Name: Noor ul ezzah

Id: Ndu-bs/eco-20/f-013
Subject: foreign policy of pakistan
Submitted to: mam Quratulain
Determinants of Pakistan’s foreign policy:
“Foreign policy is the key element in the process by which a state translates its
broadly conceived goals and interests into concrete courses of action to attain these
objectives and preserve interests.” (Paddleford and Lincoln) “Foreign policy
consists of decisions and actions, which involve to some appreciable extant
relations between one state and others.” (Prop: Joseph Frankel)
Ideology:
Pakistan is regarded as a country with an Islamic ideology. Yet imposing "Islamic
Ideology" and Islamic teaching has remained merely a political party slogan. In
this situation, none of them really contributed. Being an ideological state, this
theme underpins the majority of its interactions with the outside world. Because of
Pakistan's ideological standing, relations with the other Muslim countries have
remained cordial. A few compulsions were also introduced by ideology into the
decision-making process. Pakistan was unable to deepen its ties with Israel and
India. Similar to how Pakistan initially joined the American bloc only for
ideological reasons. Islamic ideology thus serves as the primary and most
significant factor in determining Pakistan's foreign policy.

Security:
Pakistan has a lot of issues right after it was established. These issues included
those related to water, administration, security, and refugees. Pakistan was looking
for assistance to deal with the issues because of its poor economic and security
conditions. Pakistan seemed to be in danger from both India and Afghanistan.
Afghanistan supported the Pukhtoonistan dispute, which sought to extend its
borders to the River Jhelum. Pakistan needed a lot of financial and military
assistance. Hence, in search of financial and military support, foreign policy
leaders turned westward. The most notable security-related action Pakistan took
was the visit of Prime Minister Liaqat Ali Khan to the United States and joining
the American Block.
National Interests:
This is the continuous process to develop the economic condition or another sector
of the country. According to palmer stone, “In international relations there can be
no eternal enemy, no can there be eternal friend, and only eternal is the national
interest.” So national interest is one of the most important determinants of Pakistan
foreign policy.
Close Relations with Muslim World:
The Muslims of subcontinent always remains the great supporters of pan-Islamism.
They always desired for the unity of Muslim world. This was the reason that before
partition they supported Khilafat Movement and Hijrat Movement. The forefathers
of Pakistan consider the creation of Pakistan a step towards this aim. Being an
ideological state Pakistan always promote relations with other Muslim countries.
Pakistan has so far did not recognize Israel in this connection. Because Pakistan is
a Muslim country and the ideology of Pakistan is Islam. One of the objectives of
Pakistan is to establish friendly and cordial relations with Muslim world.

Support to the Independence Movements:

To support the independence movements all over the world is the permanent
determinant of Pakistan’s foreign policy. In this regard the following steps were
taken till now. Pakistan morally, political and diplomatically supported Kashmiri
people against the immoral occupation of Indians. Pakistan always stressed over
the right of self-determination of the Kashmiris people. Pakistan also stressed
United Nation to implement its resolution of 1948. Close Relations with Western
Nations: Another most important determinant of Pakistan’s foreign policy is close
relations with Western Nations, because Pakistan was born economically and
militarily weak. Pakistan needed friends and allies who could render material aid
and come to secure incase of aggression. In 1950 Liaqat Ali Khan visited USA at
the invitation of President Truman. The tour was a great success as it strengthened
the bonds of friendship between the two. Similarly Pakistan joined SEATO and
CENTO with the west. Pakistan has a strong relation with common wealth and
European countries.
Geo-Political Factor:
The country's physical location has some bearing on how it behaves externally.
Napoleon once remarked, "A nation's topography determines its foreign policy. A
country's topography, especially its climate, fertility, and position, has an impact
on its foreign policy. Pakistan is not exempt from this truth. She had the unpleasant
circumstance of being under India's shadow, a superpower in the north. Pakistan
was largely prevented from pursuing a policy of its own choosing as a result. Up
until 1971, Pakistan's topography was distinctive in that its two halves, the east and
the west, were divided by an enemy territory that stretched for more than a
thousand kilometers. . Pakistan therefore had to spend more on defense as
compared to other developing countries. So Pakistan has always established
relations with outside keeping in view the geographical politicians. Because up to
December 1991 Pakistan lay in between three big neighbors i.e. USSR, China and
India
 Economic Development:
Other most important determinant of Pakistan’s foreign policy is economic
development because economic development is the process, which not only affects
the economic relations but also socio cultural, political and military relations of the
states. In order to overcome the financial problems and to secure place among the
industrialized nations Pakistan has attached great importance for trade and other
economic relations with developed and developing countries on bilateral basis.
Pakistan has received economic and financial assistance from the western
countries, USA and World financial institutions like IBRD and IMF.

Objectives of foreign policy of Pakistan:

Like any other nation, Pakistan pursues its national interests through its foreign
policy. The interests of Pakistan have also been shaped by its history, geopolitics,
and people's ambitions, just like those of other nations.
Pakistan started its career with an independent foreign policy. This of course meant
that Pakistan had to spend a disproportionately large part of its revenue on
strengthening its defences. For a fair settlement of the Kashmir dispute Pakistan in
the early years placed complete reliance on the United Nations. But twice in those
early years Pakistan's security was gravely threatened. So, Pakistani officials chose
to make national security a priority in their foreign policy, which they hoped to
accomplish by forging tighter ties with several Great Powers. John Foster Dulles,
the secretary of state, encouraged Pakistan to join a Middle Eastern military
coalition that would have US backing. This invitation was happily accepted by
Pakistan. Pakistan joined the South East Asia Treaty Organization, another military
alliance supported by the United States, in September 1954 for the similar reasons.
However, in 1962, following India's border conflict with China, the United States
and some Commonwealth nations decided to provide India with significant
military aid, which Pakistani leaders believed could be used against Pakistan. As a
result, Pakistan's foreign policy was modified to seek the support of another Big
Power.
The protection and promotion of the Muslim community's way of life, which
makes up the large majority of the population in Pakistan, is the second goal of its
foreign policy. Pakistani Muslims think that their religion offers a full code of life,
covering every part of man's activities, including politics, social life, and
economics. They also feel that it is the responsibility of their government to further
Islamic ideals.
The third objective of Pakistan's foreign policy is to raise the standard of living of
its people. It is an objective of Pakistan's foreign policy to get aid for its economic
development in adequate quantities. Large scale aid however has very often
political strings attached to it. The position of the receiving countries becomes very
difficult when their interests clash with those of the aid giving countries. Pakistan
had its own share of such difficulties but on the whole it can be safely asserted that
in spite of the large scale aid which she received recently, its interests were not
allowed to suffer.
Pakistan has consistently given the nation's battle for independence in international
forums its complete backing. Our foreign policy's main goal is to support every
nation's right to self-determination, especially those who are fighting for it in
places like Kashmir, Bosnia, Libya, Indonesia, Eritrea, and several other Asian and
African nations.