Mech-173 Theory of Projection

Chapter - 07

Theory of Projections

Learning Objectives

After going through this Lesson the Learner will be able to,

1. Describe Introduction to the plane of projection and state its

types
2. Explain Dihedral and Trihedral angles
3. Explain Projection of point, lines, plane and solids
4. Explain Perceptual views of plan of projections
5. Explain Orthographic projections
6. Compare 1st angle and 3rd angle projection
7. State Principal views and its arrangements
8. Explain Multi-view drawings and missing lines

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7.1 Introduction To The Plane Of Projection and Its

Types
Practical solid geometry or descriptive geometry deals with the
representation of points, lines, planes and solids on a flat surface called plane
(such as a sheet of paper), in such a manner that their relative positions and
true forms can be accurately determined.
7.1.1 Plane of Projections:
A projection is a drawing of an object on a two dimensional surface
called plane. The two dimensional surface used for the projection is called
plane of projection or the picture plane.
7.1.2 Types of Projections
1. Orthographic Projections
2. Pictorial projections
(i) Perspective projection
(ii) Isometric projection
(iii) Oblique projection
7.1.2.1 Orthographic Projection
'ORTHO' means right angle and
orthographic means right angled drawing. When
the projectors are perpendicular to the plane on
which the projection is obtained, it is known as
orthographic projection.
7.1.2.1 Pictorial Projections
The Projections in which the description
of the object is completely understood in one
view is known as pictorial projection. They have
the advantage of conveying an immediate
impression of the general shape and details of the
object, but not its true dimensions or sizes.
(Chapter # 09 in detail)
7.1.3 Types of planes of projection:
There are three planes perpendicular to each other, which are the basis
of multi-view projection. These are:
1. Frontal projection plane
2. Horizontal projection plane

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3. Profile projection plane

These three planes employed for the purpose of orthographic
projections also called reference planes or principal planes of projection.
All three planes intersect each other at right angles. The lines of intersection
of these three planes are called reference lines.
7.1.3.1 Frontal projection plane:
The vertical plane of projection (in
front of the observer) is usually denoted
by the letters V.P. It is often called the
frontal plane and denoted by the letters
F.P. The projection of an object on F.P. is
commonly known as front view.
7.1.3.2 Horizontal projection
plane
Second plane is the horizontal plane of projection known as the H.P.
The projection on the H.P. is called the top view of the object.
7.1.3.3 Profile projection plane
Third plane called profile plane, is perpendicular to both the H.P. and
the V.P. The profile projection of an object is known as side view
7.2 Dihedral and Trihedral Angles
7.2.1 Dihedral angles
Dihedral angles are the angles between horizontal plane (H.P) and
vertical plane (V.P), when they intersect each other at 90⁰ and form four
quadrants.

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7.2.2 Trihedral angles

Trihedral angles are the angles between all three horizontal plane
(H.P), frontal Plane (F.P) and profile Plane (P.F), when they intersect each
other at 90⁰ and form eight quadrants.

.
7.3 Projection of Point, Lines, Plane and Solids
7.3.1 Projection of Point
Since a point is a location in space and not a dimensional form, it must
be located by measurements taken from established reference line. The two
figures below show the glass box method of orthographic projection
illustrated pictorially and orthographically. These two figures represent the
projection of point 1 in the three principal planes, frontal (1F), horizontal
(1H), and profile (1P). In glass box method, it is assumed that each mutually
perpendicular plane is hinged so as to be revolved in to the planes of the
paper. All measurements are taken from fold lines to locate a point is space. A
fold line/reference line can be visualized as the edge view of a reference
plane. Point 1 is below the horizontal plane (D1), to the left of the profile
plane (D2), and behind the frontal plane (D3). D1 establishes the elevation or
height of the point in front and side view, D2 the right, left location or width
in the front and top view, and D3 the distance behind the frontal plane (depth)
in the top and side view.

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7.3.2 Projection of line

A line may be located by establishing its end points and may be of a definite
specified length, all lines can be extended in order to solve a problem. In a
majority of illustrations the view of a line and its locating points are labeled
with a subscript corresponding to the plane of projection, as fig below where
the end points of line 1-2 are denoted 1H and 2H in the horizontal views, 1F
and 2F in the frontal view, and 1P and 2P in the profile plane.

7.3.3 Projection of Plane

The projection of a plane surface is the line of intersection or meeting
of the plane surface with the reference/principal plane by lines. The
intersection line of the plane surface with HP is called the Horizontal Trace
(HT) and that of VP is called the Vertical Trace (VT). Projection of plane
surface is given below.

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7.3.4 Projection of Solid

Projections of a solid object having dimensions of length (L), width
(W) and height (H) are given below. Front view of solid object appears in the
vertical plane V.P. behind it while its top view appears in horizontal plane.
The side view appears in the profile plane.

7.4 Perceptual Views of Plane of Projections

A plane of projection is a type of view in which graphical projections
from an object intersect. Projection planes are used often in solid
geometry and graphical representation. There are three planes perpendicular to
each other, which are the basis of multi-view projection. These are:
1. Horizontal projection plane
2. Frontal projection plane
3. Profile projection plane
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7.5 Orthographic Projections

When the rays of sight (called projectors) are parallel to each other and also
perpendicular to the projection plane, the projection is called orthographic
projection.

7.6 1st and 3rd Angle Projection

7.6.1 1st Angle Projection
When the object is situated in
First Quadrant, that is, in front of V.P
and above H.P, the projections
obtained on these planes are called
First angle projection.
1. The object lies in between the
observer and the plane of
projection.
2. The front view is drawn above the
xy line and the top view below xy.
(Above xy line is v.p and below xy
line is H.P).
3. Front view shows the length (L) and height (H) of the object and Top view
shows the length (L) and breadth (B) or width (W) or thickness (T) of it.
4. This method of projection is now recommended by the "Bureau of Indian
Standards' from 1991.
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7.6.2 3rd Angle Projection

In this, the object is situated in Third Quadrant. The Planes of
projection lie between the object and the observer. The front view comes
below the xy line and the top view about it.
1. The plane of projection lies between the observer and the object.
2. The plane of projection is assumed to be transparent.
3. In this method, when the views are drawn in the direction of observer.
4. This method of projection is used in U.S.A. and also in other countries.

7.6.3 Adjacent Placement of Views

Here are the placements of views according to their relation.
1. The top view should be drawn below the front view if first angle
projection is used and above the front view if third angle projection is
used.
2. The bottom view should be drawn above the front view in the first angle
projection system and below the front view in the third angle projection
system.
3. The right side view should be drawn to the left of the front view in the
first angle projection system and to the right of the front view in the third
angle projection system.
4. The left side should be drawn to the right of the front view if first angle
projection is used and to the left of the front view if third angle projection

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is used.
7.7 Principal Views and Its Arrangements
An object can be thought of as being surrounded by a box or a set of
six planes which are mutually perpendicular to each other as shown in Figures
below. The views projected into these six planes are called six principal
views. The relative positions of these six views in the first angle and third
angle projections for the object are also shown below. It may be noted that in
both projections, the rear view can be placed either on the left or on the right
as convenient

7.7.1 Alignment of Views:

The alignment and the orientation of the views made by the first or
third angle have certain rules.
 The front view, top view and bottom view are always aligned vertically
 The front, left side, right side and rear views are in line horizontally. Note
that the rear view may be placed next to either the right side view or left
side view where found convenient
7.2.7 Common Dimensions:
When we are dealing on multi-view projection it is true that two views
will have the same edge projected on. Here are some facts of edges which

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have common dimensions.

 The depth of the top view is the same as the depth of the side view(s).
 The width of the top view or bottom view is the same as the width of the
front view or rear view.
 The height of the side view(s) is thesame as the height of the front view
or rear view
7.8 Multi-View Drawings and Missing Lines
A Multi-view drawing is one that shows two or more two-dimensional
views of a three-dimensional object. Multi-view drawings provide the shape
description of an object. When combined with dimensions, multi-
view drawings serve as the main form of communication between designers
and manufacturers.
All three-dimensional objects have width, height, and depth.
 Width is associated with an object’s side-to-side dimension.
 Height is the measure of an object from top-to-bottom.
 Depth is associated with front-to-back distance.
 Orthographic projection is a technique that is used to create multi-
view drawings.
7.8.1 Missing Lines
A way of becoming more proficient at reading and drawing multi-
views is by solving missing-line problems. Figure below is a multi-view
drawing with at least one line missing. Study each view, and then add any
missing lines to the incomplete views. Lines may be missing in more than one
of the views. It may be helpful to create a rough iso-metric sketch of the
object when trying to determine the location of missing lines.

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Excercise
Q.1. Encircle the correct answer, Cutting & Overwriting is not allowed.
1
a) b)
c) d)
Q.2. Answer the short questions & Draw sketches if needed to elaborate
your statement.

Q.3. Attempt the question in detail

1. Explain

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