“Antidiarrheal activity of roots of Ixora Coccinea Linn in rats”

A Research Paper Presented to the Senior High School Faculty

of the Angeles University Foundation Integrated School

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Practical Research, General Biology,

Statistics and Probability, and Reading and Writing Skills

Grade XI - St. Philip

Group 9

Members:

Arevalo, Carlos Luis

Avila, Michaella Francine

Cabusao, Hannah Grace

Gerstner, Maria Jessica

December 2020

Angeles University Foundation Integrated Schoo

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ANTIDIARRHEAL ACTIVITY OF ROOTS OF IXORA COCCINEA LINN IN RATS

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

Baliga and Porunthukaren (2012) were the founders of Ixora coccinea Linn., Rubiaceae which is

commonly knows as the jungle of geranium and red ixora, it is an evergreen shrub which was

found in India. The flowers, leaves, roots, and stem are used to treat different injuries in the

traditional Indian healing practices, Ayurvedic medicine, and also in various folk medicines,

depending on the medical condition. Phytochemical findings demonstrate that essential

phytochemicals are abundant in plants, such as lupeol, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, sitosterol, rutin,

leucocyanidin, anthocyanins, proanthocyanins, kaempferol and quercetin glycosides.

Pharmacological analysis showed that the plant contains antioxidant, antibacterial,

gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, antidiarrheal, antinociceptive, antimutagenic, antineoplastic

and chemo preventive properties, thus ensuring scientific data for the active compounds of the

plant.

In electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry) and traditional (DPPH and FRAP) testing systems, the

root shows good antioxidant activity. There were bioactive phenolic compounds in the Coccinea

root, including pyrocatechol, catechin, and chlorogenic acid. The reputation of Ixora coccinea root

as a great candidate for developing an alternative antidiarrheal medicine has been shown by the

octadecadienoic acid and methyl esters of palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids found in Ixora

coccinea root. This research will concentrate on deciding whether Ixora coccinea root can be an

alternative folk medicine to treat diarrhea.

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ANTIDIARRHEAL ACTIVITY OF ROOTS OF IXORA COCCINEA LINN IN RATS

Diarrhea (diarrhoea), Is the state of experiencing at least three loose, liquid, or watery bowel

movements every day. It also persists for a few days and, due to fluid loss, can result in

dehydration. As it becomes more serious, this may lead to decreased urination, loss of skin color,

rapid heart rate, and a decline in responsiveness.

An inflammation of the intestines due to either a virus, bacterium or parasite, a disease also known

as gastroenteritis, is the most common cause. These infections are often contracted from food or

water that has been contaminated with feces, or from someone else who has been infected directly.

Antidiarrheal medication slow down how rapidly objects pass through your bowels. This

encourages the incorporation of more fluid into your bloodstream. It decreases inflammation and

prevents the stomach and intestines from increasing bacteria and viruses that cause diarrhea.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the Antidiarrheal activity of roots of Ixora Coccinea Linn in rats

The study aims to answer the following:

1. The Antidiarrheal properties of the roots of Ixora Coccinea Linn?

1.1. What would be the change in diarrheal activity in rats?

1.2. What are the side effects of using Ixora Coccinea Linn?

How long does it take for the Ixora Coccinea Linn to work against diarrhea?
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ANTIDIARRHEAL ACTIVITY OF ROOTS OF IXORA COCCINEA LINN IN RATS

1.3. Objectives

Antidiarrheal activity of roots of Ixora Coccinea Linn in rats is a study research to prove if Ixora

Coccinea Linn is effective in rats. This study highlights the importance of Ixora Coccinea root as

a natural source of bioactive molecules with potent antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. In this

research, The researchers will examine the antidiarrheal activity of Ixora Coccinea Linn extract

(PGE) on experimentally-induced diarrhoea in rodents.

1.4. Alternative Hypothesis

H: Ixora Coccinea Linn (Santan) is an effective substitute for antidiarrheal medication.

1.5. Null Hypothesis

H: Ixora Coccinea Linn (Santan) is not an effective substitute for antidiarrheal medication.

1.6. Scope and Delimitation

This study will focus on making an anti-diarrheal herbal medicine using the flower, Ixora Coccinea

Linn (Santan). This study does not cover flowers or plants that were already proven as an effective

medicine for diarrhea. The study will focus on the effectiveness of Ixora Coccinea Linn (Santan)

as a alternative medicine for diarrhea by the results of the rat's bowel movement and waste. An

indicator will tell a substance wherein the solution changes waste according to the bowel

movement. In conducting this study, the materials needed for the experiment will be bought from

the pet and plant shop. Which will cost less amount of financial and time framework at Santa
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ANTIDIARRHEAL ACTIVITY OF ROOTS OF IXORA COCCINEA LINN IN RATS

Barbara Campus od Angeles University Foundation Integrated School within the academic years

2020-2021. This is to determine that the Ixora Coccinea Linn's (Santan) roots are effective as an

anti-diarrheal herbal medicine on rats to clearly present the change of waste and bowel movements.

The researchers seek to dig deeper by discovering the effectiveness of Ixora Coccinea Linn

(Santan) extract as a substitute for anti-diarrheal herbal medicine. Which will make it more

convenient to us in usage of money and help evolve the fields of botany and pharmacology, by

discovering alternatives. Therefore, this study tends to find out the effectiveness of Ixora Coccinea

Linn's (Santan) roots as an alternative for anti-diarrheal herbal medicine.

1.7. Significance of the Study

The outcome of the study will determine the antidiarrheal activity of Ixora Coccinea Linn in rats.

This will help the pharmacological industries to widen their varieties of natural remedy for the

treatment of diarrhea. With this the we will be able to know what are the factors that Ixora Coccinea

Linn contains to prevent diarrheal problems.

Pharmacologist the outcome of the study can help them develop medicines using Ixora Coccinea

Linn. It can improve the creation of medicines in the industry

Teacher. Can use this as examples to students when explaining topic related to research about

diarrheal medicines and Ixora Coccinea Linn.

Students. Can use this study as a guide to their research papers or studies. It can help them

understand various topics about Ixora Coccinea Linn Antidiarrheal properties.

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ANTIDIARRHEAL ACTIVITY OF ROOTS OF IXORA COCCINEA LINN IN RATS

The Farmer and Agricultural Industry of Ixora Coccinea Linn. It can help their businesses

grow by supplying Ixora Coccinea Linn to medical industries. This study also suggests the use of

natural remedies instead of conventional medicines

Future Researchers. This study will help the future researchers in using this paper as their guide

in doing the data guidelines, procedures, and results about Ixora Coccinea Linn antidiarrheal

properties. This study will also help them generate new ideas.

1.8. Terms and Definition

- Antidiarrheal medication - Antidiarrheals is the term applied to some forms of

medications that interrupt or minimize diarrhoea.

https://www.drugs.com/drugclass/antidiarrheals.html#:~:text=Antidiarrheals%20are

%20the%20name%20given,eliminate%20the%20cause%20of%20it.

- Ayurveda/Ayurvedic - Ayurveda promotes good infection prevention and control

and recovery through general fitness (such as massage, meditation, yoga, and dietary

changes) through the use of herbal remedies.

https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthtopics/aa116840spec#:~:text=Ayurveda%2C%20o

r%20ayurvedic%20medicine%2C%20is,the%20use%20of%20herbal%20remedies.

- Dehydration - it occurs when more water and fluids leave the body than enter it.

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/153363#:~:text=Dehydration%20occurs

%20when%20more%20water,blood%20vessels%2C%20and%20between%20cells.
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ANTIDIARRHEAL ACTIVITY OF ROOTS OF IXORA COCCINEA LINN IN RATS
- Electrochemical - Electrochemistry is a study of chemical reactions that produce

electrons to travel around.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Module

s_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry#:~:text=Electrochemistry%20is%20the%

20study%20of%20chemical%20processes%20that%20cause%20electrons,(%22redox

%22)%20reaction.

- Ixora Coccinea Linn - Ixora coccinea, typically referred to as forest flame or jungle

geranium, is a rounded evergreen shrub that usually grows to 4-6' (less often than 10')

tall.

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kemper

code=e515

- Phenolic compounds - Phenolics are the most significant phenolic compounds

obtained from plants, and their dissemination is exemplified in the entire metabolic

process.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6274266/#:~:text=Phenolic%20com

pounds%20are%20secondary%20metabolites,through%20phenylpropanoid%20meta

bolization%20%5B1%5D.&text=Phenolics%20are%20the%20most%20pronounced,t

hroughout%20the%20entire%20metabolic%20process.

- Phytochemical - Phytochemicals are plant-based chemicals. Phytochemicals are

synthetic chemicals obtained from plants through primary or secondary metabolism.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochemical#:~:text=Phytochemicals%20are%20che

micals%20of%20plant,competitors%2C%20pathogens%2C%20or%20predators.
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ANTIDIARRHEAL ACTIVITY OF ROOTS OF IXORA COCCINEA LINN IN RATS

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

2.1. Foreign Literature

- It was concluded that flowers of Ixora Coccinea Linn contains antidiarrheal properties that

was tested using the castor oil induced diarrhea model. This has been used by traditional

medical practitioners. Maniyar, Y., Bhixavatimath, P., & Agashikar, N. V. (2010).

Antidiarrheal activity of flowers of Ixora Coccinea Linn. in rats. Journal of Ayurveda and

integrative medicine, 1(4), 287.

- The roots of Ixora Coccinea Linn contains antimicrobial acids such as bioactive phenolic

compounds including pyrocatechol, catechin, and chlorogenic acid. This study can be

further used for our study about the antidiarrheal property of the roots of Ixora Coccinea

Linn. Muhammad, H., Qasim, M., Ikram, A., Versiani, M. A., Tahiri, I. A., Yasmeen, K., ...

& Gul, B. (2020). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Ixora coccinea root and

quantification of phenolic compounds using HPLC. South African Journal of Botany, 135,

71-79.

- Diarrhea may occur as a normal symptom in people with human immunodeficiency virus

(HIV) infection at an early or advanced stage of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

(AIDS). While it is typically not fatal, it can seriously affect the quality of life of patients.
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ANTIDIARRHEAL ACTIVITY OF ROOTS OF IXORA COCCINEA LINN IN RATS
It has proved to be effective in treating HIV/AIDS-related diarrhea on the basis of

syndrome distinction and treatment or Chinese herbs plus traditional treatment and

enhances people's immune status to some degree. Therefore, it may have strong potential

for use. In order to determine the beneficial effects and efficacy of Traditional Chinese

Medicine (TCM) for patients suffering from HIV/AIDS-associated diarrhea, the protocol

for the systematic analysis of this health care intervention is outlined here. Despite the

publication status or language, randomized controlled trials comparing Chinese herbs with

placebo or other successful therapies will be searched for and included. The primary

outcomes include the frequency and fecal nature of diarrhea. We will search for the

following databases: China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), Chinese

Biomedical Literature Database (SinoMed), Wanfang Info, China National Information

Infrastructure, Cochrane Library's PubMed and CENTRAL. The screening of experiments,

data extraction, and the use of the Cochrane risk of bias tool will be carried out by two

authors to determine the methodological consistency. If appropriate, we will analyse the

data and conduct a meta-analysis. In order to inform clinical practice by presenting current

evidence of the beneficial effects and protection of TCM in the treatment of patients

suffering from HIV/AIDS-associated diarrhea, we plan to identify new therapeutic

modalities that may be beneficial. Chen, B. L., Zhang, M. Z., Huang, Z. W., Zhang, H. R.,

Xu, C., Li, J., ... & Liu, J. P. (2020). Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of human

immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome-associated diarrhea: A

protocol for the systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. World

Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 6(4), 370.

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ANTIDIARRHEAL ACTIVITY OF ROOTS OF IXORA COCCINEA LINN IN RATS
2.2. Local Literature

- This research provides the first recorded evidence of I's anti inflammatory behavior of the

Ixora Coccinea and Mimosa pudica. Further studies, including mouse model assays, are

proposed to assess the efficacy of in vivo extracts. There is anti-diarrheal, antimicrobial,

antinociceptive, and anti-ulcer activity in its leaf extract. Flowers are being used to treat

dysentery, hemoptysis, and catarrhal bronchitis, and roots have been shown to manifest

stomach and sedative activity. The existence of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins,

flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, glycosides and sugar reducers was

demonstrated by preliminary phytochemical screening. Cua, S. J., LIRAzAN, M. A. R. C.

E. L. I. N. A., & Alvarez, M. R. (2018). In vitro Antacid Screening of the Aqueous and

Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Ixora coccinea (Linn). and Mimosa pudica (Linn.). Oriental

Journal of Chemistry, 34(5), 2246.

- Diarrhea is recognized and reported in developing countries as one of the most serious

medical conditions, contributing to mortality and morbidity, mainly affecting children and

babies. Conventional medications such as loperamide, bismuth, subsalicylate and

racecadotril are among the different drug therapies available for diarrhea. The multiple side

effects attributed to these synthetic drugs (such as abdominal pain, dry mouth, nausea,

constipation and headache) have stimulated a rapid and steady increase in interest in the

use of herbal medicine to treat diarrhea. Despite numerous reports of herbal resources

historically used in diarrhea care, most of them have not been scientifically validated

because of the lack of literature on the phytochemical properties and mechanisms of action

of these plants. The purpose of this review is to define, in experimental animal models, the
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ANTIDIARRHEAL ACTIVITY OF ROOTS OF IXORA COCCINEA LINN IN RATS
phytochemical properties and mechanisms of action of different plants used for the

treatment of diarrhea. Methods: Literature searches have been carried out on different

medicinal plants and mechanisms of action in the treatment of diarrhea and their results

have been reviewed. Results: Because of their various phytoconstituents, it was clear from

the literature that many of these medicinal plants examined are potent antidiarrheal agents.

Conclusion: This knowledge will provide a focal point for scientists and will thus play an

important role in future study and recording of herbal resources for diarrhea treatment.

Scientists, however, are also encouraged to figure out the processes by which all of these

medicinal plants operate. Osuntokun, O. S., Olayiwola, G., Adalumo, O. A., Olaoluwa, O.

S., Akomolafe, R. O., & Ayoka, A. O. (2017). Medicinal plants in the treatment of diarrhea:

A review of phytochemistry and pharmacology. Uniosun Journal of Sciences, 1(2).

2.3. Foreign Studies

- Ixora Coccinea Linn was one of the plants used by the tribe's village doctor (Vaidya). Ixora

coccinea Linn qualitative research was carried out to detect the antimicrobial class of

compounds in stem and leaf, followed by TLC and Quantification of Total flavonoids and

phenolics. The research demonstrates that certain antimicrobial groups of compounds are

present. A number of bands on the plate were revealed by the TLC results, followed by

bioautography showing an inhibition zone at 0.51 Rf value. Therefore, this study

demonstrates that Ixora coccinea Linn is a plant with potential bioactive components that

can be medicinally used. Damle, S., & Sharon, K. (2017). Phytochemical studies of Ixora

coccinea linn-an ethnobotanical plant from karwar district. International Journal of

Biology, Pharmacy and Allied Sciences, 6(7), 1403-1415.

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ANTIDIARRHEAL ACTIVITY OF ROOTS OF IXORA COCCINEA LINN IN RATS
- The green synthesis method was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using

the extract of Ixora coccinea leaves as fuel. Powder X-ray Diffraction, UV-Visible

Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy

characterized the structure and morphology of the substance. Photocatalytic and

antimicrobial experiments were conducted on the nanoparticles (NPs). The PXRD pattern

indicates that the product generated belongs to the cubic crystal system. SEM images

indicate that the particles are agglomerated to form a spherical structure and have been

found to have an average crystallite size of 20 nm. The prepared Ag NPs exhibit excellent

photocatalytic behavior for methylene blue (MB) photodegradation, suggesting that the Ag

NPs are potential semiconductor photocatalytic materials. Using the disc diffusion process,

Ag NPs exhibit substantial bactericidal activity against gram-positive bacteria

(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella aerogenes) and gram-negative

bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). The study successfully demonstrates the synthesis of Ag

NPs using Ixora coccinea as a fuel that exhibits superior photodegradative and antibacterial

activities via a simple eco-friendly pathway. Vinay, S. P., & Chandrasekhar, N. (2019).

Udayabhanu. Ixora coccinea extract-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles:

Photodegradative and antimicrobial studies. Int J Biosen Bioelectron, 5(4), 100-105.

- A research was conducted to evaluate the effect of Acorus calamus rhizome, Pongamia

glabra leaves, Aegle marmelos unripe fruit and Strychnos nux-vomica root bark on the

antidiarrhoeal potential of aqueous and methanolic plant extracts against castor-oil induced

diarrhoea in mice. Methanolic plant extracts were more effective against castor-oil caused

diarrhoea than aqueous plant extracts. Methanolic plant extracts greatly reduce the duration
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ANTIDIARRHEAL ACTIVITY OF ROOTS OF IXORA COCCINEA LINN IN RATS
of diarrhoea induction and the overall weight of the faeces. The result obtained establishes

the effectiveness of the antidiarrhoeal agents of these plant extracts. Shoba, F. G., &

Thomas, M. (2001). Study of antidiarrhoeal activity of four medicinal plants in castor-oil

induced diarrhoea. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 76(1), 73-76.

2.4. Local Studies

- Ixora coccinea Linn., officially known as geranium and red ixora jungle (Rubiaceae), is

an evergreen shrub distributed in India. The flowers, leaves, roots, and stem are used to

treat different ailments in the traditional Indian medicine system, Ayurveda, and also in

various folk medicines, depending on the medical condition. The fruits are used as a

dietary source when fully mature. Phytoconstituents research shows that essential

phytochemicals are present in the plant, such as lupeol, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid,

sitosterol, rutin, lecocyanadin, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, kaempferol and

quercetin glycosides. Pharmacological studies indicate that the plant has antioxidant,

antibacterial, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, antidiarrheal, antinociceptive,

antimutagenic, antineoplastic and chemopreventive effects, providing the ethnomedicinal

uses of the plant with scientific help. Efforts to discuss its ethnomedicinal applications,

chemical constituents, and validated pharmacological findings are being made in the

current study. Baliga, M. S., & Kurian, P. J. (2012). Ixora coccinea Linn.: Traditional

uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Chinese journal of integrative medicine, 18(1),

72-79.
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ANTIDIARRHEAL ACTIVITY OF ROOTS OF IXORA COCCINEA LINN IN RATS
- An ethnobotanical study has documented that Cordia africana is historically used in the

treatment of liver disease, amebiasis, stomachache, and diarrhea in the Agew-Awi and

Amhara peoples of northwest Ethiopia. It is recorded that root and root bark are used in

the treatment of diarrhea. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine the

antidiarrheal effect of C.

African against castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice. The antidiarrheal activity of the plant

was evaluated on castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice (23–25 g) of both sex. The amount

of diarrhoeal defecations, the intestinal duration of the charcoal meal and the weight of

the intestinal fluid were used as appropriate parameters for assessing the antidiarrhoeal

efficacy of the plant extract. The methanol extract of C is used in the preliminary

phytochemical screening studies. africana has also been discovered to produce phenols,

flavonoids, terpenoids, and saponins. Significant decrease in the amount of diarrhoeal

drops was observed in groups of mice consuming 200 mg/kg (P<0.05) and 400 mg/kg

(P<0.01) of extract relative to control treatment. The percentage inhibition of intestinal

fluid accumulation at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of extract was 26.83 percent,

46.34 percent and 53.66 percent respectively. Relative to the negative control group, the

mean percent of the intestinal length moved by the charcoal meal decreased by 24.41

percent, 39.89 percent and 51.66 percent respectively in groups of mice administered

100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of plant extract. The root bark extract of C is used to validate the

observation. africana has been shown to be efficient in preventing castor oil-induced

diarrhea and intestinal motility in a dose-dependent manner. This indicates that the plant

material has promising antidiarrheal activity, as is believed in conventional medical

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ANTIDIARRHEAL ACTIVITY OF ROOTS OF IXORA COCCINEA LINN IN RATS
practice. Asrie, A. B., Abdelwuhab, M., Shewamene, Z., Gelayee, D. A., Adinew, G. M., &

Birru, E. M. (2016). Antidiarrheal activity of methanolic extract of the root bark of

Cordia africana. Journal of experimental pharmacology, 8, 53.

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ANTIDIARRHEAL ACTIVITY OF ROOTS OF IXORA COCCINEA LINN IN RATS

Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

“The Antidiarrheal activity of roots of Ixora Coccinea Linn in rats” The section of this analysis

discusses and distinguishes the techniques used in this review. The researcher will compile,

present, and describe the primitive data and information that answers the evaluation goals and

questions. Explanations and assertions are provided for the evaluation structure and methods,

exploring the subject, looking into the field, inquiring about the apparatus, investigation

factuality, and research organization (information social event and information assessment) used.

3.1. Research Design

For this study, the researcher will use experimental research design to observe the anti-diarrheal

behavior of Ixora Coccinea Linn, which will be our subject. Ixora Coccinea Linn root will be used

as an alternative Diarrhea treatment to observe and provide us with a formulated hypothesis that

we are going to demonstrate and prove if our plant subject.

3.2. Locale

The topic of our research, Ixora Coccinea Linn root, will not be purchased but collected from one

of our group member's house's garden. The experiment will be conducted at the school’s science
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ANTIDIARRHEAL ACTIVITY OF ROOTS OF IXORA COCCINEA LINN IN RATS
laboratory of Angeles University Foundation Integrated School Santa. Barbara Campus within the

academic years 2020-2021.

3.3. Data Collection and Procedures

The root of the flower to be used is gathered in a garden and cleaned gently and dried at room

temperature for a period of 2-3 weeks until it is dried completely. The dried roots are then

condensed to suitable sizes, then the cold root extracts are prepared to be powdered. The powder

will be dissolved in water in the ratio of 1:3 or (250 mg of the powdered roots and 750 ml of

distilled water) and will be mixed or shaken three to four times a day for a period of 7 days. After

the filtrate was condensed and dried under decreased pressure. The extract will be preserved until

the moment of use.

For the experiment, rodents of either sex weighing 20-30 g and aged 6-8 weeks will be used. The

mice will be bought from a pet store of a friend. The mice will be housed in plastic cages with

access to food and water at a room temperature. Then the mice will be fasted for 24 hours before

the test and will be divided into five groups of at least 6 mice each with free water access only.

Through administering castor oil orally, diarrhea would be stimulated. For a period of 4 hours, the

amount of animal feces will be observed and both the dry and diarrheal droppings will be counted

for every hour.

Five separate doses of medicinal items, including the extract of Ixora Coccinea Linn's roots, will

be administered to the groups. In comparison with the extract that the researchers have made,

loperamide will be used. Several types of doses of loperamide will be injected in groups 1-3, while

the Santan extract will be given in groups 4 and 5.

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ANTIDIARRHEAL ACTIVITY OF ROOTS OF IXORA COCCINEA LINN IN RATS
A standard loperamide dose of exactly 5 mg/kg will be given to group 1, while a lower dose of 3

mg/kg will be given to group 2, and a higher dose of 6 mg/kg will be given to the third group. 100-

400 mg/kg of the extract will be administered in groups 4 and 5.

3.4. Statistical Treatment

The researcher will be using one-way ANOVA, in where the data is analyzed to determine if there are

statistically significant variations between the independent variables.

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leaf extracts of Myrtus communis Linn (Myrtaceae) in mice model. BMC Complementary and

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Ixora Coccinea Linn. in rats. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine, 1(4), 287.

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ANTIDIARRHEAL ACTIVITY OF ROOTS OF IXORA COCCINEA LINN IN RATS
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deficiency syndrome-associated diarrhea: A protocol for the systematic review and meta-analysis

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A. O. (2017). Medicinal plants in the treatment of diarrhea: A review of phytochemistry and

pharmacology. Uniosun Journal of Sciences, 1(2).

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ANTIDIARRHEAL ACTIVITY OF ROOTS OF IXORA COCCINEA LINN IN RATS
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