1- Explain the difference between preemptive and non-preemptive

scheduling?

Preemptive scheduling: The preemptive scheduling is prioritized. The highest

priority process should always be the process that is currently utilized.

Non-Preemptive scheduling: When a process enters the state of running, the state
of that process is not deleted from the scheduler until it finishes its service time.

2- What is the meaning of Starvation and Aging?

Starvation: A process that is ready to run but waiting for the CPU can be considered
blocked. A priority scheduling algorithm can leave some low priority processes
waiting.

Aging: is a technique of gradually increasing the priority of processes that

wait in the system for a long time.

3- Which characteristics are used for comparison can make substantial

difference in which algorithm is judged to be best?(scheduling criteria)

1- CPU utilization
2- Throughput
3- Turnaround time
4- Waiting time
5- Response time
4- Explain what operating system services?

1- User interface
2- Program execution
3- I/O operations
4- File system manipulation
5- Communications
6- Error detection
7- Protection & security

5- Explain and draw the five state process model?

6- Define Process Control Block (PCB) ?

7- Describe the differences between Short-term and long-term scheduling?

- The short-term selects from among the processes that are ready to
execute and allocates the CPU to one of them.
- The long-term selects processes from this pool and loads them into
memory for execution

8- Describe the difference between logical & physical address spaces?

Logical: the set of all logical addresses generated by the program.
Physical: the set of all physical corresponding to these logical
addresses.

9- Explain the difference between external and internal

fragmentation?
- External fragmentation
exists when there is enough total memory space to satisfy a
request
but the available spaces are not contiguous, storage is fragmented
into a large number of small holes.
- Internal fragmentation.
The memory allocated to a process may be slightly larger than the
requested memory. The difference between these two numbers is
internal Fragmentation
10-

11- What is operating system?

- A program that manages the computer hardware, a control

program that manages the execution of user programs to
prevent errors.

12- Explain the difference between Segmentation and Paging?

-Paging: is a memory-management scheme that permits the

physical address space of a process to be noncontiguous.

-Segmentation: is a memory management scheme that supports

the user view of memory.
13- Explain what is dispatcher?

- is the module that gives control of the CPU to the process

selected by the short-term scheduler.

14- Define the following:

A) Caching: is an important principle of computer systems.

Information is normally kept in some storage system (such as
main memory). As it is used, it is copied into a faster storage
system the cache-on a temporary basis.
B) Protection: is any mechanism for controlling the access of
processes or users to the resources defined by a computer
system.

C) Distributed system: is a collection of physically separate

computer systems that are networked to provide the users with
access to the various resources that the system maintains.

D) Operating system: A program that manages the computer

hardware, a control program that manages the execution of
user programs to prevent errors.

E) Embedded computers: the most prevalent form of computers.

They tend to have very specific tasks.
Examples: car engines, manufacturing robots and microwave
ovens. Usually they have little or no user interface.
 F) Handheld systems: include personal digital assistants (PDAs),
such as Palm and cellular telephones, many of which use
special-purpose embedded operating systems.

G) CPU I/O burst cycle: The success of CPU scheduling depends on an

observed property of processes: process execution consists of a cycle
of CPU execution and I/O wait. Processes alternate between these
two states. Process execution begins with a CPU burst. That is
followed by an I/O burst, which is followed by another CPU burst,
then another I/O burst and so on.

H) Thread: is a basic unit of CPU utilization; it comprises a thread ID, a

program counter, a register set, and a stack. It shares with other
threads belonging to the same process its code section, data section,
and other operating-system resources.

15- What is the difference between:

A) Protection and security

- Protection involves ensuring that all access to system
resources controlled.
- Security of the system from outsiders is also important. Such
security starts with requiring each user to authenticate himself
or herself to the system, usually by means of a password, to
gain access to system resources
16- The operating system is responsible for some activities in
connection with the Process management and File management,
EXPLAIN these activities?

1- The creation and deletion of both user and system processes

2- The scheduling of processes
3- The provision of mechanisms for synchronization
4- Communication and deadlock handling for processes