라. 그것은 당신이 충분히 공부했다는 것
을 스스로에게 상기시키는 데 도움을 준다.
Actual Test pp. 106-108
1 ⓑ 2 ⓒ 3 ⓓ 4 ⓒ 5 unless
6 either, or 7 ⓑ 8 ⓔ 9 as well as
10 Although/Though/Even though 23 although: 비록 ~하지만
11 Since(since) 12 ⓓ
13 ⓒ 14 ⓔ 15 As soon as he finished
16 neither his secretary nor his friend 17 ⓔ
18 snakes as well as bears 19 O
20 X, are → is 21 X, will get → get
22 X, even if → because/since/as
23 O 24 O
1 either A or B: A 또는 B 둘 중 하나
2 since: ~이래로
3 even though: ~함에도 불구하고
4 every time(~할 때마다) = whenever
5 unless: 만약 ~하지 않는다면 (= if … not)
6 either A or B: A 또는 B 둘 중 하나
7 ⓑ는 의문사 when(언제)이고, 나머지는 시간을 나타내는 접속사
when(~할 때)이다.
8 보기와 ⓔ의 as는 ‘하기 때문에’의 의미이고, ⓐ와 ⓒ는 ‘~할 때’
ⓑ와 ⓓ는 ‘~함에 따라’의 의미이다.
9 not only A but also B(A뿐만 아니라 B도) = B as well as A
10 although/though/even though: 비록 ~하지만, ~함에도 불
구하고
11 첫 번째 since는 ‘~때문에’의 의미이고, 두 번째 since는 ‘~이
래로’의 의미이다.
12 Lena는 퍼즐을, Ian은 자전거를 원하므로 ⓓ는 틀린 답이다.
13 ⓒ will clear → clears 시간을 나타내는 부사절에서는 미래를
나타내더라도 현재시제를 사용한다.
14 B as well as A : B에 동사의 수 일치
15 as soon as: ~하자마자
16 neither A nor B: A도 B도 아닌
[17~18]
겨울잠은 겨울 동안 깊이 잠이 드는 것이다. 어떤 동물들은 겨울에 충
분한 식량을 찾을 수가 없기 때문에 에너지를 비축하기 위해 겨울잠
에 든다. 그들은 가을에 더 많이 먹고 많은 지방을 저장한다. 겨울잠
을 자는 동안, 에너지를 적게 사용하도록 그들의 심장박동과 호흡은
느려진다. 대부분의 사람들이 겨울잠을 생각할 때 곰을 떠올린다. 하
지만 곰뿐만 아니라 박쥐, 개구리, 그리고 뱀도 겨울잠을 잔다.
17 (A) since: ~하기 때문에 (B) while: ~하는 동안
(C) when: ~할 때
18 B as well as A : A뿐만 아니라 B도
19 not only A but also B: A뿐만 아니라 B도
20 neither A nor B: B에 동사의 수 일치
21 시간을 나타내는 부사절에서는 미래를 나타낼 때 현재시제를 쓴
다.
22 의미상 이유를 나타내는 접속사(because/since/as)가 와야 한
다.
24 unless: 만약 ~하지 않는다면 (= if … not)
Chapter
10 관계사
Unit 01 관계대명사
Practice
A 1 whose 2 who
3 that 4 which
5 what
B 1 my aunt who/that lives in Seattle
2 new sneakers which/that came with extra
shoelaces
3 a younger brother whose voice is attractive
4 who(m)/that Darrel invited was late
5 whose food and beverages are excellent
6 the man and the dog that were crossing the road
C 1 a friend whose brother is a golfer
2 What surprised me was his reaction
3 the notebook that I borrowed from Tim
4 cheese which is imported from France
Unit 02 관계부사
Practice p. 113
A 1 where 2 how 3 on 4 why
B 1 when 2 how 3 where
C 1 Christmas is a holiday when we spend time with
our family.
2 The artist explained (the reason) why she
painted the fence red.
3 The airport is (the place) where you get your first
impression of a country.
D 1 the hospital where I was born
2 the reason why you bought that hat
3 ask how you cooked this fish
4 was a day when everything went wrong
Unit 03 주의해야 할 관계사의 용법
Practice p. 115
A 1 which 2 which
3 that 4 interested
B 1 that 2 which
3 X 4 that are
C 1 who will work with us from next week
2 which made my parents angry
3 which was crowded with tourists
4 where many fans were waiting for him
p. 111
D 1 The books you recommend
2 with whom she is
3 invited to the party
4 when it was crowded
15

Unit 04 복합관계사
Practice
A 1 whatever 2 Whoever
3 Whenever 4 However
B 1 Whoever 2 whatever
3 Wherever
C 1 wherever 2 whichever
3 Whenever 4 whomever
D 1 Whichever you choose
2 wherever we went
3 Whoever borrowed the book
4 However fast he drives
Grammar Writing pp. 118-119
Task 1
1 Students who ask questions learn a lot.
2 Angela has a dog she raises with care.
3 The day when he arrived was very sunny.
4 I don’t know the boy that John was talking to.
5 The doctor explained why she didn’t get better.
6 want more money however rich they are
Task 2
1 what I want to buy
2 People whose hobby is writing
3 everything (that) you want
4 a man who/that lives alone in a huge house
5 where I met my friend
6 Whenever I see you
Task 3
1 where we spent last Christmas
2 who is standing behind the snowman
3 whose jacket is red
4 who(m) my mother is holding
Task 4
1 X, the topic (which/that) you chose
2 X, What I wanted to do was
3 O 2 have I experienced this emotion in my life
4 X, the girl who/that sits in front of me
5 X, which was a peace organization
Task 4
Brian: Jack, 네가 선택한 역사 보고서의 주제는 무엇이니?
Jack: 내가 하고 싶었던 건 로마 제국에 관해 쓰는 것이었어. 그런
데 그걸 바꾼 이유는 내 앞에 앉은 여자아이가 같은 주제를
선택해서야.
16
Brian: 대신에 무엇을 하기로 정했니? 16 ⓓ the things what → the things that 또는 what 관계대명
Jack: 국제 연맹에 대해 쓰고 있는데, 그건 1920년에 설립된 평화 사 what은 선행사를 포함하고 있다.
D 1 What I want is
2 The young like
p. 117
기구야. [17~18]
3 Every student is ready
4 A number of people were
A: 공원에서 농구를 하고 있는 남자아이들이 보이니? 내 새로운 반
Actual Test 친구들이야.
pp. 120-122
1 ⓐ 2 ⓔ 3 ⓑ 4 where 5 whatever B: 그 애들은 정말 많이 닮아 보여.
6 ⓐ 7 ⓒ 8 whose 9 ⓔ 10 ⓔ
A: 맞아. 얼굴이 거의 똑같아 보이는 쌍둥이 형제거든. 나는 누가 누 Unit 02 화법 전환
구인지 모르겠어. 그 애들은 내가 볼 때마다 함께 있어서, 그게 나
11 These are the earphones which/that you ordered
last week. 12 I sometimes miss the old
를 더욱 혼란스럽게 해. Practice p. 127
B: 무슨 뜻인지 알겠어. 딱 나같이 생긴 누군가를 보는 건 어떤 느낌
days when we used to write letters and send cards. A 1 told 2 not to 3 if
이 들지 궁금하다.
13 people who/that are creative and passionate 4 what I did 5 I had used
A: 나도 그래.
14 ⓑ 15 ⓑ 16 ⓓ 17 that are 18 ⓔ B 1 told me (that) I had been so helpful to her
19 O 20 X, when → which 17 「주격 관계대명사 + be동사」는 생략 가능하다. 2 asked me if/whether I had eaten lunch
21 X, where is located → (which/that is) located 18 (B) 선행사 twin brothers가 관계대명사절 내에서 소유격으로 3 said (that) his sister and he would take care of
22 X, why → when 쓰이므로 소유격 관계대명사 whose를 쓴다. the cat
23 X, was first → (which[that] was) first 24 O (C) ‘~할 때마다’의 의미로 시간 부사절을 이끄는 복합관계부사 4 asked me where I was going in such a hurry
whenever를 쓴다. 5 says (that) she wants to learn how to play the
1 선행사 Peter가 사람이고 관계절 내에서 주어 역할을 하므로 주 (D) 선행사가 없으므로 선행사를 포함하는 관계대명사 what을
guitar
격관계대명사 who를 쓴다. who는 계속적 용법으로 쓸 수 있지 쓴다.
만 that은 계속적 용법으로 쓸 수 없다.
6 told me to be sure to hand in my essay by
19 whoever는 ‘~하는 누구나’를 의미하며 전치사 to의 목적어 역할 Thursday
2 선행사 the cave가 장소이고 관계사절 내에서 부사 역할을 하므 을 하는 명사절을 이끈다.
로 관계부사 where를 쓴다. C 1 asked me if/whether we had met
20 계속적 용법의 관계대명사 which는 앞에 나오는 구나 절 전체를
2 told me not to eat
3 관계대명사 what은 선행사를 포함하고 있으며, ‘~하는 것(the 선행사로 취할 수 있다.
thing which/that)’의 의미이다. 3 asked me where her bag was
21 선행사 a hotel이 사물이고 관계사절 내에서 주어의 역할을 하므
4 「전치사 + 관계대명사」는 관계부사로 바꿔 쓸 수 있는데, 선행사
4 said he had to change
로 which/that을 써야 한다. 이때, 「주격 관계대명사 + be동사」
the church가 장소이므로 관계부사 where를 쓴다. 는 생략 가능하다.
5 anything that(~하는 무엇이나)은 명사절을 이끄는 복합관계대 22 선행사 the months가 시간을 나타내고 관계사절 내에서 부사
명사 whatever로 바꿔 쓸 수 있다. 역할을 하므로 관계부사 when을 써야 한다. Unit 03 특수 구문
6 선행사가 the earthquake이고 계속적 용법으로 쓰이고 있으므 23 선행사 the book을 수식하는 관계사절이 와야 한다. 이때, 「주격
로 which만 가능하다. / 선행사가 the people이고 관계사절 내 관계대명사 + be동사」는 생략 가능하다. Practice p. 129
에서 주어 역할을 하므로 주격 관계대명사 who를 써야 한다.
24 관계대명사 what이 이끄는 명사절이 문장의 목적어로 쓰인 경우 A 1 she comes 2 did it snow
7 ⓒ 주격 관계대명사는 생략할 수 없다. 이다. 3 that 4 was the restaurant
8 선행사가 관계대명사절 내에서 소유격으로 쓰일 경우 관계대명사
B 1 It was near the pool that Frank found the
whose를 쓴다.
missing boy.
9 계속적 용법의 관계대명사 which는 앞에 나오는 구나 절 전체를 2 It is Marie that wants to plan the party by
11
Chapter
선행사로 취할 수 있다.
herself.
10 ⓔ는 명사절을 이끄는 접속사 that이고, 나머지는 모두 관계대명 일치와 화법, 특수 구문 3 It was a teddy bear that my father bought me for
사이다. my birthday.
11 선행사 earphones가 사물이고 관계사절 내에서 목적어 역할을 Unit 01 수의 일치, 시제 일치 C 1 can the pain be explained
하므로 관계대명사 which/that을 쓴다.
12 선행사 the old days가 시간을 나타내고 관계사절 내에서 부사 Practice p. 125
3 does anyone visit me these days
역할을 하므로 관계부사 when을 쓴다. A 1 was 2 is
D 1 It was Jamie that called me
13 선행사 people이 사람이고 관계사절 내에서 주어 역할을 하므로 3 live 4 needs
관계대명사 who/that을 쓴다.
2 do I see her take a walk
B 1 cost → costs 2 are → is 3 Around the tree ran the children and
14 전치사 뒤에 목적격 관계대명사 who나 that은 쓸 수 없다. 3 is → are 4 was → were 4 did I think the song would be
15 ⓑ the way how → the way 또는 how 관계부사 how는 선행
C 1 lasted 2 is
사가 방법을 나타낼 때 쓴다. 이때, 선행사 the way와 how는 함
3 travels 4 was
께 쓰지 않고 둘 중 하나만 쓴다.
17
 Grammar Writing 17 평서문의 간접화법 전환: 「say + (that) + 주어 + 동사」
pp. 130-131 20 X, were → was 21 O
18 (B) 시간은 단수 취급한다.
Task 1 22 X, are → is 23 X, rose → rises
(C) 부정어를 강조하여 문장 앞에 쓸 때: 「부정어(little) + 조동사/
1 Economics and physics are 24 X, are → is
be/do + 주어 + 동사」
2 Two weeks is a long time
1 A and B는 복수 취급한다. 19 격언은 주절의 시제와 상관없이 항상 현재시제를 쓴다.
3 It was Peter that
4 Having good friends is 2 「the + 형용사」(~한 사람들)은 복수 취급한다. 20 명사절이 주어인 경우 단수 취급한다.

5 asked me why I had cried 3 과학적 사실은 주절의 시제와 상관없이 항상 현재시제를 쓴다. 21 부사구(at the airport)를 강조하는 「It is … that」 강조 구문이다.
6 learned (that) email was invented 4 장소의 부사 there를 강조하여 문장 앞에 왔지만 주어(he)가 대 22 동명사구는 단수 취급한다.
명사인 경우 주어와 동사를 도치시키지 않는다. 의문문이 현재시 23 과학적 사실은 주절의 시제와 상관없이 항상 현재시제를 쓴다.
Task 2
제이므로 대답도 현재형으로 한다.
1 did we expect to stay here 24 시간은 단수 취급한다.
2 asked me if I had a blog 5 과학적 사실은 주절의 시제와 상관없이 항상 현재시제를 쓴다.

3 came the spider from its web 6 학과명은 단수 취급한다.

4 told me to fasten my seat belt 7 every는 단수 취급한다.
5 was yesterday that I met Ron 8 「a number of + 복수명사」: ‘많은 ~’의 의미로, 뒤에 복수명사
6 have I heard that fact 가 온다. / 「the number of + 복수명사」는 ‘~의 수’라는 의미로,
단수 취급한다.
Task 3
1 asked me who I was with 9 의문사가 없는 의문문의 간접화법 전환 : 「ask(+ 목적어) + if/
2 told me (that) she had ridden it before whether + 주어 + 동사」 / 주어(my daughter)를 강조하는 「It is
… that」강조 구문이다.
3 said (that) he could imagine how excited I was
10 명령문의 간접화법 전환: 「tell/ask/advise/order + 목적어 +
Task 5
to-v」, 인용부호 안의 인칭대명사를 전달자의 관점으로 바꾼다.
1 X, Everyone has fears
11 「It is … that」 강조 구문에서는 강조하고자 하는 말을 that 앞에
2 X, what they fear
둔다.
3 O
12 부정어를 강조하여 문장 앞에 쓸 때: 「부정어(never) + 조동사 /
4 O
be/do + 주어 + 동사」, 문장의 주어가 과거시제이므로 did를 쓴
5 X, help to reduce[help reduce]
다.

Task 4 13 평서문의 간접화법 전환: 「say + (that) + 주어 + 동사」

모든 사람들은 그들이 직면해야 하는 두려움을 가지고 있다. 많은 설 14 의문사가 있는 의문문의 간접화법 전환: 「ask(+ 목적어) + 의문사
문 조사에서 연구자들은 사람들에게 그들이 가장 두려워하는 것이 무 + 주어 + 동사」

엇인지 물어보았다. 대중 앞에서 말하는 것이 그들이 언급한 가장 공 15 ⓓ -body는 단수 취급한다. ⓐ were → was 명사절이 주어
통된 두려움이었다. 모든 사람들이 유쾌하지 않게 여기는 것은 바로 인 경우 단수 취급, ⓑ to not → not to 간접화법으로 전환 시
부끄러움에 대한 위험을 무릅쓰는 것이다. 하지만 절대 두려움이 장 부정명령문은 목적어 뒤에 「not + to-v」, ⓒ agree → agrees

애가 되도록 해서는 안 된다. 연습과 지식은 둘 다 두려움을 줄이는 each는 단수 취급, ⓔ were → was 동명사구는 단수 취급

데 도움이 되며, 당신은 시간이 지나면서 자연스럽게 더 말을 잘 하는 16 3. works → work A and B는 복수 취급한다 / 4. grows →
사람이 될 수 있다. grow 「a number of + 복수명사」(많은 ~)는 복수 취급한다.

[17~18]

Actual Test pp. 132-134 A: 축하해, Amy! Finn이 나한테 네가 오디션에 합격했다고 말해 줬
어.
1 ⓒ 2 ⓑ 3 ⓑ 4 ⓒ 5 is 6 is
B: 고마워.
7 was 8 ⓔ 9 ⓐ 10 ⓓ
A: Finn이 ‘모든 심사위원이 그녀의 연기에 놀라워했어.’라고 말했어.
11 It was at the age of eight that Mozart wrote his
B: 내가 그걸 어떻게 했는지 기억이 나지 않아. 나는 단지 10분 동안
first symphony. 역할을 연기하는 데 최선을 다했어.
12 did the old man think of giving up his dream A: 10분은 짧은 시간이 아니야. 잘했어!
13 She says (that) she wants to be a lawyer. B: 난 이번 기회에 감사해. 내가 그 역할을 맡을 수 있을 거라곤 예상
14 Scott asked me where I had found his glasses. 못 했어.
15 ⓓ 16 ⓑ A: 난 네가 연기하는 것을 보는 날을 고대해.
17 Finn said (that) every judge was amazed by your
performance. 18 ⓐ 19 O

18 19
Workbook
Answer Keys
 01
Chapter
부정사
Unit 01 to부정사의 명사적 용법 pp. 02-03
A 1 to take 2 to buy
3 It 4 To eat
5 when to visit 6 to have
7 it 8 who to ask
9 to use 10 to
B 1 to take / 목적어 2 To get / 주어
3 to spend / 보어 4 to rent / 목적어
5 to take / 주어 6 to be / 보어 5
7 to go / 목적어 8 To have / 주어
9 to take / 목적어 10 to make / 보어
C 1 how to make 2 who(m) to call
3 which to buy 4 It, to throw
5 It, to let 6 It, to take
D 1 I don’t know what to buy
2 to make a study group
3 My plan is to finish this chapter
4 My parents promised to take me to Disneyland.
5 They asked me where to take a bus to go to the
National Gallery.
6 I found it helpful to use an electronic dictionary.
Unit 02 to부정사의 형용사적, 부사적 용법 pp. 04-05
A 1 to announce 2 to see
3 to write to 4 to find
5 to share 6 to stop by
7 to make 8 to promote
9 To hear 10 to double-check
B 1 to watch 2 to stay at
3 to draw with 4 to tell
5 to look over 6 to read
C 1 나는 운동화를 사기 위해서 쇼핑몰에 들렀다. 4 She seems to spend too much money on
2
도서관은 지하철역에서 걸어가기에 좀 멀다.
3
그들은 함께 여행을 가게 돼서 매우 행복해 보였다.
4
선로에 뛰어들어 아이를 구하다니 그는 매우 용감했다.
5 누군가를 직접 가르쳐 본다면, 가르치는 것이 얼마나 어려운
지 알게 될 것이다.
6 그 형제는 자라서 유명한 영화감독들이 되었다.
D 1 This dress is perfect to wear
2 I don’t have any money to spend
22
3 She bought a soft couch to lie on
4 We were disappointed to find out that the pool
was closed.
5 I went to the post office to send my grandma
a package.
6 He has some questions to ask his doctor about
his condition.
Unit 03 to부정사의 의미상의 주어 pp. 06-07
A 1 for 2 of her
3 to 4 to cheat
5 for us 6 to fight
7 for me 8 of you
9 to 10 to go
B 1 for you to carry 2 of him to buy
3 for us to take 4 for me to understand
5 of her to tell 6 of him to ignore
7 of me to lend 8 of her to let
9 for them to get 10 of the man to make
C 1 They, to sell 2 It, to be
3 me to come 4 It, to eat
5 her to win 6 It, me, to finish
D 1 takes an hour for him to go to work
2 is dangerous for children to swim
3 was rude of the reporter to ask her
4 I want my parents to understand me a little
more.
5 It will be difficult for him to climb to the top of
the mountain.
6 It was very nice of them to give me a ride to the
airport.
Unit 04 목적격보어로 쓰이는 부정사 pp. 08-09
A 1 to study 2 bark
3 to take 4 bring
5 find 6 making
7 to pay 8 knocking
9 play 10 to arrive
B 1 to support 2 do/doing
3 to take 4 wait
5 dance/dancing 6 to use
7 work 8 to wash
9 shake/shaking 10 play
02
Chapter
C 1 them play/playing 2 him to take
3 her clean 4 me wear 동명사
5 someone touch/touching
6 me to be
Unit 01 동명사의 역할 pp. 12-13
D 1 We don’t expect them to spend
2 hear you sing/singing this song
A 1 Being 2 sleeping
3 The weather made us change 3 is 4 going
4 She asked me to buy some bread on my way 5 Walking 6 his
back. 7 being angry 8 not following
5 He likes to listen to his daughter play/playing 9 having cried 10 using
the piano.
B 1 Making / 주어 2 training / 보어
6 Her father had her finish her homework before
3 putting / 목적어 4 taking / 목적어
dinner.
Reading / 주어 6 giving / 목적어
7 going / 주어 8 having / 보어
9 bothering / 목적어 10 going / 보어
Unit 05 to부정사를 이용한 구문 pp. 10-11
C 1 being invited to Jane’s party
2 his coming to visit us
A 1 to wear 2 for us 3 her son’s having so much talent
3 to have 4 too
4 my asking you a personal question
5 To be 6 enough
5 having missed your call this morning
7 have enjoyed 8 too difficult
6 having finished the job on time
9 worse 10 have failed
D 1 Solving this math problem
B 1 I was too tired to clean the house last night. 2 Janine enjoys going to parties
2 The concept is too complicated to be
3 didn’t mind our making noise
understood.
4 Not arriving on time made him uncomfortable.
3 We were too tired to do our math homework.
5 My dream is traveling around the world with my
4 The children seem to like that show a lot.
family.
5 You seem to be interested in studying abroad.
6 My grandfather is proud of having been a soldier.
6 They seem to have finished building the bridge.
C 1 so to speak
2 To be frank (with you)
3 To make matters worse
Unit 02 동명사 vs. to부정사 pp. 14-15
4 To tell (you) the truth
5 to be sure
A 1 to ask 2 making
3 calling 4 to do
6 To begin with
5 reading 6 repeating
D 1 The story is too long to read 7 to give 8 to discuss
2 He seems to have worked late 9 going 10 running
3 Strange to say, I had fun
B 1 to find 2 playing
3 to be 4 ringing
clothes.
5 to go 6 telling
5 The room wasn’t big enough for all of us to
7 to purchase 8 bothering
sleep in.
6 To make a long story short, I got lost in the C 1 continued falling 2 started to study
middle of the city. 3 forget to put 4 remember playing
5 regrets leaving 6 remember to turn
D 1 Amy promised to do her best
2 We are considering throwing a party
23
 03

Chapter
3 My cousin hopes to study medicine C 1 Feeling very tired, I slept B 1 have lost 2 has worked
4 I can’t forget going to Paris for the first time. 분사 2 Realizing the truth, I apologized to him 3 have been 4 Have, decided
5 I don’t enjoy speaking in front of a large 3 was sitting at the desk, checking his email 5 have learned 6 has left
audience. 4 Having a lot of homework, I stayed home 7 Have, read 8 has, called
6 Tom is trying to spend more time with his family.
Unit 01 현재분사와 과거분사 pp. 18-19
5 Riding a bicycle, she listened to loud music.
C 1 have been studying, since
6 Hearing the alarm, they left the building. 2 has been raining, since
A 1 excited 2 barking
3 covered 4 smiling 3 have been staying, for
Unit 03 동명사를 이용한 구문 pp. 16-17 5 screaming 6 written 4 have been waiting, since
7 painted 8 satisfying Unit 03 여러 가지 분사구문 pp. 22-23 5 have been preparing, since

A 1 to swim → swimming 9 breaking 10 surprised 6 has been sleeping for

2 drink → drinking
B 1 Racing 2 baked A 1 It being 2 Not having D 1 His family has gone on vacation
3 arrive → arriving 3 running 4 called
3 Having finished 4 Compared 2 David hasn’t turned in his final paper
4 to smoke → smoking 5 fallen 6 boiled
5 When asked 6 Strictly speaking 3 They have been playing computer games
5 take → taking 7 waving 8 burning
7 Before signing 8 Having slept 4 I have never sung a song in front of many
6 blame → blaming 9 setting 10 displayed
9 There being 10 Considering people.
7 help → helping B 1 Having seen the movie before 5 Tom and Anna have been close friends since
8 to catch → from catching
C 1 1) boring 2) bored
2 Time permitting they were little.
2 1) embarrassed 2) embarrassing
9 watch → watching 3 (Being) Lost in the desert 6 The artist has been working on the painting for
3 1) amazed 2) amazing
10 wonder → wondering/but wonder 4 Not knowing what to do a year.
4 1) confusing 2) confused
B 1 watching 2 doing 5 1) interested 2) interesting
5 It being a Friday night
3 sleeping 4 taking 6 1) shocked 2) shocking C 1 Speaking of coffee
5 logging 6 rehearsing 2 Having met him before Unit 02 과거완료, 미래완료 pp. 26-27
7 arriving 8 meeting
D 1 Mr. Jackson seemed more disappointed
2 useful information for working mothers
3 Not understanding the question
C 1 playing / 3 Matthew repaired the broken window
4 Generally speaking A 1 had finished 2 will have sold
그는 온라인 게임을 하는 데 모든 여가 시간을 썼다. 5 When walking in the woods 3 had moved 4 been rearranging
4 I saw the baby playing with toys.
2 shopping / Lisa는 어제 저녁에 쇼핑하러 가기를 원했다. 6 Considering that Finn is just 10 5 gone 6 have finished
5 They bought some cheese produced in France.
3 solving / 7 left 8 had been arguing
6 She heard the surprising news from her friend. D 1 It being late, they took
우리는 그 어려운 문제들을 푸는 데 곤란을 겪었다.
2 Having heard the story before, they know
9 had met 10 had been playing
4 going / Tim은 오늘 아침에 학교에 가고 싶지 않았다. 3 (Being/Having been) Surprised by the sound, B 1 had stayed 2 had told
5 studying / 나는 중간고사를 위해 공부하느라 바쁘다. the baby began 3 had, left 4 had given
6 trying / 네 실수를 숨기려고 노력해봐야 소용없다. Unit 02 분사구문 pp. 20-21
4 Not remembering her password, Julie can’t 5 had tried 6 had, watched
D 1 I couldn’t help agreeing/but agree log in 7 had lost 8 had been looking
A 1 Feeling 2 Having
2 are worth visiting 5 Frankly speaking, her attitude was disappointing. 9 had been traveling 10 had been jogging
3 Talking 4 Singing
3 spend a lot of time watching TV 6 Judging from his accent, he is from Australia. C 1 will have been married 2 will have worked
5 Walking 6 Coming
4 We are having difficulty finding the address. 3 will have lived 4 will have called
7 Seeing 8 Watching
5 He is looking forward to going on vacation to 5 will have graduated
9 feeding 10 Looking
Italy.
B 1 Seeing the bus leave D 1 It had been very cold here
6 I am not used to getting up early on Sundays.


2 Feeling hot
3 Finishing the movie Chapter
04 시제



2 Our car had broken down
3 They will have arrived in London
4 Her son had already gone to bed when she got
4 Cleaning the room
5 dreaming about swimming at the beach Unit 01 현재완료 pp. 24-25 back home.

6 Having no time to work out 5 He had been to Hong Kong twice before he went
there on business.
7 Studying very hard A 1 has trained 2 reserved
8 Opening the front door 3 gone 4 been lying 6 We had been eating dinner when all the lights
5 6 replied went out.
9 Drinking coffee been
10 enjoying the sounds of spring 7 been working 8 since
9 ever spent 10 been complaining

24 25
 05
Chapter

D 1 Sophia can’t have passed 4 students → student 5 The free map can be obtained at the information
조동사 2 His son must have known the truth 5 more tired and more → more and more desk.
3 Michael shouldn’t have been late
C 1 The smaller the package, the easier it is to
6 This truck has been driven over 150,000 miles.
4 She must have trained hard for this match.
Unit 01 had better, would rather, used to pp. 28-29
5 They may have fallen in love at first sight.
send.
2 Try to laugh as much as possible.
6 I should have consulted the manual before
A 1 keep 2 eat
using the machine.
3 The puppy kept growing bigger and bigger. Unit 02 4형식, 5형식의 수동태 pp. 38-39

3 would rather 4 We’d 4 The operation took twice as long as

5 used to 6 would rather 5 It is one of the most impressive books A 1 to 2 singing
7 used to 8 listen 6 India produces more films than any other country 3 for 4 to work
9 not waste 10 used to D 1 is twice as large as my room 5 bought 6 made

06
Chapter
2 is becoming more and more serious 7 to open 8 for
B 1 has → had
2 not rather → rather not
비교구문 3 nothing is as important as passion 9 practicing 10 to
3 I’m → I 4 I → I’d/I would 4 The more I sleep, the more tired I feel. B 1 was bought for Alex by Jake
5 getting → get 6 used → used to Unit 01 원급, 비교급, 최상급 pp. 32-33 5 Sam entered the office as quietly as he could. 2 will be made illegal (by them)
7 as → than 8 going → go 6 Baseball is one of the most popular sports in 3 was given a special trophy (by them)
9 would to → would/used to A 1 thick 2 most romantic the United States. 4 was seen jogging/to jog around Central Park
10 not better → better not 3 more 4 largest (by us)
5 faster 6 earlier than 5 was sent to some clients by the supervisor
C 1 had better 2 had better
7 in 8 as 6 will be made for all the guests by Kelly
3 used to 4 used to

07
9 10 the funniest

Chapter
5 would rather 6 used to
much 7 was heard coming/to come from the house
수동태 by him
7 would rather 8 used to B 1 most difficult 2 faster
3 better 4 more exciting 8 was encouraged to apply for a better job (by us)
D 1 You had better follow 9 was taught to the children by Ms. McBeal
2 I would rather watch TV than
5 easier 6 important Unit 01 수동태의 개념과 형태 pp. 36-37
7 most expensive 8 intelligent 10 was made to finish my homework before dinner
3 He used to/would go fishing every day
by my parents
4 I would rather not go out in this rain.
9 more carefully 10 more A 1 is used 2 was prepared
5 You had better not chat on the Internet all night C 1 earlier than 2 the tallest of 3 was being read 4 wasn’t damaged C 1 was considered a genius
long. 3 as much as 4 more expensive than 5 can be seen 6 being repaired 2 was given to Collin

6 My grandmother used to be a baker when she 5 the youngest of 6 as fast as 7 had been cooked 8 should be checked 3 were bought for Sarah by him

was younger.
D 1 December is hotter than August
2 was as cold as ice
3 This hotel is not as luxurious as
Unit 02 조동사 + have + 과거분사 pp. 30-31 4 is far more important than success for me
5 It is the most famous restaurant in this city.
A 1 have followed 2 bought 6 He is the luckiest person (that) I’ve ever met.
9 have been discovered 10 will be held 4 was sent to you yesterday
5 Slaves were made to do
B 1 were written 2 owned
6 Jack was seen standing/to stand in line
3 were produced 4 was painted
5 didn’t answer 6 was delayed
7 interviewed 8 wasn’t delivered
9 was invited 10 introduced Unit 03 주의해야 할 수동태 pp. 40-41

3 shouldn’t 4 may C 1 is being used by someone

5 been 6 have left 2 has been solved by one of the students A 1 of 2 that
7 8 should 3
3 be turned off 4 to build
can’t Unit 02 주의해야 할 비교구문 pp. 34-35
were being washed by Macy
5 has 6 with
9 have understood 10 must 4 hasn’t been explained by Peter
5 can be caused by some of the following
7 is believed 8 disappeared
B 1 must → may 2 bring → have brought A 1 three times 2 best 9 turned down by 10 happened
conditions
3 see → have seen 4 may → should 3 soon 4 more
5 be → have been 5 twice 6 more and more 6 will be published in a science journal by the B 1 of 2 with 3 from 4 about
6 should → shouldn’t/should not 7 the better 8 possible
researchers 5 in 6 of 7 with 8 with
9 10 hotter and hotter
9 at 10 by
C 1 may have watched 2 must have left Nothing D 1 These cookies were made
3 can’t have entered 4 should have studied B 1 he possible → possible/he could 2 will be remembered by many people C 1 was run over by a pickup truck
5 must have worked 6 should have taken 2 harder → the harder 3 was being sung by Michael 2 is said that the old house is haunted
7 may have read 8 can’t have noticed 3 place → places 4 Breakfast is served every morning at seven 3 are believed to carry a lot of diseases (by us)
o’clock. 4 is thought to be a hard worker (by them)

26 27
 5 will be carried out next year by the professor
6 is taken care of by doctors and nurses at the
hospital
D 1 is said to be in hospital
2 Nicole resembles her mother
3 The game was called off
4 The building was broken into by someone
5 He is not satisfied with his new car.
6 This book is composed of 11 chapters.
08
Chapter
가정법
Unit 01 가정법 과거, 가정법 과거완료 pp. 42-43
A 1 could 2 had had
3 would 4 pass
5 have said 6 would
7 be 8 have
9 were 10 had known
B 1 knew, could try
2 had closed, wouldn’t have run out
3 wouldn’t be, hadn’t worked 접속사
4 had, could start
5 didn’t have, couldn’t find
6 hadn’t been, could have gone
7 had snowed, would be
8 didn’t live, could hang out
9 had been, could have avoided
10 had made, wouldn’t have waited
C 1 If I weren’t busy
2 she would be the champion now
3 If you had asked me
4 If I were you, I would spend more time
5 If I hadn’t missed the bus, I wouldn’t have been
late
6 If your grandmother were alive, she would be
pleased
Unit 02 I wish, as if pp. 44-45
A 1 were 2 Were I
3 hadn’t spoken 4 had happened
5 didn’t do 6 Were it
28
7 Without 8 had been
9 they had 10 had not
B 1 had learned 2 were
3 If I were/Were I 4 But for/Without
5 could go 6 would work
7 were 8 had not been for
9 Had I/If I had 10 had ordered
C 1 I were rich enough to buy him a nice gift
2 they didn’t know each other
3 I had told him the truth about her
4 he were an expert on English literature
5 I had been honest with you at that time
6 it were not for his dog
D 1 I could speak English fluently
2 as if she had seen a ghost
3 I wish the subway station were closer
4 as if he understood my feelings
5 I wish I had saved his phone number
6 it had not been for the accident, my holiday
would have been perfect
09
Chapter
Unit 01 부사절을 이끄는 접속사 pp. 46-47
A 1 Every time 2 is
3 while 4 By the time
5 Since 6 As
7 Even though 8 As soon as
9 because 10 update
B 1 since 2 is
3 has been 4 If
5 Although/Though/Even though
6 read 7 when
8 are 9 until/till
10 because/since/as
C 1 1) because 2) By the time
2 1) even if 2) If
3 1) Unless 2) Every time
D 1 As time goes by
2 until/till he was nine years old
3 As soon as I saw my mom
4 If you take notes, you can review them
5 While the ant worked hard, the grasshopper
played
6 Although/Though/Even though she was sick,
she went to school
Unit 02 짝으로 이루어진 접속사 pp. 48-49
A 1 both 2 was
3 need 4 doesn’t
5 but also 6 is
7 and 8 Neither John nor Ian
9 10 Either
a perfect location
B 1 and 2 can speak
3 delicious and healthy 4 is good
5 6 but also
either win or lose
7 both 8 neither
9 or Indonesia 10 am interested
C 1 both likes and recommends the movie
2 Neither this computer nor that one is
3 likes listening to music as well as singing songs
4 Both my brother and my sister are
5 works out not only at the gym but also at home
6
You can either call or send an email
D 1 Both English and French are spoken
2 Neither I nor my brother is excited
3 He is either studying or relaxing
4 The actor is popular in Europe as well as
5 She left the key either at home or in the car.
6 Daniel cooked not only breakfast but also lunch
and dinner.
10
Chapter
관계사
Unit 01 관계대명사 pp. 50-51
A 1 which 2 whose 3 What
4 that 5 who 6 whose
7 who 8 that 9 what
10 whose
B 1 who 2 what 3 whose
4 which 5 What 6 who
7 which 8 what 9 whose
10 which
C 1 The boy who/that is playing with the ball is my
brother.
2 It is a small company whose sales are steadily
increasing.
3 I can’t remember the title of the book which/
that Nolan was reading.
4 I watched a movie which/that was highly
recommended by my teacher.
5 A man whose name is the same as yours left
a message.
6 This is the first album that the band released
two years ago.
D 1 always have what you want
2 He dropped the cell phone which/that he
bought
3 many people whose hobby is playing/to play
tennis
4 What they need now is a great leader.
5 Olivia was the only person that supported my
opinion.
6 The waiter who/that is wearing a blue shirt is
very kind.
Unit 02 관계부사 pp. 52-53
A 1 the way 2 where 3 why
4 on 5 how 6 where
7 when 8 why 9 in
10 when
B 1 I’ll ask my aunt how she bakes apple pie.
2 Do you remember the day when we went fishing?
3 There are two cafeterias in the building where I
work.
4 Did you hear (the reason) why the coach was
upset?
5 Sydney is the city where my father first met my
mother.
6 The house where my grandparents live is not far
from here.
7 I’ll never forget the autumn when my family
traveled to Peru.
8 Andrew didn’t know (the reason) why he was
punished.
9 Can you explain how you found such a good
job?
29
 10 I can’t wait for the day when my son will come
back home.
C 1 the restaurant where I usually have lunch
2 The noise was the reason (why) he couldn’t
sleep
3 is changing how/the way people make friends
4 (the reason) why I want to be a journalist
5 This is the place (where) I used to play with my
friends.
6 March is the month when the new semester
begins.
Unit 03 주의해야 할 관계사의 용법 pp. 54-55
A 1 with whom 2 when 3 attending
4 to which 5 whom 6 where
7 who 8 that 9 found
10 which
B 1 X 2 that 3 X
4 which is 5 that 6 who is
7 X 8 which 9 who was
10 X
C 1 who went to elementary school with me
2 where they bought some mangoes and bananas
3 which looks really good in the living room
4 which I’d heard several times before
5 when there were fewer tourists
6 which was a surprise to everyone
D 1 People (who/that are) sitting at the back
2 coffee (which/that is) produced in Colombia
3 nothing (that) I can do for you
4 when everything was simple
5 which they are swimming isn’t deep
6 Karen liked my present, which made me glad.
Unit 04 복합관계사 pp. 56-57
A 1 Whatever 2 Whoever
3 wherever 4 Whatever
5 Whichever 6 Wherever
7 However 8 whenever
9 Whichever 10 whoever
B 1 Whenever 2 however
3 Whoever 4 wherever
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5 whatever 6 However
7 Whenever 8 Whichever
9 whoever 10 Wherever
C 1 Scott은 어디에 가더라도 쉽게 친구를 사귄다.
2 이 제품을 사는 누구나 다른 하나를 무료로 받는다.
3 그녀는 자기의 컴퓨터에 문제가 있을 때마다 내게 전화한다.
4 우리가 무엇을 가르쳐도, 그 똑똑한 학생들은 빨리 배웠다.
5 그녀가 아무리 열심히 이유를 설명하려고 해도, 나는 그것
을 이해할 수 없었다.
6 그 신발은 다양한 색상으로 나오니까, 네가 선호하는 어느
것이나 선택해라.
D 1 Whoever reads this book likes it
2 remember you wherever you are
3 Whichever you buy, you can get
4 asks me whatever she wants to know
5 However difficult the problem is, we can solve it
6 Whenever he comes to this restaurant, he orders
11
Chapter
일치와 화법, 특수구문
Unit 01 수의 일치, 시제 일치 pp. 58-59
A 1 are 2 Is 3 was 4 is
5 is 6 is 7 don’t 8 is
9 have 10 is
B 1 had → have 2 made → makes
3 breaks → broke 4 won → wins
5 were → are 6 made → makes
7 is → was 8 invents → invented
9 was → is 10 is → was
C 1 costs 2 is 3 go 4 is
5 wants 6 are 7 helps 8 is
9 keeps 10 is
D 1 Two hours is needed
2 Every student gets nervous
3 What I want to know is your opinion
4 Celine and Jesse are living with their two
children
5 Portuguese is spoken in Brazil
6 A number of people are waiting for the bus.
Unit 02 화법 전환 pp. 60-61 4 It was Ms. Watt that was in a car accident this
morning.
A 1 told 2 if 5 It was a bowl of cereal that Anna had for
3 to wait 4 his office is breakfast.
5 then 6 I wanted C 1 flew the bird
7 to show 8 not to 2 have I seen such a talented musician
9 I had heard 10 the next Olympics will 3 is the famous restaurant
B 1 said (that) she had been to Rome before 4 did I realize that I was going in the wrong
2 asked him if/whether I could borrow his notes direction
3 told me (that) his mother was making 5 sat a green frog
sandwiches for us 6 could I understand why the baby was crying
4 asked David where he had bought his new D 1 stands a tall tree
sneakers 2 was Tony that read your diary
5 told me (that) I had to finish eating my lunch
3 did it snow last winter
first 4 was a bike that my aunt bought me
6 told the students to open their books to page 5 did he expect that he would be a poet
110 6 is this weekend that my family plans to go
7 asked Alice what had made her feel so camping
embarrassed
8 said (that) they didn’t want to talk about the
issue anymore
9 asked me if/whether there was a Greek
restaurant nearby
10 told her not to take pictures inside the museum
C 1 said (that) he was taking a yoga class
2 told her to avoid eating fast food
3 asked me where he could catch a taxi
4 said (that) she would invite me to her birthday
party
5 asked me if/whether the seat was empty
6 told me (that) she hadn’t been to an ice rink
Unit 03 특수구문 pp. 62-63
A 1 he goes 2 comes my bus
3 does our neighbor come
4 that 5 did I dream
6 It 7 is a swimming pool
8 It was 9 danced the children
10 that
B 1 It was at the cinema that Sally met one of her
classmates.
2 It is a toy robot that the boy wants for his
birthday.
3 It was yesterday that Mandy left her favorite
umbrella on the bus.
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