Chapter 5

1- geographic feature has four major components: 1- Locations. 2- Non-spatial attributes. 3- Time. 4- Spatial
relationships among geographic features. 2- Raster Vs Vector Models : In both models , the spatial information is
represented using homogeneous units. • In the raster approach, the homogeneous units are the cells. • In the vector
approach, the homogeneous units are the points, lines, and polygons. these units are relatively few in number.
Raster Model Vector Model
Advantage • It’s a simple data structure • it provide more c data structure true than Raster model
• operation are easily and implemented • it provides efficient encoding of topology
• high spatial variability is represented in it format • is better suited to sup-porting graphics
Disadvantage • raster data structure is less compact data techniques can • it’s more complex data structure than a simple raster
overcome Problem •overlay operations are more difficult to implement
• topological relationship is more difficult to represent
Chapter 6
3- Classification of GIS Analysis Functions: 1- Maintenance and analysis of spatial data. 2-Maintenance and
analysis of attribute data. 3- Integrated analysis of spatial and attribute data. 4- Output formatting.
4- Maintenance and analysis of spatial data. • Format transformation: Transforming the data into a suitable
format for the GIS (raster or vector). • Geometric transformation(Registration process): Used to assign coordinates
to a map or a data layers. • Transformation between map projections: The data layers to be used together for
analysis by GIS should be using the same map projection. • Conflation: is the process of reconciling the position of the
features in different data layers to overlay precisely. • Edge matching: a procedure to adjust the position of features
that extend across map sheet boundaries. 5- Maintenance and analysis of attribute data. • Attribute editing
functions: allow the attributes to be retrieved, examined and changed. • Attribute query functions: retrieve records
from the database relevant to a query. 6- Integrated analysis of spatial and attribute data. 1- Retrieval
operations. 2- Classification and Generalization. 3-Measurement. 7- Output formatting (map annotation) • Map
design principles 1- The names should be logical and close to the feature they describe. 2- The association between
name and object should be easily recognized. 3- Labels should not overlap. 4- The format and positioning of the name
labels should reflect.

Chapter 7
8- Raster Data: A data set composed of an array of numeric values, each of which represents a condition
in a square element of ground. 9- It’s types: 1- Discrete raster(Land) 2- Continuous raster(DEM)
10- Why use raster? 1- Better at storing certain kinds of data. 2- Better at analyzing certain kinds of data. 3- Often
faster analysis than vectors. 4- Imagery desirable for certain maps. 11- Raster analysis techniques: • Reclassification •
Surface functions • Distance functions • Interpolation •Neighborhood functions • Zonal functions
Chapter 8
12- Variations of Buffering • Fixed varying buffer distances. • Buffer rings. • Buffer zones on one side or
both sides of spatial features. • Separate vs. dissolved buffer zones.
13- Map Overlay • An overlay operation combines the geometries and attributes of two feature layers to
create the output. • The geometry of the output represents the geometric intersection of features from
the input layers. • Each feature on the output contains a combination of attributes from the input layers,
and this combination differs from its neighbors. 14- Feature Type Map Overlay: 1-Point-in-Polygon • The
input is a point map • The output is also a point map, which has attribute data from the overlay polygon
map. 2- Line-in-Polygon • The input is a line map. The output is also a line map. But the output differs
from the input in two aspects the line is broken into two segments. 3- Polygon-on-Polygon • The two
maps to be overlaid have the same area extent. • The output combines the geometry and attribute data
from the two maps into a single polygon map. 15- Map Overlay Methods: 1- Intersect (AND) 2- Union (OR)
3- Identity (OR/AND) 4- Symmetric Difference (XOR) 16- Pattern Analysis: • Pattern analysis refers to the use of
quantitative methods for describing and analyzing the distribution pattern of spatial features. • At the general level,
a pattern analysis can reveal if a distribution pattern is random, dispersed, or clustered. • At the local level, a pattern
analysis can detect if a distribution pattern contains local clusters of high or low values.
17- principles design Map: 1- The names should be logical. 2- The association between name and object should be
easily recognized. 3- Labels should not overlap 4- The format and positioning of the name labels should reflect its
relative importance