វិទ្យាស្ថានវិទ្យសាស្ត្រអគ្គិសនី

Institute of Electrical Science

☙☙❀❧❧

កិច្ចការស្រាវជ្រាវ

● មុខវិជ្ជា: Efficiency Lighting and Daylighting

● សាស្ត្រាចារ្យ: Sok Pal

● ថ្នាក់: EESA09

● ឈ្មោះ: ភា ពុទ្ធចាន់ឬទ្ធី

ឆ្នាំសិក្សា 2022-2023
វិទ្យាស្ថានវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រអគ្គិសនី EESA09

1. Explain why clock time is different from solar time?

Clock time refers to a reading of a point in time as given by a clock.
Meanwhile, Solar Time is based on the rotation of the Earth with respect to the Sun.
It is based on the apparent angular motion of the sun across the sky, with solar noon
the time the sun crosses the meridian of the observer. Two corrections are needed to
convert from standard time. 1) Correction for difference in longitude between
observer’s meridian and the meridian at which local standard time is based. 2)
Correction from the equation of time which accounts for perturbations in the earth’s
rate of rotation. The equation used to calculate solar time is below.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 − 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 4(𝐿𝑆𝑇 − 𝐿𝐿𝑜𝑐)

2. Explain the differences between sunlight and artificial light?

Sunlight is dynamic and broad spectrum. When a light source has a full
spectrum, it contains every hue in the rainbow. Dynamic refers to how the amount of
light and color temperature vary during the day. The sun radiates at all wavelengths,
but most ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) rays are blocked by the earth's
atmosphere. As for Artificial light, it is visible light generated by artificial light
sources and usually also contains some IR and UV radiation, as opposed to natural
daylight (most LEDs do not contain IR and UV).

3. What are the characteristics of daylight outdoors?

The characteristics of daylight outdoors include intensity, spectrum, duration,
and direction of radiation vary throughout the day and for time of the year, according
to geographic position and seasonal conditions, such as clouds, humidity, particles
suspended in atmosphere…etc.

4. Describe the solar angle with each picture.

Zenith Angle, Θz: This is the angle between the line that points to the sun and the
vertical — basically, this is just where the sun is in the sky. At sunrise and sunset this
angle is 90º.

រៀបរៀងដោយ ភា ពុទ្ធចាន់ឬទ្ធី 1
វិទ្យាស្ថានវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រអគ្គិសនី EESA09

Solar Altitude Angle, αs: This is the angle between the line that points to the sun and
the horizontal. It is the complement of the zenith angle. At sunrise and sunset this
angle is 0º.

Solar Azimuth Angle, γs: This is the angle between the line that points to the sun and
south. Angles to the east are negative. Angles to the west are positive. This angle is 0º
at solar noon. It is probably close to -90º at sunrise and 90º at sunset, depending on
the season. This angle is only measured in the horizontal plane; in other words, it
neglects the height of the sun.

Angle of Incidence, θ: This is the angle between the line that points to the sun and
the angle that points straight out of a PV panel (this is also called the line that is
normal to the surface of the panel). This is the most important angle. Solar panels are
the most efficient when pointing at the sun, so engineers want to minimize this angle
at all times. To know this angle, you must know all of the angles listed and described
next.

Hour Angle, ω: This is based on the sun's angular displacement, east or west, of the
local meridian (the line the local time zone is based on). The earth rotates 15º per hour
so at 11am, the hour angle is -15º and at 1pm it is 15º.

Surface Azimuth Angle, γ: This is the angle between the line that points straight out
of a PV panel and south. It is only measured in the horizontal plane. Again, east is
negative and west is positive. If a panel pointed directly south, this angle would be 0º.

Collector Slope, β: This is the angle between the plane of the solar collector and the
horizontal. If a panel is lying flat, then it is 0º. As you tip it up, this angle increases. It
does not matter which direction the panel faces.

Declination, δ: angle between the line that points to the sun from the equator and the
line that points straight out from the equator (at solar noon). North is positive and
south is negative. This angle varies from 23.45 to -23.45 throughout the year, which is
related to why we have seasons.

Latitude, φ: angle between a line that points from the center of the Earth to a location
on the Earth's surface and a line that points from the center of the Earth to the equator.

5. Differentiate fenestration between sidelight and skylight.

Sidelight Skylight

- Sidelight were concentrated on vertical - Skylights afford greater uniformity of horizontal

windows and their various optional controls illuminance throughout the day.
- vertical window. The simplest side lighting - Skylight are independent of building orientation

រៀបរៀងដោយ ភា ពុទ្ធចាន់ឬទ្ធី 2
វិទ្យាស្ថានវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រអគ្គិសនី EESA09

solution is a double glaze vertical window with - Properly designed Skylights are very efficient and
clear glass and no controls. are also the most efficient and cost effective passive
- Overhangs are used to prevent direct sun solar application.
penetration and reduce daylighting penetration - Skylights have two transmittances: a diffuse
distance. transmittance for the sky, which is a single value
- Size of an overhang depends on site latitude. because the sky is assumed to be a diffuse and a
… direct transmittance for the sun which is a function
of the angle of incidence.
…

6. Calculate the illuminance at the sea level from the sun at zenith. Repeat for full moon
at zenith.
- illuminance at the sea level from the sun at zenith
Luminance of the sun at zenith at sea level, Ls = 1600 × 10 cd/m²
Diameter of the sun's photosphere = 8.64 × 10 miles = 45.62 × 10⁸ ft
Radius of the sun’s photosphere = 22.81 × 10⁸ ft
Distance from the sun to the earth = 92.9 × 10 miles = 49.05 x 10¹⁰ ft
Using Formula: Lumen = Luminance × 4πr²
→ Lumen = 1600 × 10 cd/m² × 4πr²
Using Formula: Illumination = Lumen/4πD²
8 2
1600 × 10 𝑐𝑑/𝑚² × 4π𝑟² 1600 × 10 𝑐𝑑/𝑚² × 4π×(22.81×10 𝑓𝑡)
→ Illumination = 4π𝐷²
= 10 2
4π×(49.05×10 )
2
= 346. 01 × 10 𝑙𝑢𝑥
- Illuminance at the sea level from the moon to zenith
Luminance of the moon at sea level, Ls = 2500 cd/m²
Diameter of the moon = 2160 miles = 0.114 x 10⁸ ft
Radius of the moon = 0.057 x 10⁸ ft
Distance from earth to the moon = 238,855 miles = 12.6 x 10⁸ ft
Using Formula: Lumen = Luminance × 4πr²
→ Lumen = 2500 cd/m² x 4πr²
Using Formula: Illuminance = Lumen/4πD²
8 2
2500 ×4π×(0.057×10 )
→ Illumination = 8 2 = 0. 01279 𝑙𝑢𝑥
4π×(12.6 ×10 )

𝑜 𝑜 𝑜
7. In figure, let 𝑎𝑡 = 45 and 𝑎𝑒 = − 90 and 𝑎𝑠 = − 30
- Find𝑎𝑧, 𝑎𝑖 , 𝑎𝑝
- Find 𝐸𝑑𝑛 , 𝐸ℎ , 𝐸𝑣

រៀបរៀងដោយ ភា ពុទ្ធចាន់ឬទ្ធី 3
វិទ្យាស្ថានវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រអគ្គិសនី EESA09

- Find 𝑎𝑧, 𝑎𝑖 , 𝑎𝑝
𝑜 𝑜 𝑜
𝑎𝑧= 𝑎𝑠 − 𝑎𝑒 =− 30 − (− 90 ) = 60

𝑜 𝑜 2 1 2
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑖 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠45 𝐶𝑜𝑠60 = 2
× 2
= 4
𝑜
→𝑎𝑖=69. 29
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑇𝑎𝑛45
𝑜
1
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑝 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑧
= 𝑜 = 1/2
=2
𝐶𝑜𝑠60
𝑜
→𝑎𝑝 = 63. 43
- Find 𝐸𝑑𝑛 , 𝐸ℎ , 𝐸𝑣
𝐸𝑑𝑛 = 8600𝑓𝑐 (𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦)
𝐸ℎ = 𝐸𝑑𝑛𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 8600 × 𝐶𝑜𝑠45 = 6081 𝑓𝑐
𝑜
𝐸𝑣 = 𝐸𝑑𝑛𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑖 = 8600 × 𝐶𝑜𝑠69. 29 = 3041𝑓𝑐

8. Find the solar declination δ and the solar time angle H at 8:30 a.m Central time on
October 21 at 32 degree north latitude and 95 degree longitude.

360
Using δ = 23. 45 × 𝑆𝑖𝑛 368
(𝐽 − 81)
Find Julian Day
Using J=31+28+31+30+31+30+30+31+31+30+21=294
360 𝑜
→δ = 23. 45 × 𝑆𝑖𝑛 368
(294 − 81) =− 11. 1
Find Solar Time Angle H at 8:30 am
1 1
- Location ∆𝑇 = 15
(𝑆𝑀 − 𝐿) = 15
(90 − 95) = 0. 333 𝐻𝑟
720 360
- 𝐸𝑇 = 0. 164 × 𝑆𝑖𝑛 365.25
(294 − 81. 6) − 0. 127𝑆𝑖𝑛 365.25
(294 − 2. 5) = 0. 261 𝐻𝑟
→𝑆𝑇 = 8: 30 + 0. 333 + 0. 261 = 8. 894
𝑜
Then we have, 𝐻 = 15 × [𝑆𝑇] = 15 × 8. 894 = 133. 41

9. Find the altitude and azimuth for the date, time, and location in exercise 8. (The solar
declination δ and the solar time angle H at 8:30 a.m Central time on October 21 at 32
degree north latitude and 95 degree longitude.)

រៀបរៀងដោយ ភា ពុទ្ធចាន់ឬទ្ធី 4
វិទ្យាស្ថានវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រអគ្គិសនី EESA09

Find the altitude

𝑆𝑖𝑛α = [𝑆𝑖𝑛δ𝑆𝑖𝑛ϕ] + [𝐶𝑜𝑠δ𝐶𝑜𝑠ϕ𝐶𝑜𝑠ω]
𝑆𝑖𝑛α = [𝑆𝑖𝑛(− 11. 1)𝑆𝑖𝑛(90)] + [𝑐𝑜𝑠(− 11. 1)𝑐𝑜𝑠(90)𝑐𝑜𝑠(133. 41)]
𝑆𝑖𝑛α =− 0. 192
𝑜
→α =− 11. 06

Find azimuth
𝑠𝑖𝑛ω 𝑠𝑖𝑛(133.41)
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑍 = [𝑠𝑖𝑛ϕ𝑐𝑜𝑠ω]−[𝑐𝑜𝑠ϕ𝑡𝑎𝑛δ]
= [𝑠𝑖𝑛90𝑠𝑖𝑛(133.41)]−[𝑐𝑜𝑠90𝑡𝑎𝑛(−11.1)]
=1
𝑜
→ 𝑍 = 45

រៀបរៀងដោយ ភា ពុទ្ធចាន់ឬទ្ធី 5