Instructor

MARK RYAN R. TRIPOLE (DoPAC)

 Learning Outcomes
• By the end of this session the student should be able
to:
• Describe electromagnetic radiation based on the
properties of waves
• Understand the electromagnetic spectrum
• Link the discoveries made that eventually led to the
proposal of wave-particle duality

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 The History of Electromagnetism

magnetic
field HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED
1777 - 1851

Found that electricity and magnetism were not mutually exclusive!

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 The History of Electromagnetism
Magnetic Field
Component

Wavelength

Electric Field Component

JAMES CLERK MAXWELL
1831 - 1879

Mathematically defined that light is a propagating transverse wave

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 Electromagnetic Waves Electric
Field

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 Electromagnetic Waves
What is the relationship between
wavelength and frequency?

c = λv
frequency
(1/s or s-1)

speed of light
(3.0 x 108 m/s)
wavelength
(m)
Depending on your purpose, you would have to convert wavelength
between meters and nanometers to the units are consistent with that of c.
Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3
 Electromagnetic Waves

v= c
Inversely or directly proportional?
REMEMBER: Frequency (v)
is the number of waves

λ
passing through a point
What does this imply about per unit time.
the energy of the wave?

λ=v=E
λ=v=E
Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3
 Electromagnetic Waves
longer λ shorter λ
lower v higher v
lower E higher E

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 Wave Nature of Light
The Double Slit Experiment

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 The Genesis of Quantum Theory

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 The Genesis of Quantum Theory

“Every object at every instance emits

some electromagnetic radiation
from its surface and at the same
time also absorbs some of the
radiation that is falling on it”
GUSTAV KIRCHHOFF
1824 - 1877

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 The Genesis of Quantum Theory
What if we had a material that could absorb
and emit all wavelengths of radiation? BLACK BODY

Incident
radiation

Blackbody GUSTAV KIRCHHOFF

radiation 1824 - 1877
The nature of the blackbody radiation is
Constant only dependent on temperature, and not the
Temperature material the box is composed of.

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 The Genesis of Quantum Theory
Do black bodies actually exist?
The perfect one doesn’t.

GUSTAV KIRCHHOFF
1824 - 1877
THE SUN

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 The Genesis of Quantum Theory
2000 K

1000 K

metal piece

GUSTAV KIRCHHOFF
1824 - 1877
298.15 K

Temperature

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 The Genesis of Quantum Theory
2000 K

1000 K

metal piece

GUSTAV KIRCHHOFF
1824 - 1877
298.15 K

Temperature

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 The Genesis of Quantum Theory
2000 K

1000 K

metal piece

GUSTAV KIRCHHOFF
1824 - 1877
298.15 K

Temperature

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 The Genesis of Quantum Theory
2000 K

1000 K

metal piece

GUSTAV KIRCHHOFF
1824 - 1877
298.15 K

Temperature

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 The Genesis of Quantum Theory What is the implication
Ultraviolet Visible Infrared
Region Region Region of the prediction made
by classical mechanics?

Contradiction between INFINITE INCREASE

classical mechanics and IN INTENSITY!
LIGHT INTENSITY
experimental data
became known as
THE 4000 K
ULTRAVIOLET
CATASTROPHE
4000 K
Classical
mechanics
Experimental

wavelength (nm)

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 The Genesis of Quantum Theory
VIBRATIONAL
What causes the change
in color of the metal ENERGY OF THE
piece when heating? ATOMS!
specifically, the electrons
Energy

MAX PLANCK
Is energy really continuous? 1858 - 1947

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 The Genesis of Quantum Theory

What causes the change VIBRATIONAL

in color of the metal ENERGY OF THE
piece when heating?
ATOMS!
Energy

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

MAX PLANCK
“quantums” of energy 1858 - 1947
The vibrational energies of the atoms are not random,
but are the product of some minimum energy - the QUANTUM
Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3
 The Genesis of Quantum Theory
Energy

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The vibrational energies of the atoms are not random,

but are the product of some minimum energy

E = nhv
ONLY
CERTAIN
NUMBERS
ALLOWED!
MAX PLANCK
1858 - 1947
integral frequency
multiples (whole
numbers only) Planck’s Constant (6.626 x 10-34 J.s)
Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3
 The Genesis of Quantum Theory
The vibrational energies of the atoms are not random,
but are the product of some minimum energy

NOT h
ALLOWED n = 4.9

The vibrational energies

n = 3.4 of the atoms can only
possess discrete
ALLOWED n=2 energies based on a
n=1
minimum energy. MAX PLANCK
1858 - 1947

E = nhv
Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3
 The Genesis of Quantum Theory
Ultraviolet Visible Infrared
LIGHT INTENSITY Region Region Region

Classical
mechanics
Planck’s MAX PLANCK
prediction 1858 - 1947

wavelength (nm)
E = nhv
Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3
 The Genesis of Quantum Theory
LIGHT INTENSITY

Classical
QUANTUM mechanics
SCALE
Planck’s MAX PLANCK
prediction 1858 - 1947

wavelength (nm)
E = nhv
Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3
 Road to Wave-Particle Duality

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
Current
VOLTAGE Reader
SOURCE

HEINRICH RUDOLF HERTZ

Vacuum tube 1857 - 1894

Metal Disk Detector

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
VOLTAGE
SOURCE

HEINRICH RUDOLF HERTZ

1857 - 1894

Light

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
VOLTAGE
SOURCE

ejection of
electrons HEINRICH RUDOLF HERTZ
1857 - 1894

Light

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
VOLTAGE
SOURCE

HEINRICH RUDOLF HERTZ

1857 - 1894

Light

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
VOLTAGE
SOURCE

photoelectrons

THE PHOTOELECTRIC HEINRICH RUDOLF HERTZ

1857 - 1894
EFFECT
Light

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
Peculiarities of the Photoelectric Effect
Low
Frequency

 intensity

No release
of electrons Metal Surface

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
Peculiarities of the Photoelectric Effect
Low High
Frequency Frequency

 intensity

No release
of electrons Metal Surface

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
Peculiarities of the Photoelectric Effect
Low High
Frequency Frequency

 intensity
Release of
No release electrons
of electrons Metal Surface

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
Peculiarities of the Photoelectric Effect
EXPECTATION REALITY

LOW FREQUENCY LIGHT

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
Peculiarities of the Photoelectric Effect
EXPECTATION REALITY

Electrons will be No electrons released

released eventually LOW FREQUENCY LIGHT even with high intensity

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
Peculiarities of the Photoelectric Effect
EXPECTATION REALITY

 intensity

HIGH FREQUENCY LIGHT

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
Peculiarities of the Photoelectric Effect
EXPECTATION REALITY

 intensity  intensity

Increasing intensity
releases electrons of HIGH FREQUENCY LIGHT
higher energy

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
Peculiarities of the Photoelectric Effect
EXPECTATION REALITY

 intensity  intensity

Increasing intensity Increasing intensity

releases electrons of HIGH FREQUENCY LIGHT releases more electrons
higher energy at the same energy

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
Peculiarities of the Photoelectric Effect
QUESTIONS
1. When using low frequency
light, why are no electrons
There must be a minimum
released even after extended
time of exposure and energy threshold/frequency
increasing intensity? that will allow for the release
2. When using high frequency of an electron.
light, why does high intensity
light not produce electrons
with higher energy?
3. Why is the release of electrons ???
instantaneous?
Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3
 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
Peculiarities of the Photoelectric Effect
Light

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

photons
What if light was not merely continuous energy in
waves, but of tiny “particles” made of waves?

Eph = hv
ALBERT EINSTEIN
1879 - 1955

Remember this? :)

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
Peculiarities of the Photoelectric Effect
photons

ALBERT EINSTEIN
1879 - 1955

Eph = hv
Metal Surface
Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3
 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
Peculiarities of the Photoelectric Effect

If the energy
of the photon
is insufficient
(lower than
threshold
frequency),
no electrons
released.
ALBERT EINSTEIN
1879 - 1955

Eph = hv
Metal Surface
Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3
 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
Peculiarities of the Photoelectric Effect

If the energy If the energy

of the photon of the photon
is insufficient is sufficient
(at or higher
(lower than
than threshold
threshold
frequency),
frequency), electrons
no electrons released.
released.
ALBERT EINSTEIN
1879 - 1955

Eph = hv
Metal Surface
Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3
 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
Peculiarities of the Photoelectric Effect

If the energy If the energy

of the photon of the photon
is insufficient is sufficient
(at or higher
(lower than
than threshold
threshold
frequency),
frequency), electrons
no electrons released.
released.
ALBERT EINSTEIN
1879 - 1955

Eph = hv
Metal Surface
Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3
 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
Peculiarities of the Photoelectric Effect

If the energy If the energy

of the photon of the photon
is insufficient is sufficient
(at or higher
(lower than
than threshold
threshold
frequency),
frequency), electrons
no electrons released.
released.
ALBERT EINSTEIN
1879 - 1955

Eph = hv
Metal Surface
Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3
 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
Peculiarities of the Photoelectric Effect
What happens
when you
increase the
intensity of light?
You increase the
number of
photons, not
energy!

ALBERT EINSTEIN
1879 - 1955

Eph = hv
Metal Surface
Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3
 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
Peculiarities of the Photoelectric Effect
What happens
when you
increase the
intensity of light?
You increase the
number of
photons, not
energy!

ALBERT EINSTEIN
1879 - 1955

Eph = hv
Metal Surface
Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3
 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
Peculiarities of the Photoelectric Effect
What happens Increase in
when you intensity means
increase the more photons to
intensity of light? interact with
You increase the electrons, so
number of more
photons, not photoelectrons
energy! are released.

ALBERT EINSTEIN
1879 - 1955

Eph = hv
Metal Surface
Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3
 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
Putting everything together Wave properties

Eph = hv c
v=
Einstein and
Planck hc λ
Eph =
λ
E = mc 2 hc/λ
m= 2
c
Einstein’s
E h
ALBERT EINSTEIN

m= 2
Theory of 1879 - 1955
Relativity
c m= What are the implications of
λc this discovery?

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
Putting everything together

HAS BOTH
m= h
MASS AND
WAVELENGTH! λc
Describes a
photon

WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY OF ALBERT EINSTEIN

1879 - 1955

LIGHT UNLOCKED!

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 Road to Wave-Particle Duality
The Application to Matter
So, if light is both a particle and a wave, can’t the
same be also said for matter?

m= h λ= h
λv mv
LOUIS DE BROGLIE
1892 - 1987
Velocity of the particle

Itutuloy sa susunod na kabanata

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 Summary
• Describe electromagnetic radiation based on the
properties of waves and how this applies to the
electromagnetic spectrum
• Linking of the discoveries made that eventually led to
the proposal of wave-particle duality – Planck’s
concept of energy, the ultraviolet catastrophe and the
photoelectric effect

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3

 What questions do you have for me?

Chem 159 – Physical Chemistry 3