Mobile Communication Networks

Exercices 5

1. The CDMA system IS-95 speech encoder operates at a bit rate of 9.6 kbps, with a chip rate is
1.2288 Mchips/sec.
a. How many chips per bit are being used?
b. What is the spreading factor/gain?
c. What is the (approximate) ratio between the bandwidth of the spread signal and the
bandwidth of the original signal?

2. Consider the two-sender CDMA example of the slides.

a. Draw the reception diagram for receiver 2.
b. Code 1 and Code 2 are orthogonal? Why?
c. How many chips per bit are being used?
d. What is the spreading factor/gain?
e. Does the scheme tolerate errors in the received signal? To which extent? (Suggestion:
determine the decoded signal for the case where the received signal has 1, 3, and 5
errors)

3. A system transmits at 30 kbps, sending 3 bits per symbol. The time between hops for a FHSS
system is 0.125 ms. Is the system using slow-frequency-hop spread spectrum or fast-frequency-
hop spread spectrum?

4. An FHSS system employs a total bandwidth of Ws = 400 MHz and an individual channel
bandwidth of 100 Hz. What is the minimum number of PN bits required for each frequency
hop?

5. An FHSS system using MFSK with M = 4 employs 1000 different frequencies.

a. What is the number of bits per signal element (symbol)?
b. What is the total number of possible carrier frequencies?
c. What is the total (spread) bandwidth Ws of the FHSS transmission (with respect to the
bandwidth Wd of the equivalent narrowband signal)?
 b. In an ordinary (not spread spectrum) system, a reasonable goal for bandwidth
efficiency might be 1 bps/Hz. That is, to transmit a data stream of 56 kbps, a
bandwidth of 56 kHz is used. In this case, what is the minimum SNR that can
be endured for transmission without appreciable errors? Compare to the spread
spectrum case.
Hint: Review the discussion of channel capacity in Section 2.3.
9.2 An FHSS system employs a total bandwidth of Ws = 400 MHz and an individual
channel bandwidth of 100 Hz. What is the minimum number of PN bits required for
each frequency hop?
6. The table below
9.3 An illustrates
FHSS system theusing
operation of M
MFSK with an=FHSS system
4 employs 1000for one complete
different frequencies.period
What of the PN
sequence. is the processing gain?
9.4 The following table illustrates the operation of an FHSS system for one complete
period of the PN sequence.
9.2 The
9.2 The total 9.2 The
total
number total
tones,number
number
of of
ortones,ofor
tones,
individual or individual
individual
channels channels
is: channels
is: is:
Ws/fMHz)/(100
Ws/fd = (400 6 66 86
d =W s/fdMHz)/(100
(400 = (400
Hz) MHz)/(100
10 .= 4Hz)
= 4 Hz) 10=. 4 10 .
Time 0 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 10 11
Input data 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
The minimum The The minimum
minimum
number fnumber
of PN bits number
f of= PN logf of(4
bits f 6) (4 22f1026)(4 = 22 6) = 22
2 PN bits
= log
10 2 == log 10
Frequency 1 3 23 f 22 8 10

9.2 The
mber
total wheretotal
number
of tones, number
of
or
9.29.2xThe
where
Thetones,
total
PN sequence
of
individual
totalwhere
indicates tones,
orindicates
xnumber
the of or
individual
number channels
of
001
xtones, individual
or channels
tones,
indicates
smallestthe is: or
the
smallest
integer
individual channels
is:
individual
110
smallest
integer
value
channels is: than
channels
is:integer
not value
less is:
011
value
not less not less
than
x. Source: than x. Sourc
x.[SKLA01]
Source: [SKL
Ws/fMHz)/(100 6 6 6 6
fMHz)/(100
d = (400 d = Hz)
(400
WWs/f =MHz)/(100
4=Hz)10
(400 4 Hz)10 .=
=.MHz)/(100 12 4 13 1014=
Hz) . 415 1016 . 17 18 19
6
s/fd = (400 MHz)/(100 Hz) = 4 10 .
Time
Input data 0 1 1 1 1 6 0 1 0
The The
minimum minimum
number number
of fd4oflog
=PN ;62dUsing
PN bits4=22 62) (4
log ) 6=W
10log 22,= 6W
m
minimum
9.3number
W number
ofThe
s =9.3 PN
W
1000 ;=bits
fsd9.3
W of
dW
1000==
PN
minimum dlog
4f= f;dbits
1000
W d(4
; Using
sFrequency 2number dbits
; 10
fW f)(4
Equation
of==PN log
f10 f 2 (4=,=G
d;Equation
Using
9.3
bits 22
1
10 2) (4
pEquation
f=9.3 G22
s/W d9.3
f10
p ==3
, s=
) 250G
/W ==d24
p22 W /W=
= s250
dB d=
2
24250
dB= 24 2
where x indicates
PN sequencethe smallest integer value not less001
than x. Source: [SKLA01]
re x where
dicates indicates xwhere
the smallest indicates
the smallest
integer thevalue
x indicates smallest
integer
001
not
the integer
valueless not
smallest than value
less notvalue
x. Source:
integer than less than
x. [SKLA01]
Source:
not less x.[SKLA01]
Source:
than x. [SKLA01]
Source: [SKLA
9.4 a. MFSK 9.49.3a.WMFSK 9.4 a. MFSK
s = 1000 fd;b.WWhat
a. The system makes use of a form of FSK. What form of FSK is it?
d = 4isfdthe ; Using
numberEquation 9.3 ,element
of bits per signal Gp = W s/Wd = 250 = 24 dB
(symbol)?
=9.3 b.
Wf4dsL;f=dW
=; 1000
2 =W a.
b.4fsdL ;=The system
2db.
;Equation
W =4 Lfd.df;= makes
2Using
;9.3 use of a form of FSK. What form of FSK
G=pisd=
it?
W1000
d= 9.3Using f= Using
1000 Equation
W dis= ,theG pfdEquation
=9.3
4length W
; Using , /W
Gp = d 9.3
=W250
Equation ,G
s/W pd=
= 24
=
9.3 W s,/W
250
dB 24 =W 250
dB
s/W =d24 dB = 24 dB
= 250
c. What is the number of FSK frequencies?
d d dWhat of asPN sequence per hop?
c. M =9.4 L
2 c.a.
=M b. What
4 = 2c. =
MFSK L isM the
e. 4Is number
=this L
2 a slow of bits per signal
= 4or fast FH system? element (symbol)?
c. What is f. What
the number is the total number
of FSK of possible carrier frequencies?
frequencies?
d. k = 3 d.b.kL = = 23 d. kg.=Show 3
9.4 a. MFSK
MFSK 9.4 a.c. MFSK d.M Is
the
L =a4slow or fast FH system?
= 2this
variation of the base, or demodulated, frequency with time.
9.5 The following table illustrates the operation of an FHSS system using the same PN
= 2 e.b. slow
L = 2 FHSS e.d.L
b. slow
e.k ==What
e.
FHSS slow FHSS
32 is sequence
the totalasnumber Problem 9.4.
of possible carrier frequencies?
k k k
M4 = 2 f.
Lc.= 2M4 == 82c. f.e.
L 2
=Time
M 4
slow
f. Fill= f.
8 L 2
= 2the=table
FHSS =
40 below8 1 with
2 the3 variation
4 of
5 the6base 7(or demodulated)
8 9 10 frequency
11 with
g.
= 3 d. k = 3 d. k =time.g.f. 2
Input k data
= 38 g. 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
g.Frequency f f f f f f f f f f f f
S e. slow FHSS
ow FHSS e. PNslow FHSS
1 21 11 3 3 3 22 10 0 0 2 22

sequence 001 110 011 001 001 001 110 011 001 001 001 110
Time k
= 8 f. 2 = 8 f. Time Time
2 =8k Time
0 10
0 1
2 2
1 03 3
2 14
4
3 5
25 4
6
3
6 7
5 4
78
6 9
58 7 69 8 10
10 11
7 9 11
8 10 9
Input data
g. g.Input
Input data dataInput
0 data
10 01 1 11 01 1 1 111 1111 11 11 0 1 100 1010 10 10 0 0 01 0 00 1 0
FrequencyFrequency FrequencyFrequency f1 f1 f1 f3 f3 f1 f3 ff33 f3 f2f3 f2 ff03 f2 f0 f2 f2 f0 f2 f0 f
e 0Time1 0 Time 2 1 30 2 41 30 52 41 63 52 74 63 85 74 96 85107 96118 107 9 118 10 9 11 10
Time 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0Input
ut data 1data
0 1
InputTime
1 data 10 1 Time
11 1
M11_BEAR4171_01_SE_C09.indd 271Input data
0 1Time
12
1 1 13 1214
01 11 111 01
1312 15 1413
16 1514
1 11 101 011 01 001 10
17 1615
18 1716
19
1 01 000 10 0 0180 17 1 19
12/19/14 7:03 PM
0 18
0 1 19
quencyFrequency
f1 f1Input
f3 data
Frequency f1Input
Frequency Input
f1 f3 ff31data
f3 f3data
0 f3 ff313 f0
1 f20 1 1 1 11 1 10 1 11 0 10 1 0f0 f02 1
2 f0 f2f3 f2 f0 ff2 f2 f0 f2
0f
FrequencyFrequency Frequency
f1 f1 f3 f1 f3 f2 f3 f2 f2 f2 f2 f2
9.5 a. MFSK
Time Time 12Time13 12Time 14 13 15 1214 16 1315 1416
1217 13181517 1618
1419 15 1719 16 18 17 19 18 19
b. L = 2
9.5 a.
nput data 9.5
MFSK
Input7. data
9.5
Inputa.data
a.multi-carrier
0MFSK MFSK 0 1 1system
1 10 (OFDM
01 11 system),
11 01 0having
1 11 an 0 assigned
01 1 bandwidth
0 0 1 B, 0
A c. M = 2L1= 40 1 1data
Input
modulation 1(MCM)
b. LFrequency
Frequency = 2b. L Frequency
b.d.LkFrequency
= 2 resorts =fto =f12 f3for an aggregate
13 N subcarriers f1 f3 f2 data f3 f2 f2 frate
f1 transmission 3 f2offR.
2 f2 f2 f2
c. M = 2Lc.e. =a.Mfast =FHSS
4 What 2c.Lis=M 2L =
4=band
the 4
occupied by each subcarrier?
k
9.5 d.
MFSK a. kMFSK
=
9.53 a. d.f. MFSK
k2 ==What
b. 38 d.is,k the= 3data rate in each subcarrier (considering no adaptive modulation)?
g.c.Same as for Problem 9.4 in each subcarrier?
= 2 e.
b. fast
L = 2FHSS e. L
b. fast=What e. is,fast
2FHSS the FHSS
bit duration
k d.k What would
k be the bit duration in an equivalent single-carrier modulation system?
M4 = 2Lf.
c.= 2M
4 ==9.6 f.a.
82Lc. =M2This
4= = is82f.Lfrom
=2 4= the8example 7.1.
e. What would
forbeProblem
the datakHz
rate
9.4in001
an equivalent single-carrier
kHz 010 modulation
f4 = 225 system?
= 3 g.d. Same
k = 3 f1d.g.
as
=k Same
for
75 = kHz3 g.as
Problem Same
000 fas
9.4 for
2 =125 Problem 9.4f3 = 175 kHz 011
f. So, why is MCM so important to “modern” wireless communication systems (think
e. fast FHSS
st FHSS f5e.= 275 kHz
fastabout FHSS 100 f6 = 325 kHz 101 f7 = 375 kHz 110 f8 = 425 kHz 111
the consequences of multipath-propagation)?
9.6
= 8 a. 2k9.6
f. This = 8isf.a.from9.6
b.This
2We
k =need 8a.
the This
is from
example
three is
the
more from 7.1.ofthe
example
sets example
7.1.
8 frequencies. 7.1.second set can start at 475 kHz,
The
with 8 frequencies separated by 50 kHz each. =The third
f3set can start=at175
875 kHz, and
or fProblem
ame 1=g.75
as Same
for f19.4
kHz =g. 75
asthe
Problem 000
for
Same f1Problem
kHz = as
9.4 75ffor
2kHz
000 =125
fourth set at 1275 kHz. 9.4
Problem 000
kHzf2 =125 001
9.4 f2 =125f001
kHz 3kHz 175 001
kHz = 175 010fkHz
3 4 kHz
f010
= 225 010
kHz 011fkH
f4 = 225 4=
f5 = 275 kHz f5 = 275 100fkHz5 = 275 6 kHz
f100 = 325 100 f6 = 325
kHz 101fkHz
6 = 325 7 kHz
= 375 101
f101 f7 = 375
kHz 110fkHz
7 = 375 f8kHz
110= 425110 111fkH
f8 = 425
kHz 8=