CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
INSTITUTIONS
 Institutions are particular segments of society
where social, cultural, and political roles exist.
 They are society units where members share
and play behavior patterns.
 The goal of these institutions is the satisfaction
of the fundamental group needs.
ROUTINE FUNCTIONS OF INSTITUTIONS
1. Provide a ready-made form of social roles and
social relations to an individual.
2. Tend to control behavior by social pressures.
3. Provide the means of security because normal
and proper ways of thinking and behaving are
coordinated and made more stable.
4. Largely regularized and pre-arranged the child’s
thinking and actions.
NEGATIVE FUNCTIONS OF INSTITUTIONS
1. Obstruct social progress since they are rigid
and stabilizing social behavior.
2. Frustrate the social personality of the individual.
3. Diffuse social responsibility.
KINSHIP AS A SOCIAL INSTITUTION
 Kinship is an integral part of its social structure,
and it’s found in all known societies in the
Philippines.
 All human beings are connected to others by
blood and marriage.
 Connections between people that are traced by
blood are known as consanguineal
relationships.
 Relationships based upon marriage or
cohabitation between collateral are affinal
relationships.
GENEALOGY OR GENOGRAM
 The kinds of relationships that genealogies
describe are the same for all individuals in all
cultures – that is, any person in principle traces
a relationship to a spouse, children, parents’
siblings, and so on.
 All people have kin relations about whom they
know nothing, and everyone knows of relatives
who have no importance in their lives.
TYPES OF KINSHIP
1. KINSHIP BY BLOOD
 Also called consanguineal kinship or
kinship based on blood is considered the
most basic and general form of relation.
 Descent – refers to the biological
relationship.
 Lineage - refers to the line where one’s
descent is traced.
2. KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
MARRIAGE ACROSS CULTURE:
1. Monogamy
- It is a form of relationship in which an
individual has only one partner during their
lifetime or at any time.
FOUR ASPECTS OF MONOGAMY
 MARITAL MONOGAMY – refers to
marriages of only two people.
 SOCIAL MONOGAMY – refers to two
partners living together, having sex with
each other, and cooperating in acquiring
basic resources.
 SEXUAL MONOGAMY – refers to two
partners remaining sexually exclusive
with each other and having no outside
sex partners.
 GENETIC MONOGAMY – refers to
sexually monogamous relationships with
genetic evidence of paternity.
MARITAL MONOGAMY MAY BE
FURTHER DISTINGUISHED BETWEEN:
1. Marriage once in a lifetime.
2. Marriage with only one person at a time
(serial monogamy).
2. Polygamy - It involves marriage with more
than one spouse.
- When a man is married to more than one
wife at a time, it is called polygyny; and
when a woman is married to more than one
husband at a time, it is called polyandry.
3. Endogamy
- Referred as compulsory marriage.
- Marrying only within a local community,
clan, or tribe limits.
4. Exogamy
- out marriage
3. KINSHIP BY RITUAL
 This refers to the relationship between and
among godparents and godchildren.
 Compadrazgo
- Is the reciprocal relationship or the social
institution of such a relationship between
godparents and the godchild and its
parents.
- It is a Spanish term meaning “kumpare” or
“kumare.”
- Fictive kinship or god parenthood.
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
UNILINEALITY
4. It is a system of determining descent groups in
which one belongs to one’s father’s or mother’s
line, whereby one’s descent is traced either
exclusively through male ancestors or solely
through a female ancestor.
5. The main types of unilineal descent groups are
lineages and clans.
BASIC FORMS OF UNILINEAL DESCENT
1. Matrilineality
- It is the tracing of descent through the
female line.
- A matriline is a line of descent from a
female ancestor to a descendant in which
the individuals in all intervening generations
are mothers – in other words, a “mother
line.”
2. Patrilineality
- It is also known as the male line or agnatic
kinship, a common kinship system in which
an individual’s family membership derives
from and is traced through their father’s
lineage.
- It generally involves the inheritance of
property, rights, names, or titles by persons
related through male kin.
3. Bilateral Descent
- It is a system of family lineage in which the
relatives on the mother’s and father’s sides
are equally important for emotional ties or
the transfer of property or wealth.
FAMILY AND THE HOUSEHOLD
 Individuals relate to society through their
families and households.
 When these units add or lose members, there
can be profound social and economic
consequences.
 Divorce can bring financial hardship.
 Marriage can add additional income.
 The birth can bring new financial expenses.
 A household comprises one or more people
who occupy a housing unit.
 Not all households contain families.
 In the Filipino family, Family households
consist of two or more individuals related by
birth, marriage, or adoption, although they may
also include other unrelated people.
 Nonfamily households consist of people who
live alone or share their residence with
unrelated individuals.
KINDS OF FAMILY
 Nuclear family
 Also known as elementary family.
 It is a family group consisting of a pair of
adults and their children.
 Alternative definitions have evolved to
include family units headed by same-sex
parents.
 Extended family
 It is a family that extends beyond the
nuclear family, consisting of aunts, uncles,
and cousins all living nearby or in the same
household.
 Reconstituted family
 Also known as a blended family.
 It is the sociological term for joining two
adults via marriage, cohabitation, or civil
partnership who have children from
previous relationships.
 Transnational family
 One parent, or in some cases, both lives
and works in one country while the children
remain in the country of origin.
 Usually, the children are left to the care of
in-laws, grandparents, or relatives.
POST-MARITAL RESIDENCY RULES
 The rules within the society determine where a
child of a group resides after they get married.
 Residence rules are essential organizing
principles for a group, allowing families to build
a labor force, share resources, and plan out
rules for exogamy and inheritance.
THREE MAIN FORMS OF PMR
1. NEOLOCAL RESIDENCE – can be
considered the pioneer stage, when a group
consisting of parent(s) and child(ren) move
away from existing family compounds to
start new.
2. UNILOCAL RESIDENCE – Patrilocal or
matrilocal.
3. MULTI-LOCAL RESIDENCE – Ambilocal
and Bilocal.
TYPES OF MARRIAGE
 Referred marriage partners
 Arranged marriage
TYPES OF ARRANGED MARRIAGE
 Child marriage
 Exchange marriage
 Diplomatic marriage
 Modern arranged marriage
CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
POLITICS OF KINSHIP
 It refers to the political relationship between
politicians who have one common political
agenda.
 The relationship may be blood, affinity,
compadrazgo, or simply allies.
TWO ASPECTS OF POLITICAL KINSHIP
 Political dynasty
- A family in which several members are
involved in politics, particularly electoral
politics.
- They are typically found in elite families that
have established themselves in a province
before moving to the national government.
- Political dynasty started emerging after the
Philippine Revolution when the First
Republic of the Philippines was established.
- Notable Philippine political dynasties include
Ampatuan, Aquino, Marcos, Binay,
Cayetano, Espino, Sotto, Ejercito-Estrada,
etc.

 Political alliance
- Political coalition or political bloc.
- An agreement for cooperation between
different political parties on a common
political agenda, often contesting an
election to mutually benefit by collectively
clearing election thresholds or otherwise
benefiting from characteristics of the voting
system or for government formation after
elections.

POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES

 Political organization
