Name - Lakshya Bisht

Class 12A
Board roll no.
Subject- Chemistry
Topic-To study the dying of cotton
and wool fabric with malachite green
under different conditions
 1. Cover page
2. Certificate
3. Acknowledgement
4. Aim of the experiment
5. Introduction
6. Theory
7. Apparatus
8. Procedure
9. Observation
10. Formula and Calculation
11. Result
12. Conclusions
13. Precautions
14. Source of error
15. Bibliography

INDEX
CERTIFICAT
E
This is to certify that (Lakshya Bisht) of class XII SCIENCE has
successfully completed the investigatory project on the topic “To
study the dying of cotton and wool fabric with malachite gree
under different conditions ”under the guidance of Mrs Vartika
Kodesia (PGT ,Chemistry) during the academic year 2023-24 in
the partial fulfilment of the chemistry practical examination
conducted by CBSE.
Internal examiner signature

External examiner signature

AKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks to
gratitude to my teacher Mrs Vartika Kodesia
as well as our principal S.Sabharwal who gave
me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic To study the
dying of cotton and wool fabric with malachite green
under different conditions, which also helped me
in doing a lot of research and I came to know
about so many new things I am really thankful
to them.
Secondly I would like to thank my parents and
friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this
project within the limited time frame.
Aim-To study the dying of cotton and
wool fabric with malachite green under
different conditions.
Introduction-Dyes are colored substances
which can adhere to the surface of materials
and are used to give colour to paper, food-
stuffs, and various textiles such as cotton,
wool, synthetic fibres, silk etc. For example,
alizarin, indigo, congo red, etc. Chemically, a
dye contains:
 Some group (such as azo, indigoid,
triphenylmethyl, anthraquinone, etc.) which is
responsible for the colour of the dye.
 Some groups (such as NH2, -SO3H,-COOH,
etc) which makes the dye stick to the fabric by
formation of some salt. Dyeing is the process
of adding colour to textile products like fibres,
yarn and fabrics. The temperature and time
controlling are two keyfactors in dyeing .The
primary source of dye, historically has been
nature, with the dyes being extracted from
plantsand animals. Since the 18th century,
humans produced artificial dyes to achieve a
broader range of colours and to render the
dyes more stable to resist washing and general
use .The dyed fabrics appear to be colored
because a particular dye absorbs radiations of
some specific wavelengths from the visible
region of electromagnetic radiations which fall
on the surface. The remaining radiations
(complementary colours) of light are reflected.
The colour which we observe is due to the
reflected light. For example, if a dye absorbs
the
light in the wavelength region corresponding
to red, then it would appear green, which is the
complementary colour of red. Similarly, if a
dye absorbs blue colour, it would appear
orange.
Method to apply dye
Dyes are applied to textile goods by dyeing
from dye solutions and by printing from
dye pastes. Methods include:
1. Direct application
2. Yarn dyeing
CHARACTERISTICS OF A DYE
1. It must have a suitable colour.
2. It must be capable of being fixed to the
material.
3. When fixed it must be fast to detergents,
soaps, water, dry - cleaning solvents, light
and dilute acids.

TYPES OF DYE
The dyes are classified by dye
manufacturers for
marketing into the following types:

1. Acid dyes: These are azo dyes and are

characterized by the presence of acidic
groups .The presence of soluble and serves
as the reactive points for fixing the dye to
the" fibre. They are chiefly used for dveing
wool.
Basic dyes:
These dyes contain NH2 or NR 2
 In acidic solutions, these form water
soluble cations and use the anionic sites on
the fabric to get used for dyeing wool, silk
and nylon. For example, aniline yellow,
butter yellow.
3. Direct dyes:
These are also azo dyes and are used to
dye fabrics directly by placing in aqueous
solution of the dye. These dyes attach to
the fabrics by means of hydrogen bonding.
4. Disperse dyes:
These dyes are applied in the form of
dispersion of minute particles of the dye in
a soap solution in the presence of phenol
or benzoic acid. These dyes are used to
dyerayons, Dacron, nylon, polyesters etc.
For example , celliton fast pink B and
celliton fast blue B.
5. Fibre reactive dyes:
These dyes are linked to the fibre by OH
orNH2 group present on the fibre. These
dyes induce fast colour on fabrics which is
retained for a longer time .These dyes are
used for dyeing cotton, wool and silk.
6. Insoluble dyes:
These dyes are directly synthesized on the
fibre. The fabric to be colored is soaked in
an alkaline solution of phenol and then
treated with a solution of diazotized amine
to produce azo dye. The colour induced by
such dyes is not so fast. These dyes are
used for dyeing of cotton, silk, polyester
nylon, etc. For example, nitro aniline red.
7. Vat dyes:
These dyes are water- insoluble and before
dyeing these are reduced to colourless
compounds in wooden vats by alkaline
reducing agents. The fibre is then soaked
in the solution of the dye. Fibre is then
exposed to air or an oxidizing agent. By
doing so the colourless compound gets
reoxidized to colored dye on the fabric.
For example, indigo.

8. Mordant dyes:
These dyes are applied after treating the
fabric with precipitates of certain
substances (mordant material) which then
combines with the dye to form a colored
complex called lake. Some of the mordants
are salts of aluminium, iron and tannic
acids. Depending on the mordant used, the
same mordant dye can give different
colours and shades. For example, alizarin
gives red colour with aluminium and black
violet with iron mordant. Mordant dyes are
used for dyeing of wool, silk and cotton.
OBJECTIVE
To dye wool and cotton with malachite
green.
REQUIREMENTS
500 ml beakers, tripod stand, wire gauze,
glass rod, spatula, wool cloth and cotton
cloth. Chemicals required: Sodium
carbonate, tannic acid, tartaremetic acid,
and malachite green dye.
PROCEDURE
 Preparation of sodium carbonate
solution:
Take about 0.5 g of solid sodium carbonate
and dissolve it in 250 ml of water.
 Preparation of tartaremetic solution:
Take about 0.2 g of tartaremetic and
dissolve it in100 ml of water by stirring
with the help of glass rod.
Preparation of tannic acid solution:
Take 100ml of water in a beaker and add
about 1.0 g of tannic acid to it. Heat the
solution. On heating a clear solution of
tannic acid is obtained.
Preparation of dye solution:
Take about 0.1 g of malachite green dye
and add to it 4oo ml of water. On warming
a clear solution of the dye results.
 Dyeing of wool:
Take about 200 ml of dye solution and dip
it in the woollen cloth to be dyed. Boil the
solution for about 2 minutes. After that
remove the cloth and wash it with hot
water 3-4 times, squeeze and keep it for
drying.
 Dyeing of cotton:
Cotton does not absorb malachite green
readily, therefore it requires the use of a
mordant. For dyeing a cotton cloth dip it in
sodium carbonate solution for about
10minutes and then rinse with water. Then
put the cloth in hot tannic acid solution for
about 5minutes. Now take out the cloth
from tannic acid solution and keep it in
tartaremetic solution for about 5 minutes.
Remove the cloth and squeeze it with
spatula to remove most of the solution.
Now place the cloth in boiling solution of
the dye for about 2 minutes. Remove and
wash the dyed cloth thoroughly with
water, squeeze and keep it for drying.
 Dyeing of cotton directly:
Take another piece of cotton cloth and pit
it directly into boiling solution of the dye.
Keep it dipped for about 2minutes.
Remove the cloth, wash with water,
squeeze and keep it for drying. Compare
the colour of this cloth with that dyed by
using mordant.
OBSERVATIONS AND RESULT
 The colour of wool cloth dyed directly
by dipping in hot solution of malachite
green dye is fast.
 The colour of cotton dyed cloth directly
(without using mordant) by dipping in hot
solution of malachite green is not so fast to
washing and is of low intensity.
 The color of cotton cloth dyed
indirectly by using mordant and then by
dipping in hot solution of malachite green
is fast to washing and is of high intensity.
PHOTO GALLERY
DISPERSE DYE
ACID DYE

BASIC DYE
DIRECT DYE

MORDANT DYE
VAT DYE

BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye
www.scribd.com
www.google.com/imghp
Chemistry class 12 lab manual
www.researchgate.net