Development of Medium-Density Fiberboard Using Saccharum Spontaneum

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP
SYSTEM DALTA – CALAMBA CAMPUS

Civil Engineering Department
DEVELOPMENT OF MEDIUM-DENSITY FIBERBOARD USING
SACCHARUM SPONTANEUM: AN ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL FOR WALL
PARTITION
A Project Design
Presented to
The Faculty of the College of Engineering
University of Perpetual Help - Calamba Campus
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Lyza L. Marticio
Jon Marl L. Miranda
Mabie Cyrill R. Naling
Trena Jean G. Salido
October 2019
APPROVAL SHEET
This Project Design entitled “DEVELOPMENT OF MEDIUM-DENSITY FIBERBOARD
USING SACCHARUM SPONTANEUM: AN ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL FOR WALL
PARTITION” prepared and submitted by LYZA L. MARTICIO, JON MARL L.
MIRANDA, MABIE CYRILL R. NALING and TRENA JEAN G. SALIDO in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering has
been examined and recommended for acceptance for oral defense.
ENGR. ROSELLE P. ALVIAR, RCE.,MBA.,MSCE

Head, Civil Engineering Department
College of Engineering
________________________________________________________________________
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Committee on Oral Examination with a PASS Grade
ENGR. LEO S. ABAQUITA, RCE

Member
ENGR. AMELIA C. MANALANG, RChE.,MBA

Member
DR. PHILIP P. ERMITA, PIE, ASEAN Eng.

Chairman
______________________________________________________________________________
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
DR. PHILIP P. ERMITA, PIE, ASEAN Eng.
Dean, College of Engineering

ABSTRACT
Title of the Project Design: Development of Medium-Density Fiberboard using
Saccharum Spontaneum: An Alternative Material for
Wall Partition
Researchers: Marticio, Lyza L.
Miranda, Jon Marl L.
Naling, Mabie Cyrill R.
Salido, Trena Jean G.
Adviser: Engr. Roselle P. Alviar
This project design is about the development of medium density fiberboard using
saccharum spontaneum (Talahib) as an alternative material for wall partition.
The goal of this project design is to introduce talahib (saccharum spontaneum) as
a raw material in making fiberboard as wall partition and gypsum powder as the binding
agent. This study also highlights the use of talahib (saccharum spontaneum) not only in
medical uses, but as part of construction industry.
The procedure used to make this study possible is discussed so as the materials,
test results, conclusion and recommendation.
Keywords: Fiberboards, Talahib, Saccharum Spontaneum, Gypsum Powder

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Boundless appreciation and deepest gratitude for the help and support are
extended to the following people who in one way or another have contributed in making
this study possible:
To our research adviser, Engr. Roselle P. Alviar, subject specialist and
engineer, for her support, advice, guidance, valuable comments, suggestions, and
provisions that benefited us greatly in the completion and success of this study. Sharing
her knowledge and help in the analysis of data and its interpretations. Lastly, by giving
endless support in order to finish this manuscript.
To the panelists, Engr. Amelia Manalang, Engr. Leo Abaquita, Engr. Rizal
Mosquerra, Sir Paolo Antazo and Engr. Philip Ermita, for their assistance, words of
encouragement, advice, and for their time and effort in checking this manuscript.
To Sir Edgardo Villena, Department of Science and Technology, Forest
Products Research and Development Institute, UP Los Baños, for giving us the necessary
information and sharing much needed knowledge and other related data from
experiments of his past students that is related to our project design about fiberboard.
To our present and former engineering professors, Engr. Roselle Alviar, Engr.
Leo Abaquita, Engr. Caesar Albaño Jr., Engr. Amelia Manalang and Engr. Rizal
Mosquerra, for teaching, guiding, and preparing us to become future Engineers.

To our classmates, CE-5 (2019-2020), for the stimulating discussions, for the
sleepless nights while working together before deadlines, and for all the fun we have
shared in the last four years.
To our friends, John Whenard Fesalbon, Stephanie Faustino, Kaisser
Paraiso and Hanna Enrique who were with us when we were creating our prototype,
whose assistance was invaluable in making us finish our requirements together.
To our families, and parents, Mr. And Mrs. Marticio, Mr. And Mrs.
Miranda, Mr. And Mrs. Naling and Mr. and Mrs. Salido for their love, care,
patience, understanding, and trust in allowing us to have our sleepovers just to finish this
study. Likewise to our brothers and sisters who have been supporting our financial
expenses and giving us moral support.
And above all, to our Almighty God, our constant source of strength, wisdom,
love, guidance, and inspiration, and for giving us immeasurable blessings; for without
Him this would not be possible.
The Researchers
DEDICATION
We humbly dedicate this Project Design to the enhancement of Civil
Engineering students in making Project Design and Studies focusing in innovation of
partition wall.
We also dedicate this study to our families and friends whose untiring support
and assurance have made the fruition of our efforts.
And most of all, to our great Creator, our Almighty God, the author of
knowledge and wisdom, who through His Divine guidance made this Project Feasibility
Study possible.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Description Page
Title ………………………………………………………………. i
Approval Sheet …………………………………………………… ii

Abstract …………………………………………………………... iii
Acknowledgement ……………………………………………….. iv
Dedication ………………………………………………………... v
Table of Contents ………………………………………………… vi
List of Tables ……………………………………………………... viii
List of Figures …………………………………………………….. ix

List of Appendices ………………………………………………... x
CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS RATIONALE
1.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.4.1 General Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .10
1.4.2 Specific Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . 10
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK, REVIEW OD RELATED
LITERATURE AND STUDIES
2.1 RELATED LITERATURE
2.1.1 MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.2 GYPSUM FIBERBOARD (FGB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
2.1.3 PRODUCTION OF MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD IN THE
PHILIPPINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.1 TALAHIB (SACCHARUM SPONTANEUM) AS NATURAL
FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER . . . . . . . . . .17
2.2.2 GYPSUM FIBERBOARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
2.2.3 DURIAN FIBERBOARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.4 ABOUT BAMBOO FIBERBOARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
2.2.5 ABOUT SUGARCANE FIBERBOARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.6 ABOUT COCONUT FIBERBOARD IN GHANA . . . . . . . . .20
2.2.7 COCONUT FIBERBOARD IN THE PHILIPPINES . . . . . . . .24
2.3 CONCEPTIAL FRAMEWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2.4 PARADIGN OF THE STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 27
2.5 TEST SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .27
CHAPTER 3: TECHNICAL STUDIES
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .28
3.2 RESEARCH SETTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3 RESEARCH MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3.1 Gypsum Powder (USG Boral Premium Jointing) . . . . . . . . . .30
3.3.2 Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
3.3.3 Talahib Fibers (Saccharum Spontaeum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
3.4 RESEARCH MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT
3.4.1 Metal Cutter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .34
3.4.2 Scissor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.4.3 Peeler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
3.4.4 Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.4.5 Hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
3.4.6 Saw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.4.7 Nails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.4.8 Plywood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.4.9 Beaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.4.10 Weighing Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.4.11 Wooden Spatula . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4.12 Universal Testing Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
3.4.13 Laboratory Oven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.5 EXPERIMENT PLAN PROCEDURES
3.5.1 HARVESTING OF TALAHIB STALKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.5.2 CUTTING OF TALAHIB (SACCHARUM SPONTANEUM)
STALKS FROM THE ROOTS USING SCISSORS . . . 41
3.5.3 REMOVING THE LEAVES FROM THE COLLECTED
STALKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
3.5.4 COLLECTING THE STALKS ONCE THE LEAVES ARE
REMOVED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.5.5 CUTTING OF SLTAKS INTO SMALLER PIECE. . . . . . . 42
3.5.6 EXTRACTING THE FIBERS THROUGH PEELING AND
SHREDDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
3.5.7 WASHING OF TALAHIB FIBERS . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

3.5.8 SOAK THE TALAHIB (SACCAHRUM SPONTANEUM)
FIBERS FOR 24 HOURS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 44
3.5.9 SUNDRYING FOR 24 HOURS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.6 MIXING PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .45
3.7 CURING AND DRYING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
3.8 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .46
3.9 FLEXURAL STRENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.10 MOISTURE CONTENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
3.11 WATER ABSORPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
3.12 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
3.12.1 PROJECT DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
3.13 MIX PROPORTIONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
3.14 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.14.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .53
3.14.2 FLEXURAL STRENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.14.3 MOISTURE CONTENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.14.4 WATER ABSORPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

3.14.5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .64
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION
4.1 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.2 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
CHAPTER 5: RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 RECOMMENDATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page No.
2.5 Paradigm of the Study ………………………..………………….. 27
3.3.1 Basic Properties of Premium Jointing (Gypsum Powder) ……….. 31
3.3.2 Basic Properties of Water ………………………………................ 32
3.3.3 Basic Properties of Talahib (Saccharum Spontaneum)……….…... 33
3.3.4 Chemical Composition ……………………………………….…... 33
3.13.1 Mixing ratio for flexural strength …………………………….…... 51
3.13.2 Mixing ratio for compressive strength ……………………….…... 52
3.13.3 Mixing ratio for moisture content test ……………………….…... 52
3.14.1 Compressive Strength Test ………………………………….….... 54
3.14.2 Flexural Strength Test ……………………………………….….... 57
3.14.3 Moisture Content Test ……………………………………….….... 60
3.14.4 Moisture Content …………………………………………….….... 62

LIST OF FIGURES
Figures Page No.
2.3 Conceptual Framework ………………………..………………….. 26
2.4 Paradigm of the Study ………………………………………..….. 27
3.3.1 USG Boral Premium Jointing …………………………................. 30
3.3.2 Water ………………………………………………………….…... 31
3.3.3 Talahib (Saccharum Spontaneum) fibers …………………….…... 32
3.4.1 Metal Cutter ………………………………………………….…... 34
3.4.2 Scissor ………………………………………………………..…... 34
3.4.3 Peeler ………………………………………………………….…... 35
3.4.4 Basin …………………………………………………...…….….... 35
3.4.5 Hammer …………………….………………………….…….….... 36
3.4.6 Saw ………………………………….……………………….….... 36
3.4.7 Nails ………………………………………………………….….... 37
3.4.8 Plywood ……………………………………………………….…... 37
3.4.9 Beaker ………………………………………………………..…... 38
3.4.10 Weighing Scale ……………………………………………….…... 38
3.4.11 Wooden Spatula …….………………………………...…….….... 39
3.4.12 Universal Testing Machine …………………………….…….….... 39
3.4.13 Laboratory Oven …………………….……………………….….... 40
3.5.1 Harvesting of Talahib …………………………………….….….... 40

3.5.2 Collecting the talahib stalks with leaves ………………….….….... 41
3.5.3 Removing of leaves to show the stalks ………………….…..….... 41
3.5.4 Stalks without leaves …………………………………….….….... 42
3.5.5 Cutting of stlaks into smaller pieces ……………………..….….... 42
3.5.6 Extracting fibers through peeling and shredding ………….……... 43
3.5.6.1 Fibers from talahib stalks ………..……….……………..….….... 43
3.5.7 Talahib stalks in a basin for washing …………………….….….... 44
3.5.8 Soaking talahib fibers …………………………………..…..….... 44
3.5.9 Sun drying …………………..………………………..….….….... 45
3.8 Specimen after compressive strength test ………………..….….... 47
3.9 Fiberboard Flexural testing ………….…………………………... 48
3.9.1 Fiberboard after testing ………………………………….….….... 48
3.10 Specimen during moisture contest test ………………….…..….... 49
3.11 Specimen during water absorption test ………………….….….... 50
3.14.1 Compressive Strength Test ……………………………..…..….... 54
3.14.1.1 Compressive Strength Test ………………………………..…... 56
3.14.2 Flexural Strength Test ………………………….………..….….... 57
3.14.2.1 Flexural Strength Test ……………………………………..…... 58
3.14.3 Moisture Content ……………………………….………..….….... 61
3.14.4 Water Absorption Test ………………………….………..….….... 63

LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendices Page No.
A Preparation of Materials ……………………...………………….. 73
B Mold Making …………………………………………………….. 75
C Preparation of Mixture and Mixing of Materials ...……................ 76
D Molding ……………………………………....………………….. 77
E Testing of Specimen ……………………...………………….….. 79

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS RATIONALE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
With the constant increase of population in the developing countries, the need for
cheap and affordable housing materials also increases. Wood and cement are mostly used
in construction industry. The demand for cement-based materials and bio-composites are
rising, while the availability of supply is decreasing. However, there are environmental
concerns with the production of cement and wood-based materials. Cement industry is
one of the producers of carbon dioxide, a potent greenhouse gas. On the other hand, the
excessive cutting of trees to produce wood can cause deforestation and global warming.
Much effort should be put into finding alternatives that can replace or reduce the quantity
of materials such as wood and cement used for walling and concrete works. One of the
housing materials that needs alternative is a type of bio-composites which is fiberboard.
“Bio-composites are a combination of natural fibers such as wood fibers (hardwood
and softwood) or nonwood fibers (examples: wheat kenaf, hemp, jute, sisal, and flax)
held together with some type of bonding material such as adhesive. Bio-composites may
be adhesives-based or cement based. The major types of bio-composite in the Philippines
are the more traditional adhesive-based bio-composites (such as plywood, particleboard,
and fiberboard) and cement based bio-composites. Cement-based bio-composites are
fiber-cement boards and wood or agri-based cement-bonded boards” (Golbabaie, M.
2006; Rowell, R. 1998)
1
Fiberboard (or fibreboard) is a type of engineered wood product that is made out of
wood fibers. It is often used as roofing material for low-slope roof. Types of fiberboard
(in order of increasing density) include particle board or low-density fiberboard (LDF),
medium-density fiberboard (MDF), and hardboard (high-density fiberboard, HDF). It is
sometimes used as a synonym for particle board, but particle board usually refers to low
density fiberboard (Wikipedia). Some are confused and correlated fiberboard to
plywood. Plywood is not a type of fiberboard as it is made of thin sheets of wood, not
wood fibers. This study focuses on improving fiberboards by minimizing the use of
wood and finding alternatives that will surely helps our economy and our environment.
An alternative raw material should be inexpensive, available, have a comparable physical
and mechanical properties to wood, and fast-growing. Talahib (saccharum spontaneum)
could be an alternative raw material.
Talahib (Saccharum Spontaneum), also called wild sugarcane, is a locally abundant
wild species of grass that grows in a variety of habitats at different temperature regions
(Wikipedia). Talahib is a coarse, erect, perennial grass with stout underground rootstock
growing to a height of 1 meter (m) to 3.5 m. Leaves are harsh and linear, 0.5 m to 1 m
long, 6 millimeters (mm) to 15 mm wide. Panicles are white and erect, measuring 15
centimeters (cm) to 30 cm long, with slender and whorled branches (Philippine
Medicinal Plants).
Talahib (Sachharum Spontaneum) is traditionally used for making hats, brooms,
baskets, walls and even furniture (Bartolome, T. 2013). Talahib is known locally for its
2
medicinal purposes. It contains astringent, emollient, refrigerant, diuretic, lithotriptic,
purgative, tonic and aphrodisiac properties. Recent studies are related to its medicinal
uses, from its roots to its leaves. Commonly used non-wood plants used in making
fiberboards are bamboo, sugarcane, pineapple and coconut husk. Another non-wood
plant will highlight the study, which is talahib, Saccharum Spontaneum, as a raw
material for medium density fiberboard as wall partition.
One of the materials needed in making fiberboard is an adhesive to make the
fibers stick together. Fiberboards can be cement based or adhesive based. For adhesive
based fiberboards, the most commonly used adhesive in making fiberboard is urea-
formaldehyde based. It is a combination of urea and formaldehyde. Urea-formaldehyde
is a non-transparent thermosetting resin or polymer. It is commonly used when
producing electrical appliances casing. It is also used in agriculture as a slow release
source of nitrogen fertilizer and used for foam insulation dates to the 1930s
(Wikipedia.org).
According to the Global Healing Center, formaldehyde is a recognized cancer-
causing agent. It is used for decades to embalm dead bodies for open casket burials.
When exposed to air, formaldehyde can cause health problems such as water burning
eyes, nose and throat, asthmatic attacks, skin irritation, headaches and nausea. That is
why cement-based fiberboards are introduced.
Cement based fiberboards or fiber cement board is a composite material made of
concrete reinforced with cellulose fiber. Fiber cement board truly enhances the
3
capabilities of an adhesive based fiberboard when it comes to strength and durability. On
the other hand, cement is one of the primary producers of carbon dioxide which is a
potent greenhouse gas. The researchers decided to look for an alternative adhesive other
than urea formaldehyde and cement, and that is gypsum powder.
Gypsum powder is a natural product found in deposits. Naturally occurring
gypsum is composed of calcium, sulfur, oxygen and hydrogen. It is mainly used in
building materials such as drywall. It is also useful in agriculture as soil fertilizer and
conditioner. Gypsum can be used as food additive. (Sciencing.com)
Gypsum is one of the widely used construction material mainly in interior
designing. Its application is prominent in wall and ceiling construction. It is
manufactured as a prefabricated unit like gypsum board. It is nature’s product that is
commonly available. It is free of odor. It can give comfortable and aesthetic ambiance as
a construction material. The advancement of gypsum is its ability to reduce time and cost
of construction. With time, gypsum products gain increasing properties like increased
fire resistance, acoustic properties for noise insulation, non-combustible and its thermal
properties. (theconstructor.org)
The researchers want to improve building materials using natural products such
as talahib fibers and gypsum powder. The aim of this research is to develop a medium
density fiberboard out of talahib fibers and to know its physical and mechanical
properties of fiberboard for wall partition.
4
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Composite forest products, or engineered wood, refer to materials made of wood that
are glued together. The more popular composites materials include plywood, block
board, fiberboard, and particle board and laminated veneer lumber (Gale Research Inc.
1996). Fiberboard, increasingly popular for furniture manufacture today is not wood. It is
manufactured by gluing together resins and fibers of hardwood, softwood or other
organic materials.
There are three major types of fiberboard with varied densities – particle board,
which has the lowest density, medium density fiberboard (MDF) and high density
fiberboard (Rivera, K. 1995).
Particle board is composed of wood flakes mixed together using a resin solution such
as melamine-based resin. It has a density of 160 – 450 kg/m^3 and is used in various
construction projects such as underlayment in bathrooms, laundries and kitchen floor
coverings. Particle board is the weakest and lightest among fiberboards and is prone to
discoloration and warping when exposed to high moisture (Rivera, K. 1995).
Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) is another type of fiberboard composed of flakes
of hardwood and softwood combined by applying a resin binder and was with density
ranging from 600-800 kg/m^3. It is often used as substitute to plywood (Rivera, K.
1995)
5
High Density Fiberboard, also called as hardboard, is made of high compressed wood
fibers that are much denser, harder and stronger with a density of 600-1450 kg/m^3
(Rivera, K. 1995).
Out of the three types of fiberboard that the researchers decided to improve is the
medium density fiberboard with the use of talahib fibers. New types of medium density
fiberboard are made from recycled paper, wood scraps, sawmill off-cuts, carbon fibers
and bamboo shreds, making it an environmentally friendly fiberboard.
A study from Thailand by W. Wiyataratn, A. Watanapa (2012) who develops a
fiberboard made with durian rind was formed through heat press, entitled “A Study on
Mechanical Properties of Fiberboard Made of Durian Rind through Latex with Phenolic
Resin as Binding Agent”. It is a study that test the probability about the production of
fiberboard made by durian rind through latex with phenolic resin as binding agent. The
durian rind went to boiling process with NaOH and then the fiber from durian rind was
formed into fiberboard through heat press. This study tests its mechanical properties such
as tensile strength, hardness, flexibility or elongation at break. According to the results,
fiberboard made of durian rind through latex with phenolic resin at the density of 800
Kg/m3 at ratio of 1:1, the moisture was measured to be 5.05% with specific gravity of
0.81, density of 0.88 g/m3, tensile strength, hardness, flexibility or elongation at break
yielded similar values as the ones by medium density fiberboard (MDF).
One of the promising types of fiberboard is Bamboo fiber cement board. It was
developed by Oluwatomilola P. Akinyemi and Cordelia O. Osasona (2017) entitled
6
“Strength Properties of Bamboo-Fiber Cement Boards Used as Building Partitions”.
The research studies the strength of bamboo fiber cement board used as building
partitions and compares the results with those of the conventional partition board. The
bamboo chips were mixed with Portland cement, water, and silica sand. Bamboo-fiber
cement boards, with bamboo by volume of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% were
subjected to strength tests and the results compared with those obtained from carrying
out similar tests on samples of gypsum board. The tests conducted include flexural
strength, impact-endurance, bulk density and compressive strength test. The results
indicated that all mix ratios of bamboo-fiber cement boards performed better than the
gypsum board in flexural except the 40% sample (which gave a 32.14 N/mm 2 reading);
however, even this drop in flexural strength was not appreciable (as gypsum board gave
a 32.88 N/mm2 result).
A study entitled “Fiberboards Based on Sugarcane Bagasse Lignin and Fibers” from
Brazil by William Hoareau et al in 2006 about fiberboards was made from sugarcane
bagasse fibers and phenolic type resins (phenol-formaldehyde). Lignin extracted through
an organosolv process from sugarcane-bagasse was used as substitute of phenol in
phenolic resins from 40 to 100 wt. substitution. Impact strength and water absorption
were measured showing the importance of the curing pressure to obtain good
performance. Humidity content was determined which consists in determining the
percentage difference between the initial weight of the sample and that after 4 hours
drying at 105ºC. Ash content was measured considering the percent difference between
7
the initial weight of the dried fiber of the sample and that after calcination for 4 hours at
800ºC.
A study from Ghana by Asumadu Tabiri Kwayie et al at 2016 about the Physical
and Mechanical Properties of Composite Fiberboards for Wall Surface Finishing made
from coconut fibers. It was compared with rubber fiberboard. This study tests its
mechanical property such as dropping (impact) and flexural bending. With its physical
properties, density, water absorption, scrubbing, fire resistance and retaining of moisture
were evaluated. The boards made from the coconut fibers were denser than those made
from the rubber fibers due to variations. They also absorb and retain more water as
compared to the rubber fibers. With respect to the mechanical properties of the boards,
the flexural bending strength indicated that the rubber fiber boards can perform better in
tensile conditions even through the boards are not designed for load bearing applications.
This research study will test and analyze the physical and mechanical properties of
talahib (saccharum spontaneum) as medium-density fiberboard for wall partition. The
manufacturing of medium-density fiberboard starts with the collection of talahib stalks at
Brgy. Canlubang.Talahib stalks will be cut into smaller pieces with a size of 17 cm. The
talahib stalks will be decorticated to produce fibers. The talahib fibers will be soaked in
distilled water for 1 hour and dry it for 24 hours. The dried fibers then be collected and
ready to be mixed to gypsum powder. Mixing the amount of fiber, gypsum powder and
water in blending machine and mat forming using wooden form box. It will be pressed to
8
the desired thickness of ½ inch. The board is 8 ft long by 4 ft wide fiberboard made of
talahib fibers and gypsum powder.
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This research study aims to use talahib fibers as medium-density fiberboard that
focuses on physical and mechanical properties. Specifically, it sought to answer the
following questions:
1. What are the advantages of talahib fiberboard compared to plywood and
gypsum board?
2. Does applying gypsum powder as adhesive affects mechanical properties
(flexural, compressive, water absorption and moisture content) of the
product?
3. What are the materials and standard methods to be conducted during the
study?
9
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.4.1 General Objectives
The general objective of this study is to introduce talahib (saccharum spontaneum) as
a raw material in making medium-density fiberboard for partition wall and to determine
its physical and mechanical properties.
1.4.2 Specific Objectives
The specific objective of the study is to:
1. Know the advantages of talahib fiberboard compared to plywood and gypsum
board.
2. To determine if applying gypsum powder as an adhesive affects mechanical
properties (flexural, compressive, water absorption, moisture content) of the
product?
3. Find out the materials and methods to be conducted during the study.
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The study focuses on the development of medium density fiberboard made form
talahib (Saccharum Spontaneum) for wall partition and to analyze its physical and
mechanical properties. The scope of this study is the usage of talahib fibers as raw
material and gypsum powder as adhesive in making medium-density fiberboard for
10
partition wall that is applicable for interior of low-cost housing. It also determines the
physical and mechanical properties of the resulting fiberboard. Physical properties such
as appearance, texture, color and odor. Mechanical properties such as flexural strength,
compressive strength, fire resistance and water absorption.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research study intends to prove and determine the physical and mechanical
properties of Saccharum Spontaneum as medium-density fiberboard. This study can be a
guide on how to lessen wood usage and how to use other natural fibers in making boards.
The result of the study will be a great benefit to the following:
To the Students
This research study will enhance the knowledge of Civil Engineering students about
fiberboards and other partition wall other than plywood. It also highlights the uses and
purpose of talahib not just through medical but also in the field of construction. The
result of the study will help the students to try other kinds of natural fibers that are
potential in making fiberboards.
To the Construction Industry
In the Philippines, fiberboard is not one of the options as partition wall for exterior
and interior of houses. Most of the construction companies focus on the usage of
plywood and other blocks that is pure wood without taking replacement of the trees that
11
has been used. It will help the construction industry to explore more about natural fibers
for partition wall since wood take years to be harvested.
To the Society
Philippines is a third world country and in need of housing materials, it will truly
help the Filipinos in finding alternative material for low cost housing specifically
fiberboards as partition wall.
To the Environment
This research study will help and improve the environments biodiversity as it lessens
the use of wood for fiberboards as partition wall. By this study, more trees will be
preserved for the next generation.
To Future Researchers
This study will surely enlighten the researchers mind and look for other natural fibers
to lessen the usage of wood. Trees takes years to be collected as wood, on the other hand,
natural fibers can be anywhere and sometimes unnoticed. Future researchers can make
this study a guide in finding other natural fibers in making boards.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Bio-composite is a combination of natural plant fibers with non-toxic binding agents to
create sustainable options for building.
12
Cellulose fiber are fibers made with ethers or esters of cellulose, which can be obtained
from the bark, wood or leaves of plants, or from other plant-based materials.
Compressive Strength is the capacity of a material to withstand loads tending to reduce
size as opposed to tensile strength, which withstands loads tending to elongate.
Engineered wood are manufactured by binding or fixing the strands, particles, fibers, or
veneers or boards of wood, together with adhesives or other methods of fixation to form
composite.
Fiberboard is a building material made of wood or plant fibers compressed into boards.
Flexural Strength is also known as modules of rupture or bend strength. Defined as the
stress in a material just before it yields on a flexure test.
Gypsum powder is a natural product found in deposits. Naturally occurring gypsum is
composed of calcium, sulfur, oxygen and hydrogen
Hemicellulose is any class of substances which occurs as constituents of the cell walls of
plants and are polyssaccharides of simpler structure than cellulose
Laboratory Oven is an oven for high forced volume thermal convection applications.
Laminated veneer lumber is an engineered wood product that uses layers of thin wood
assembled with adhesives.
Lignin is a complex organic polymer deposited in the cell walls of many plants making
them rigid and woody.
13
Medium Density Fiberboard is another type of fiberboard composed of flakes of
hardwood and softwood combines. Has a density ranging from 600-800 kg/m^3. Often
substitute to plywood.
Particle board also known as low-density fiberboard (LDF), and chipboard - is an
engineered wood or composite material product manufactured from wood, chips,
sawmill shavings, or even sawdust and a synthetic resin or other suitable binder, which is
pressed and extruded.
Plywood is made of thin sheets of wood.
Resin is a sticky flammable organic substance, insoluble in water, exuded by some trees
and other plants.
Saccharum Spontaneum (talahib) is locally abundant wild species of grass that grows
in different temperature regions.
Urea formaldehyde is a non0transparent thermosetting resin or polymer. It is commonly
used when producing electrical appliances casing.
Universal Testing Machine is used to test tensile strength and compressive strength of a
material.
Wood fibers are cellulosic elements that are extracted from trees and used to make
materials including paper.
14
CHAPTER 2
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK, REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND
STUDIES
This chapter includes the ideas, finished thesis, generalization or conclusions,
methodologies, and others. Included in this chapter are the relevant information about the
Development of a Medium Density Fiberboard using Saccharum Spontaneum: An
alternative material for wall partition.
Fiberboard is an artificial wood or engineered wood that is made up of wood and
non-wood fibers glued together. It is made by crushing, steeping and grinding waste
materials such as slab edgings, sawmill scraps and barks into wood pulp, then processing
it through procedures as hot molding and drying process. Since they are intended for wall
partition, the fiber was introduced to improve the mechanical properties of fiberboard. The
focused of this study was to develop a medium density fiberboard using talahib
(saccharum spontaneum) and to know its physical and mechanical properties.
2.1.1 MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD (MDF)
Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) is a manufactured wood product composed of
wood fibers that are mixed with resin and wax and presses into flat panels under high
15
temperature and pressure. It is used much like plywood as building material in residential
and commercial construction.
Unlike particleboard, with which it is sometimes confused, MDF cuts well and has
a smooth surface that is ideal for painting. Particleboard, by contrast makes used of
ordinary sawdust rather than fibrous wood, and as a result, is less water-resistant and offers
less structural strength than MDF.
MDF is a very dense product and, therefore, is considerably heavier than plywood
or dimension lumber. MDF accepts paint so well, it is often used in visible applications
such as cabinet carcasses that will be painted.
2.1.2 GYPSUM FIBERBOARD (GFB)
According to George Green, Gypsum Fiberboard (GFB) is a simple product
containing mostly of gypsum and fiber which is helpful to the environment.
Gypsum fiberboard is made by combining recycled gypsum, recycled cellulose
fibers from post-consumer wastepaper and recycled water to form a homogenous mass,
which is then formed into a dense sheet material and after curing, cut to board size.
2.1.3 PRODUCTION OF MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD IN THE
PHILIPPINES
According to the Forest Products Research and Development Institute
(Philippines), in the Philippines, plywood is still the most common type of bio-composite
used. On the average, about 66% of bio-composites used in construction projects of
16
contractor-respondents is plywood, which is used as ceilings and interior walls. Compared
to plywood, local production of fiberboard is minimal falling on or around 50 thousand
cubic meter per year. Locally produced fiberboards, also called “lawanit”, are high density
fiberboard (HDF). In construction, they are used as ceilings and interior walls. The
Philippines does not produce medium density fiberboards (MDF). Demand for MDF and
HDF boards and final products is filled in by imports.
2.2 RELATED STUDIES
2.2.1 TALAHIB (SACCHARUM SPONTANEUM) AS NATURAL FIBER
REINFORCED POLYMER
A study from the University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, entitled
“Characterization of talahib (Saccharum spontaneum) in natural fiber reinforced
polymer (NFRP) using xylanase as coupling agent” is about the production of locally
available natural fiber reinforced polymer or NFRP with the use of Saccharum
Spontaneum and xylanase as coupling agent. Characterization of its fibers by
determining its length, diameter and surface morphology are done using Scanning
Electron Microscope or SEM. The physical properties of NFRP are evaluated by the
Universal Testing Machine with tensile test. It is found out that the increase in fiber
loading and the addition of 100% concentration of xylanase causes a substantial increase
in the maximum average stress and the Young’s Modulus of NFRP. However, 50% and
75% concentration of xylanase in the NFRP decreases the maximum average stress and
17
the Young’s Modulus of the NFRP. The outcome of the testing shows that the Young’s
Modulus of NFRP is higher than the neat sample
2.2.2 GYPSUM FIBERBOARD
A multi-purpose building board for wall and flooring applications. Fermacell’s

BBA- approved boards are manufactured in Germany and Holland where they were
developed more than 30 years ago to offer technically superior solutions to the
requirement for modern materials to save time and money on site.
Gypsum fibreboard with a gross density of 1150 ± 50 kg/m³ is made by combining

recycled gypsum, recycled cellulose fibres from post-consumer waste paper and recycled
water to form a homogenous mass, which is then formed into a dense sheet material and
after curing, cut to board size. (James Hardie 2019)
2.2.3 DURIAN FIBERBOARD
A study from Thailand by W. Wiyataratn, A. Watanapa (2012) who develops a

fiberboard made with durian rind was formed through heat press, entitled “A Study on
Mechanical Properties of Fiberboard Made of Durian Rind through Latex with Phenolic
Resin as Binding Agent”. It is a study that test probability about the production of
fiberboard made by durian rind through latex with phenolic resin as binding agent.
The boards were made of durian rind, latex with 60% concentration and low
ammonia from the Center of Latex at Kasetsart University, phenolic resin from Siam
Chemical Company Limited and azadirachtin or neem tree chemical.
The durian rind was split, exposed to light, underwent the boiling process with
NaOH and then steamed to gain durian fiber. The fiber from durian rind was mixed with
latex, phenolic resin and neem tree chemical. After mixing, it is formed into fiberboard
through heat press.
18
This research would study the probability about the production of fiberboard
made of durian rind through latex with phenolic resin as binding agent. With the density
of 800 kg/m3, the mechanical properties that were tests are tensile strength, elongation or
flexibility and hardness. It was divided to four ratios: 1:1, 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1 to test the
mechanical properties.
Tensile Strength - The resulting tensile strength for each ratios are 2.75 MPA, 1.74
MPA, 1.78 MPA and 2.06 MPA.
Flexibility - After the comparative experiments of the elongation or flexibility, the

values are 130.79, 106.53, 93.21 and 159.4.
Hardness - For the result of the hardness, the values are 90.93, 92.71, 92.52 and 89.95.
According to the results, the suitable condition for the formation of durian fiberboard
was the ratio of 4:1.
2.2.4 ABOUT BAMBOO FIBERBOARD
A study from Nigeria by Oluwatomilola P. Akinyemi and Cordelia O.

Osasona (2017) introduces Bamboo-fiber cement boards. The research entitled
“Strength Properties of Bamboo-Fiber Cement Boards Used as Building Partitions”
studied the strength properties of bamboo as fiber cement boards. The researchers used
different percentage of bamboo by volume of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30 % and 40% (designated
as B0, B10, B20, B30 and B40, respectively). The samples were subjected to strength
tests and the results were compared to gypsum board.
The material needed were bamboo fibers that were cut into 40 mm length,
Portland cement, distilled water and silica sand that passes through BS sieve size of
0.075 mm. The mixing ratio of ordinary Portland cement to silica sand was 1:1 by
volume, while the water to cement ratio was 0.6 by mass. Materials were provided for 6
samples for flexural test
19
2.2.5 ABOUT SUGARCANE FIBERBOARD
A study entitled “Fiberboards Based on Sugarcane Bagasse Lignin and Fibers”

from Brazil by William Hoareau et al. 2006, about fiberboards, are based on
Sugarcane Bagasse Lignin and Fibers were prepared using phenolic type resins (phenol-
formaldehyde) and sugarcane bagasse fibers. Sugarcane Bagasse (Saccharum
officinarum) is the solid lignocellulosic residue left after extraction of juice from
sugarcane, a non-wood plant. Sugarcane Bagasse is another source of lignin raw
material. Lignin, a phenolic macromolecule, is one of the most abundant renewable
natural products coming from plants.
Lignin extract was used as a substitute of phenol attends very important

objective, that is, the use of raw material obtained from renewable sources, instead of
those obtained from fossil fuels. Bagasse is the solid lignocellulosic residue left after
extraction of juice from sugarcane, a non-wood plant also used to make pulp, board
materials and composites. The use of bagasse in the manufacturing of boards stands out
as one of the promising possibilities. Fiberboard are wood-based material made from
lignocellulosic fibers bonded together by synthetic resin under heat and pressure.
Phenolic, melamine, and isocyanate resins are also used. Phenol-formaldehyde

(PF) resins are frequently used in plastic and automotive industries because of their
versatile properties. PF resins high strength and are extremely resistant to moisture,
which prevents delaminating and gives excellent temperature stability. The use of a less
polar polymer normally leads to poor wetting of the fiber by polymer and poor interfacial
adhesion. Furfuryl alcohol is known to bring some preservation against biological
degradation in wood protection.
2.2.6 ABOUT COCONUT FIBERBOARD IN GHANA
A study in Sunyani Technical University in Ghana (2013) about the Physical

and Mechanical Properties of Composite Fiberboards for Wall Surface Finishing made
from coconut fibers. The aim of this study is to develop a useful building material that
20
will reduce the amount of sand and cement for construction. Two different boards were
made from the combination of cement, sand, saw dust and coconut fibers (C1 & C2),
while on the other hand, combination of cement, sand, saw dust and rubber fibers (R1 &
R2). It was to compare the mechanical and physical properties of coconut fibreboard to
rubber fibreboard.
The boards were made with a material ratio of 25% cement, 25% fine sand, 40%
sawdust and 10% coconut fiber / rubber fiber by volume. The fiber was introduced to
improve the tensile properties of concrete. The coconut husks were obtained from
coconut sellers who treat them as waste. The husks were then beaten into fibers with
hammer or mallet. Coconut fibers contain an organic fluid which is made up of chemical
that have the tendency of reducing the effect of cement during hydration and bonding
process. These chemicals were removed from the fibers by soaking them in water for at
least 24 hours. After which the fibers were dried to make them ready for the mixing
process.
BOARD PREPARATION PROCESS
Sand Sieving – The sand to be used was sieved in order to remove unwanted materials
and particles. Fine sand is preferable, sand that was retained in sieve numbered 50 after
vibration process was used in making boards.
Mixing Process – The mixture was done with the help of a trowel on a wooden
platform. Water is added to the mixture to help it become plastic and workable.
Moulding Process – After the mixing process, the mixed mixture was transferred into a
rectangular metal case of sizes 40 mm x 300 mm x 15 mm. For an easy removal of
boards from the platform, it was lubricated with grease before the mixture was poured.
Curing – During curing, the boards were left under shade and water was poured on them
twice daily (in the morning and evening for 8 days). This was done to enhance the
hydration process between the cement and the water during bonding. The boards were
then left dried for 21 days for the cement to attain its maximum strength.
21
Finishing – The boards were painted to give appearance.
MATERIAL TESTING TECHNIQUES, RESULT AND ANALYSIS
Density Test – The boards were then weighed under water after they were immersed for
48 hours. They were dried to a constant weight in an oven 90 ± 2⁰ in order to obtain dry
mass. The boards made from the coconut fibers had a higher density of 2.58 g/cm 3 than
those from the rubber fibers which had an average density of 2.497 g/cm 3.
Flexural Bending Strength – The samples were supported over a span of 280 mm and
loading is done at rates to obtain failure. The average bending strength of the boards
made from rubber fibers was 6.54 psi while those made from the coconut fibers was 5.54
psi. These results meet the ASTM requirements as specified that the average load should
be ≤ 7.0 KN. This shows that the rubber fibers offer the best tensile conditions even
though the boards are not for loading bearing conditions.
Water Absorption Test – It is a process to assess the amount of water each type of
boards can absorb. The boards were dried for 21 days and then soaked for 48 hours. The
wet weight of the boards was then measured and percentage water absorption was
calculated. The coconut fibreboard as usual had the highest capacity when it comes to
water absorption, it was able to absorb 20.15 % water inside it while the rubber
fibreboard held 18.53 % water.
Moisture Content Tests – After drying the boards for 21 days, they were weighed to
determine their initial weight. The boards were then placed in an electric oven where the
termperatures were raised to between 110⁰C to 120⁰C. These temperature conditions
were maintained for 12 hours after which the boards were weighed again to determine
the oven dry weight. The boards from coconut fiber showed a higher amount of moisture
retained in them after the drying period; it had retained a moisture content of 63.85 %
while rubber fiber board held 57.4 %.
Scrubbing Test – This test was done in order to check the resistance of the boards to
abrasion. The initial weight of boards was measured, after that, the surface pf the boards
22
were scratched 120 times with a wire brush. The scratched boards were then measuring
again to determine the final weight. After scrubbing 120 times, the average percentage
weight loss in the boards made from rubber fiber was 0.14% while hat from coconut
fiber was 0.12%. This means that the rubber boards are more susceptible to wearing than
coconut fibreboard.
Drop Down Test – It is to evaluate the extent to which a material will undergo failure if
dropped from a particular distance. Each board was dropped from two different positions
using the human body as a reference point; that is the shoulder level (4.86 ft) and waist
level (3 ft).
a) When the coconut fiber board was dropped from the waist level, the cracks
from one end of the board to the other advanced through the board but was still held
together by the fibers. The boards were then dropped from the shoulder level, more
cracks were introduced and this time the pieces of the board were completely separated.
b) When the rubber fibreboard were also dropped from the waist level, the board
failed with less cracks initiated in it that of the coconut fibreboard. These cracks had just
been initiated but had not yet propagated through the entire board. The rubber
fiberboards on the other hand showed a little bit of resistance when it was dropped from
the shoulder level, unlike the boards from the coconut fibers, no piece from the board
was removed but this time around they were held together by the rubber fibers.
Fire Resistance Test – The samples were exposed to open flames for time intervals of
20 minutes and 60 minutes within which the extent of damage was evaluated at each
time interval.
a) After 20 mins of heating, rings of fire appeared on the board made of coconut
fibers. When the heating was continued for 60 minutes, cracks were formed from ash
lines within the material.
23
b) The board from the rubber fibers however showed multiple points of attack by
the fire at 20 minutes. More fire sections and boundaries continued to advance
throughout the entire material as the boards where been heated for 60 minutes.
Drilling Properties of the boards – The test was done to verify how easily the
installation of these boards using screws will be. The inspections would be based on the
presence of cracks made around the drilled holes and the ease of drill. The specimens
showed good drilling properties when they were drilled using concrete drill. The
specimen showed soft and smooth drilling process and no cracks were developed around
the holes as well. This indicates that they can be screwed into position during
installations.
2.2.7 COCONUT FIBERBOARD IN THE PHILIPPINES
A study by Mr. Gerardo A. Santos from Zamboanga, Philippines (2014) about
fiberboard is based from Coconut. Coconut fiberboard (CFB) is a new product
manufactured from fibrous materials like coconut coir, fronds, spathes and shredded
wood that are mixed with Portland cement at a predetermined ratio of 70% cement to
30% fiber by weight. CFB is made by forming the cement-fiber mixture into mats and
pressing them to the desired thickness ranging from 8 mm to 25 mm. The board is 244
cm long by 61 cm wide.
Production of CFB is expected to contribute to the government’s low-cost
housing program. CFB can replace traditional construction materials such as tiles, bricks,
plywood, asbestos and cement hollow blocks. It can be used for internal and exterior
walls, partitions and ceiling or as a component in the fabrication of furniture (tables,
chairs, desks, etc.), cabinets, boxes and vases.
24
Flexural Strength test – increase in mean flexural strength, from BO through to B20.
Slight reduction was noted for B30 and B40. The flexural strength of BO is 33.19 N/mm 2,
B10 had a flexural strength of 33.89 N/mm2, B20 34.63 N/mm2. B30 had 34.24 N/mm2
and B40 had 34.24 N/mm2. The flexural strength of gypsum board is 32.88 N/mm2.
Impact-endurance Test – progressive increment in the impact-endurance values as the
percentage of bamboo fibre increased. BO had value of 285.8 J/m 2, B10 had a value of
1,452 J/m2, B20 had 1,669.2 J/m2, B30 had 2,109.4 J/m2 and B40 had a value of 2,178
J/m2. Gypsum board surpassed B0 with an impact-endurance of 1,219.7 J/m2.
Compressive Strength – it showed the decreasing level of compressive strength at 28
days. Samples B0 and B10 had a very close average compressive strength value of 14.84
N/mm2 and 14.37 N/mm2. B20 and B30 also had a very close value of 8.44 N/mm 2 and
7.68 N/mm2. B40 with a least density also had a very low compressive strength value of
2.55 N/mm2.
Bulk Density –it showed a progressive reduction as the percentage of bamboo fibre
increased. BO ( 0% bamboo fibre ) had the highest density with 2,108 kg/m 3, B10 ( 10%
bamboo fibre ) had 2,017 kg/m3, B20 ( 20% bamboo fibre ) having 1,821 kg/m3, B30 ( 30
% bamboo fibre ) having 1,629 kg/m3 and B40 ( 40 % bamboo fibre ) having 1,468 kg/m3.
Gypsum Board has 715.2 kg bulk density.
25
2.3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Gypsum Powder
Gathering of Materials
I
Talahib
(saccharum
spontaneum)
N
fibers
P
U
Water
T
Collecting
of Fibers
Fiberboard
Molding
PROCESS
Curing and
Drying (28
days)
OUTPUT
Data Collection and Conclusion and

Analysis Recommendations
Figure 2.3 Conceptual Framework
26
2.4 PARADIGM OF THE STUDY
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

- Talahib - Data Gathering
- Medium Density
(Saccharum
Experimentation Fiberboard for wall
Spontaneum) fibers
- Analysis and partition made of
- Gypsum Powder
Evaluation Talahib (Sacchrum
- Water
Spontaneum)
fibers that exhibits
better result in
mechanical and
physical properties
Figure 2.4 Paradigm of the study
2.5 TEST SUMMARY
Number of Samples
28 days
Compressive Flexural Moisture Water
Content Absorption
50% talahib 6 3 6 4
(Saccahrum
Spontaneum)
6 3 6 4
TOTAL
Table 2.5 Paradigm of the study
27
CHAPTER 3
TECHNICAL STUDIES
This chapter present research design, materials and equipment, procedures and
the application of method.
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
The researchers used an experimental method of study in gathering data and its
accurate interpretation was demonstrated on the result of the tests and procedures. The
experimental method provides logical reasoning and systematic way to know the
possibilities of talahib fiberboard as wall partition. This study aims to observe and
evaluate the physical (appearance, texture, color and odor) and mechanical (flexural
strength, compressive strength, moisture content and water absorption) properties of the
resulting fiberboard.
Talahib (Saccharum Spontaneum) stalks were obtained from Brgy. Canlubang,
Calamba City, Laguna. Brgy Canlubang was abundant with talahib before
industrialization took place up until now. Talahib (Saccharum Spontaneum) stalks were
then beaten into fibers. Talahib (Saccharum Spontaneum) fibers from the recent studies
of pytochemical screening contains phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids and
flavonoids. These chemicals were removed from the fibers by soaking then in water for
24 hours. After which the fibers were dried for 48 hours, it was ready fot the mizing
process. The mixing ratio of water and gypsum powder is 600 mL by 1 kg. It has a
28
proportion of 50% of talahib fibers by volume and 50% of gypsum powder by volume.
The researchers prepared all the equipment and the materials needed. Manual mixing
was used to combine the components properly and to ensure that the talahib fibers were
dispersed completely in the mixture. For easy removal of the boards from the molds, the
wooden molds were lubricated with grease before pouring the mixture to prevent
sticking of board to the wooden molds. After mixing the gypsum powder, water and
talahib fibers, it was put in 19 rectangular molds with different sizes depending on the
test used. For flexural test, there were 3 molds with size of 400 mm x 300 mm x 15 mm.
For compressive test, there were 6 molds of size 150 mm x 150 mm x 15 mm. For water
absorption test, there were 4 molds of size 250 mm x 350 mm x 15 mm. As for moisture
content test, there were 6 molds of size 150 mm x 150 mm x 15 mm. The mixture was
well distributed to the molds and flattened. After 3 hours, specimen was ready to be
removed in the mold. The products were then sun dried for 28 days, splashing water
every morning and evening for the first 8 days. The samples were tested through the used
of Universal Testing Machine (UTM) to determine its compressive and flexural strength.
An oven and digital scale were used to test the moisture content of the product.
Hydraulic curing tank and digital scale were used to test the water absorption.
29
3.2 RESEARCH SETTING
The study that was conducted to develop fiberboard for wall partition out of
talahib fibers and gypsum powder as an adhesive, and to determine its physical and
mechanical properties. The mixing and molding was performed at Brgy. Canlubang,
Calamba City, Laguna. Testing activities were performed at the University of Perpetual
Help System Dalta – Calamba Campus at Brgy. Paciano Rizal, Calamba City, Laguna.
3.3 RESEARCH MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS
The following materilas were used in the experiment.
3.3.1 Gypsum Powder (USG Boral Premium Jointing)
Figure 3.3.1 (USG Boral Premium Jointing)
30
As shown in figure 3.1, USG Boral is a brand that produces products used in
plastering and board making. Premium Jointing is one of their products and considered
as the most commonly used gypsum powder in general because of its quick setting,
smooth application and easy mixing.
Table 3.3.1 Basic Properties of Premium Jointing (Gypsum Powder)
BRAND USG BORAL Premium Jointing

COMMON NAME Gypsum Powder
SCIENTIFIC NAME Hydrated Calcium Sulfate
CHEMICAL FORMULA CaSO4·2H2O
COLOR Clear, colorless, white, gray
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 2.3
DENSITY 2960 kg/m3
3.3.2
Water
3.3.2 Water
31
Figure 3.3.2 (Water)
Shown in figure 3.2 is water. Water is considered as the universal solvent
because it dissolves more substances than other liquid. Water is transparent, odorless,
tasteless and nearly colorless.
Table 3.3.2 Basic Properties of Water
CHEMICAL FORMULA H2O

COLOR Nearly colorless
SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1.00
DENSITY 1000 kg/m3
3.3.3 Talahib Fibers (Saccharum Spontaneum)
32
Figure 3.3.3 Talahib (Saccharum Spontaneum) fibers
As shown in figure 3.3, talahib (Saccharum Spontaneum) fibers is a perennial
grass that grows three meters in height. The researchers used talahib fibers as the main
component of fiberboard.
Table 3.3.3 Basic Properties of Talahib (Saccharum Spontaneum)
COMMON NAME Talahib (Wild Sugarcane)

SCIENTIFIC NAME Saccharum Spontaneum
FAMILY Poaceae
CONSERVATION STATUS Population Stable
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Table 3.3. 4 Chemical Composition
LIGNIN 6.71%
HEMICELLULOSE 28.06%
33
3.4 RESEARCH MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT
3.4.1 Metal Cutter – It is used to cut the stalks of talahib (Saccharum Spontaneum) .
Figure 3.4.1 Metal Cutter
3.4.2 Scissor – It is used to cut the leaves of talahib(Saccharum Spontaneum) .
Figure 3.4.2 Scissor
34
3.4.3 Peeler – It is used to peel talahib (Saccharum Spontaneum) stalks into small
particles.
Figure 3.4.3 Peeler
3.4.4 Basin – A wide open container used for holding liquid, solid and mixture
35
Figure 3.4.4 Basin
3.4.5 Hammer – A tool with a heavy metal head mounted at right angles at the end of a
handle, used for jobs such as breaking things and driving nails.
Figure 3.4.5 Hammer
3.4.6 Saw – A hand tool for cutting wood or other hard materials.
Figure 3.4.6 Saw
36
3.4.7 Nails – A small metal spike with a broadened flat head, driven into wood to join
things together or to serve as a hook.
Figure 3.4.7 Nails
3.4.8 Plywood – A type of strong thin wooden board consisting of two or more layers
glued and pressed together it is used to make our molding material
37
Figure 3.4.8 Plywood
3.4.9 Beaker – a lipped cylindrical glass container for laboratory use. It is used to
measure the right amount of water and gypsum powder.
Figure 3.4.9 Beaker
3.4.10 Weighing scale – Is a device to measure weight or mass.
38
Figure 3.4.10 Weighing Scale
3.4.11 Wooden Spatula – An implement with a broad, flat, blunt blade, used for mixing
and spreading things.
Figure 3.4.11 Wooden Spatula
3.4.12 Universal Testing Machine – it is used to test the tensile strength and
compressive strength of materials.
39
Figure 3.4.12 Universal Testing Machine
3.4.13 Laboratory Oven – are ovens for high forced volume thermal convection
applications,
Figure 3.4.13 Laboratory Oven
3.5 EXPERIMENT PLAN PROCEDURES
3.5.1 HARVESTING OF TALAHIB (Saccharum Spontaneum) STALKS
Talahib (Saccharum Spontaneum) stalks were harvested at the Barangay Canlubang,
Calamba City
40
Figure 3.5.1 Harvesting talahib
3.5.2 CUTTING OF TALAHIB (SACCHARUM SPONTANEUM) STALKS FROM
THE ROOTS USING SCISSORS.
Figure 3.5.2 Collecting the talahib stalks with leaves.
3.5.3 REMOVING THE LEAVES FROM THE COLLECTED STALKS
Figure 3.5.3 Removing of leaves to show the stalks.
41
3.5.4 COLLECTING THE STALKS ONCE THE LEAVES ARE REMOVED
Figure 3.5.4 Stalks without leaves
3.5.5 CUTTING OF STALKS INTO SMALLER PIECES
Figure 3.5.5 Cutting of stalks into smaller pieces
42
3.5.6 EXTRACTING THE FIBERS THROUGH PEELING AND SHREDDING
Figure 3.5.6 Extracting fibers though peeling and shredding
Figure 3.5.6.1 Fibers from talahib stalks
43
3.5.7 WASHING OF TALAHIB (SACCHARUM SPONTANEUM) FIBERS.
Figure 3.5.7 Talahib stalks in a basin for washing
3.5.8 SOAK THE TALAHIB (SACCHARUM SPONTANEUM) FIBER FOR 24
HRS.
Figure 3.5.8 Soaking talahib fibers
44
3.5.9 SUN DRYING FOR 48 HRS.
Figure 3.5.9 Sun drying
3.6 MIXING PROCEDURE
1. Prepare the materials needed in mixing procedure such as gypsum powder,
dried talahib (Saccharum Spontaneum) fibers and water.
2. Measure the water and put it in the basin. Slowly pour the gypsum powder.
Once fully moved, add the talahib (Saccharum Spontaneum) fibers.
3. When mixing is done, pour the mixture to their respective molds.
4. Use the wooden spatula to spread the mixture and to flatten the surface.
45
5. Once done, let it settle for the next 3 hours.
3.7 CURING AND DRYING
1. Remove the specimen to their respective molds.
2. Prepare a clean area. Make sure that it is directed to the sun’s light.
3. Get the specimen and sun dried.
4. Splash water every morning and evening for the first 8 days.
5. On the 9th day, let it dry until it reaches 28 days.
3.8 COMPRESSSIVE STRENGTH
1. Remove the specimen from the molds, sun dry for 28 days, splash water every
morning and every evening for the first 8 days of drying.
2. Clean the surface of the Universal Testing Machine.
3. Place the specimen at the middle of the machine, make sure that the loads will
be directed to the specimen.
4. Operate the machine, input data such as size of the specimen.
5. The process will continue until the specimen fails.
46
6. Record the maximum strength and note the noticeable features.
Figure 3.8 Specimen after compressive strength test
3.9 FLEXURAL STRENGTH
Based on the Flexural Strength per ASTM C1396, the following steps were
applied as shown.
1. Place the specimen in the support bearing blocks and make sure that it is at the
center.
2. Put 100 lbs. (31.4 N) preload at the top of the specimen. Ensure that the sample is
in direct contact with the load and the support bearing blocks.
47
3. Operate the machine. If load is applied with a hand pump, load the beam by
applying the load at a rate of one full pump stroke per second. When the applied
load is 4,000 lbs (124 N) reduce the full pump stroke to about a 12-pump stroke
and maintain the one second stroke rate. Rate the load application for screw
power machines, with the moving head operating at 0.05 in (1.3mm) per minute
when the machine is running idle, is acceptable.
Figure 3.9 Fiberboard Flexural testing
48
Figure 3.9.1 Fiberboard after testing
3.10 MOISTURE CONTENT
1. Weigh the specimen and take down note of its weight.
2. Put the specimen inside the hot air oven and set the temperature at 200ºC.
3. Continue the process for 2 hours.
4. Turn of the hot air oven and get the sample. Let it cool for 15 minutes then
weigh the samples.
5. Record the data and get the average moisture content.
49
Figure 3.10 Specimen during moisture content test
3.11 WATER ABSORPTION
1. Weigh the specimen and take down note of its weight.
2. Prepare the hydraulic curing tank.
3. Soak the specimen for 48 hours.
4. Dry up the specimen by 15 minutes and weigh.
5. Record the data ang get the average water absorption.
50
Figure 3.11 Specimen during water absorption test
3.12 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
3.12.1 PROJECT DESIGN
The proportion of water and gypsum powder is 600 ml x 1 kg and 50% of talahib
(Saccharum Spontaneum) fibers by volume. The researchers made three (3) samples with
size of 400mm x 300mm x 15mm for flexural strength test. Six (6) samples with size of
150mm x 150mm x 15mm for compressive strength. Six (6) samples with size of 150mm
x 150mm x 15mm for moisture content test and four (4) samples with size of 250mm x
350mm x 15 mm for water absorption test.
51
3.13 MIX PROPORTIONING
The researchers computed the volume of the sampled depending to its size. The
samples for flexural strength have volume of 1800000 mm 3. For compressive strength
samples, the volume is 337500 mm3. For moisture content samples, the volume is
337500 mm3 and 1312500 mm3 for water absorption samples.
V = Length x width x thickness
Mixing ratio for flexural strength test (400mm x 300mm x 15 mm)

Material Part in Vol. Density Volume (m3) Mass (kg)
(kg/m3)
Gypsum 50 % 2960 0.0009 2.664
Powder
Talahib 50 % 272 0.0009 0.2448
(Saccharum
Spontaneum)
Fiber
Table 3.13.1 Mixing ratio for flexural strength
Mixing ratio for compressive strength test (150mm x 150mm x 15 mm)

(kg/m3)
52
Gypsum 50 % 2960 0.00016875 0.5

Powder
Talahib 50 % 272 0.00016875 0.05
(Saccharum
Spontaneum)
Fiber
Table 3.13.2 Mixing ratio for compressive strength
Mixing ratio for moisture content test (150mm x 150mm x 15 mm)

(kg/m3)
Gypsum 50 % 2960 0.00016875 0.5
Powder
Talahib 50 % 272 0.00016875 0.05
(Saccharum
Spontaneum)
Fiber
Table 3.13.3 Mixing ratio for moisture content test
Mixing ration for water absorption test (250mm x 350mm x 15 mm)

(kg/m3)
Gypsum 50 % 2960 0.00065625 1.9
Powder
Talahib 50 % 272 0.00065625 0.1785
(Saccharum
Spontaneum)
Fiber
Table 3.13.4 Mixing ratio for water absorption test
53
3.14 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.14.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Compressive strength test is one of the most important properties. It is the bulk
unit charge against the breakage under axial compressive strength. Compressive strength
test was conducted using Universal Testing Machine (UTM).
The prepared design proportion of specimen was molded into size of 150mm x
150mm x 15 mm. Based on the result, the researchers tested 6 specimens that resulted to
5.13 MPa, 4.97 MPa, 4.97 MPa, 4.90 MPa, 4.93 MPa, and 4.83 MPa. The average
compressive strength of the fiberboard made of talahib (Saccharum Spontaneum) fibers
is 4.96 MPa compared to plywood and gypsum board that has compressive strength of
3.8 MPa to 5.6 MPA and 2.75 MPA, respectively.
The specimen that was subjected to compressive strength test was compacted
until it reach its maximum strength. There were no cracks found at the surface of every
specimen. The only noticeable effect of the test was the change in thickness of the
specimen.
54
Figure 3.14.1 Compressive Strength Test
Test Age Sample 50% Talahib

(Saccharum Plywood (MPa) Gypsum board
Spontaneum) (MPa)
Fiber (MPa)
1 5.13
2 4.97
28 days
3 4.97
4 4.90 3.8 to 5.6 2.75
5 4.93
6 4.83
Average 4.96
Table 3.14.1 Compressive Strength Test
55
According to the Wood Handbook: Mechanical Properties of Wood-Based
Composite Materials of Zhiyong Cia and Robert J. Ross, the compressive strength
test of plywood ranges from 3.8 MPa to 5.6 MPA.
According to the Gypsum Board Typical Mechanical and Physical Properties
of Gypsum Association (USA, 2019), samples were made from 2” x 2” (50 x 50 mm) or
4” x 4” (100 x 100 mm) samples cut from across the full board width. Sample were
conditioned for a minimum of 24 hours and testes in compressive strength machine and
arrived at the result of 2.75 MPA compressive strength at the thickness of 5/8 inch
(15.9mm).
The medium density fiberboard made from talahib (saccharum spontaneum) has a
greater value compared to commercial gypsum board. On the other hand, the product is
comparable to the compressive strength of plywood.
56
Compressive Strength
6
0
Talahib (saccharum Plywood Gypsum board
spontaneum) fiberboard
Compressive Strength (Mpa)
Figure 3.14.1.1 Compressive Strength Test
3.14.2 FLEXURAL STRENGTH
Flexural strength is also known as modulus of rupture or axial bending strength.
It represents the highest stress experienced within the material and its moment of yield.
1.48 MPa, 1.51 MPa, and 1.51 MPa. The average flexural strength of the fiberboard
57
made of talahib (Saccharum Spontaneum) fibers is 1.50 MPa compared to plywood and
gypsum board that has flexural strength of 4.6 MPa and 1.5 MPA, respectively.
The specimen that was subjected to flexural strength test cracked but did not tear
apart due to the talahib (Saccahrum Spontaneum) fibers.
Figure 3.14.2 Flexural Strength Test
Test Age Sample 50% Talahib

(Saccharum Plywood (MPa) Gypsum board
Spontaneum) (MPa)
Fiber (MPa)
1 1.48
28 days 2 1.51 4.6 1.5
3 1.51
Average 1.50
Table 3.14.2 Flexural Strength Test
58
of Gypsum Association (USA, 2019), the flexural strength of 5/8 inch (15.9 mm) thick
gypsum board is 1.5 MPA.
Based from the table, the resulting medium density fiberboard made from talahib
(saccharum spontaneum) fibers has an average flexural strength of 1.50 MPa that is
equal to gypsum board. On the other hand, plywood performed better and can resist
failure by 4.6 MPa.
Even though the boards are not load bearing conditions, this result offers insight
into the possibility of increasing the tensile strength of the boards if the area of
application requires it.
Flexural Strength
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Flexural Strength (Mpa)
Figure 3.14.2.1 Flexural Strength Test
59
3.14.3 MOISTURE CONTENT
Moisture Content is the amount of moisture present in the given sample. After
drying the boards for 28 days, the researchers weighed the specimen to determine its
initial weight (W1). The boards were then placed in a hot air oven for 2 hours where the
temperature was raised to 200ºC. After 2 hours, the boards were weighed again to
determine the oven dry weight (W2). The amount of moisture content in percentage was
calculated using the formula: (W1 – W2)/ W2 x 100%.
15.55%, 15.33%, 14.98%, 15.59%, and 15.13%. The average moisture content of the
fiberboard made of talahib (Saccharum Spontaneum) fibers is 15.28% compared to
plywood and gypsum board that has moisture content of 5% to 15% and 16%,
respectively.
60
Test Age Sample Weight 1 Weight 2 Percentage Plywood Gypsum

(%) (%) board (%)
1 0.3486 0.3017 15.55
2 0.3511 0.3049 15.15
28 days
3 0.3498 0.3033 15.33
4 0.3523 0.3064 14.98 5% to 15% 16%
5 0.3455 0.2989 15.59

6 0.3501 0.3041 15.13
Average 0.34957 0.30322 15.28
Table 3.14.3 Moisture Content
Gypsum board contains approximately 21% water by weight and thus as
calcination occurs the mass of the board is reduced. The researchers found out that there
were 16% in mass at 200ºC. This observation is consistent with complete calcination and
loss of all moisture.
As per the Indian standards specification IS:303 (governed by BIS) the ideal
content of moisture in plywood should be in the range of 5% to 15%.
Based on the table, the resulting medium density fiberboard made form talahib
(saccharum spontaneum) fibers has a moisture content of 15.28% and comparable to
plywood. On the other hand, gypsum board has 16% greater than the resulting product
and plywood.
61
Moisture Content
16.2
16
15.8
15.6
15.4
15.2
15
14.8
14.6
14.4
Moisture Content (%)
Figure 3.14.3 Moisture Content
3.14.4 WATER ABSORPTION
Water absorption is used to determine the amount of water absorbed under
specified conditions.
39.25%, 38.9%, 4.55%, and 38.8%. The average water absorption of the fiberboard made
62
of talahib (Saccharum Spontaneum) fibers is 39.375 % compared to plywood and
gypsum board that has water absorption of 45.7% to 57.5% and 10%, respectively.
Test Age Sample Weight 1 Weight 2 Percentage Plywood Gypsum

(%) (%) board (%)
1 0.845 1.63 39.25
2 0.842 1.62 38.9

28 days 45.7% to 10%
57.5%
3 0.839 1.65 40.55
4 0.844 1.62 38.8
Average 0.8425 1.63 39.375
Table 3.14.4 Moisture Content
According to the Investigation on the water absorption characteristics of
plywood manufactured using veneers from oil palm stem by Hasmawi Khalid,
Zakiah Ahmad, et al (Malaysia, 2015), the plywood was cut into size 50mm x 50mm
for water absorption. Water absorption values ranged from 45.7% to 57.5%.
63
Water Absorption
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Water Absorption (%)
Figure 3.14.4 Water Absorption Test
of Gypsum Association (USA, 2019), ASTM C473 Standard Test Method for Physical
64
Testing of Gypsum Panel Products – following 2 hours immersion, the water absorption
result was 10%.
3.14.5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Physical Properties can be observed or measure without changing the
composition of matter. Physical properties are used to observe and describe matter. The
researchers include physical properties such as appearance, texture, color and odor.
There was no specific test on how to classify the physical properties of the
fiberboard. The researchers used their senses to have results. For the appearance, the
medium density fiberboard has similarities with other bio-composite materials like
plywood and particle board, the only difference is its color.
Texture is the perceived surface quality of a work. The texture of the medium
density fiberboard made from talahib (Saccharum spontaneum) fibers was smooth. The
resulting color of the product is white because of the dominating material which is the
gypsum powder. The resulting medium density fiberboard has no odor.
65
CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION
4.1 SUMMARY
This study was conducted to develop a medium density fiberboard made of
talahib (saccharum spontaneum) fibers for wall partition and to determine its physical
and mechanical properties. Using Universal Testing Machine (UTM), the researchers
were able to determine the compressive (with size of 150mm x 150mm x 15 mm) and
flexural strength (with size of 400mm x 300mm x 15 mm) of the specimen. With the
moisture content test, hot air oven was used with a size of 150mm x 150mm x 15 mm.
Water absorption test was conducted with the used of hydraulic curing tank with size of
250mmx 350mm x 20 mm.
66
Based on the recorded data, the compressive strength test result was containing
50% talahib (saccharum spontaneum) fibers and 50% gypsum powder attains an average
result of 4.96 MPa compressive strength. As for flexural strength test, the average
maximum strength was 1.50 MPa. For moisture content the average result was 15.13%
and for the Water Absorption test the average result is 39.375%.
As for its physical properties, there were no test conducted to classify the
appearance, texture, color and odor. For the appearance, the medium density fiberboard
has similarities with other bio-composite materials like plywood and particle board, the
only difference is its color.
Texture is the perceived surface quality of a work. The texture of the medium
density fiberboard made from talahib (Saccharum spontaneum) fibers was smooth. The
resulting color of the product is white because of the dominating material which is the
gypsum powder. The resulting medium density fiberboard has no odor.
Based from the result, the medium density fiberboard made of talahib (saccharum
spontaneum) fibers exceeds the compressive strength of gypsum board and plywood.
The result for the flexural strength of the product is equal to gypsum board but less than
plywood. Even though the boards are not load bearing conditions, this result offers
insight into the possibility of increasing the tensile strength of the boards if the area of
application requires it. The moisture content of the three products was comparable to
each other because of the resulting values. Water absorption differs from each other, the
medium density fiberboard made of talahib (saccharum spontaneum) fibers has higher
67
value than the gypsum board but less than plywood. It only implies that the development
of medium density fiberboard made of talahib (saccharum spontaneum) fibers is
comparable to other bio-composite products such as plywood and gypsum board when it
comes to mechanical and physical properties.
The gypsum powder performs an important role in making the medium density
fiberboard made of talahib (saccharum spontaneum) fibers as an adhesive. There was an
existing bio-composite board that uses gypsum powder, which is gypsum board resulting
into better performance when it comes to mechanical properties. On its physical
properties, the gypsum powder helps the mainstream type of bio-composite when it
comes to appearance, texture, color and odor. Gypsum powder affects the mechanical
and physical properties in a better way.
The materials used were gypsum powder, talahib (saccharum spontaneum) fibers
and water. The methods used were collecting of fibers, mixing of the materials, pouring,
curing, drying and testing.
4.2 CONCLUSION
4.2.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
• Based from the study, the researchers determined that medium density fiberboard
made of talahib (saccharum spontaneum) fibers attained the maximum
68
compressive strength for 28 days of drying which has an average compressive
strength of 4.96 MPA.
4.2.2 FLEXURAL STRENGTH
made of talahib (saccharum spontaneum) fibers attained the maximum flexural
strength for 28 days of drying which has an average flexural strength of 1.50
MPA.
4.2.3 MOISTURE CONTENT
made of talahib (saccharum spontaneum) fibers attained the moisture content for
28 days of drying which has a percentage of 15.13.
4.2.4 WATER ABSORPTION
made of talahib (saccharum spontaneum) fibers attained the water absorption for
28 days of drying which has a percentage of 39.375.
4.2.4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• There was no specific test on how to classify the physical properties of the
fiberboard. The researchers used their senses to have results. For the appearance,
69
the medium density fiberboard has similarities with other bio-composite
materials like plywood and particle board, the only difference is its color.
• Texture is the perceived surface quality of a work. The texture of the medium
density fiberboard made from talahib (Saccharum spontaneum) fibers was
smooth. The resulting color of the product is white because of the dominating
material which is the gypsum powder. The resulting medium density fiberboard
has no odor.
CHAPTER V
RECOMMENDATIONS
This study discusses the recommendations regarding about the study of
DEVELOPMENT OF A MEDIUM – DENSITY FIBERBOARD USING
SACCHARUM SPONTANEUM: AN ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL FOR WALL
PARTITION.
5.1 RECOMMENDATIONS
With the shown data results, computation and observations, the researchers prove
and determine the Development of a Medium – Density Fiberboard using Saccharum
Spontaneum: An alternative Material for wall partition and order to enhance or surpass it
70
for future study, We researchers recommend to execute the following to produce better
results:
1. Use machine or equipment that is applicable in extracting the fibers.
2. In making the samples, make sure to use wooden spatula to have a desired
thickness.
3. For future researchers, use other kind of potential fiber for the development of
medium density fiberboard.
4. It is also recommended to use other test like fire resistance test, sound proofing
test, etc.
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71
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port%20Bio-composites%20final%20FPRDI-Philippines.pdf
16. http://www.stuartxchange.org/Talahib.html
17. https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/crame03a.pdf
18. http://edge.rit.edu/edge/P14418/public/4-
Subsystems%20Design/Plywood%20Materials.pdf
19. https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr190/chapter_12.pdf
20. https://www.americangypsum.com/sites/default/files/documents/GA-
235%20Gypsum%20Board%20Typical%20Mechanical%20and%20Physical%2
0Properties.pdf
73
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
PREPARATION OF MATERIALS
74
COLLECTING AND GATHERING OF NEEDED MATERIALS
75
APPENDIX B
76
MOLD MAKING
APPENDIX C
77
PREPARATION OF MIXTURE and MIXING OF MATERIALS
APPENDIX D
78
MOLDING
Placing of mixture into the molds
Removing of specimen into the molds
79
APPENDIX E
80
TESTING OF SPECIMEN
Compressive Strength Test
Flexural Strength Test
Moisture Content Test
81
Water Absorption Test
82
CURRICULA VITAE
83
Lyza L. Marticio
BS Civil Engineering
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 23 years old
Gender: Female
Birth Date: January 19, 1997
Citizenship: Filipino
Civil Status: Single
Height: 5’5 ft
Weight: 121 lbs
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language/Dialect: English, Tagalog
PROJECT
DESIGN/THESIS:
Development of Medium- EDUCATION
Density Fiberboard using Tertiary:
Saccharum Spontaneum: An UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM
Alternative material for wall DALTA – CALAMBA CAMPUS (UPHSD)
partition ⚫ 2016 - Present
⚫ Brgy. Paciano Rizal, Calamba City Laguna 4027
BE 9002 Cecilia
Araneta Yulo Secondary:
Avenue Brgy. Camp Vicente Lim National High School
Canlubang ⚫ 2011-2015
Calamba City, ⚫ Camp Vicente Lim Mayapa Calamba, Laguna
Laguna ⚫ With Honors
Elementary:
⚫ Post Elementary School
09069135295
⚫ June 2005 to March 2011
⚫ Mayapa Calamba, Laguna
⚫ With Honors
Marticiolyzaaa19 SKILLS
@gmail.com ⚫ Knowledgeable in Microsoft Word, Excel and
Powerpoint
⚫ Proficient in Communication Skills
⚫ Knowledgeable in AutoCAD and Sketch up
⚫ Has multi-tasking ability, able to cope under
pressure and committed to professional standards.
84
Jon Marl L. Miranda

Age: 21 years old
Gender: Male
Birth Date: June 22, 1998
Height: 5’9 ft
Weight: 176 lbs
Language/Dialect: English, Tagalog
PROJECT EDUCATION
DESIGN/THESIS:
Tertiary:
Development of Medium-
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM
Density Fiberboard using
DALTA – CALAMBA CAMPUS (UPHSD)
Saccharum Spontaneum: An
⚫ 2015 - Present
Alternative material for wall
partition
Secondary:
St. John Colleges
⚫ 2011-2015
⚫ Brgy. Tres Chipeco Avenue Calamba City, Laguna
Brgy. Tres 99 Elementary:

Chepico Avenue St. John Colleges
Calamba City, ⚫ June 2005 to March 2011
Laguna ⚫ Brgy. Tres Chipeco Avenue Calamba City, Laguna
SKILLS
09957555799 ⚫ Knowledgeable in Microsoft Word, Excel and
Powerpoint
26jm22@gmail. ⚫ Knowledgeable in AutoCAD and Sketch up
com
85
Mabie Cyrill R.
Naling
Age: 21 years old
Gender: Female
Birth Date: February 11, 1999
Height: 5’0 ft
PROJECT Weight: 95 lbs
DESIGN/THESIS: Religion: Roman Catholic
Development of Medium- Language/Dialect: English, Tagalog
Density Fiberboard using
Saccharum Spontaneum: An EDUCATION
Alternative material for wall Tertiary:
partition UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM
DALTA – CALAMBA CAMPUS (UPHSD)
⚫ 2015 - Present
⚫ Academic Excellence Awardee
Secondary:
Birmingham Buenavista National High School
Village, Brgy. ⚫ 2011-2015
Pulo, Cabuyao ⚫ Buenavista, Marinduque
City, Laguna ⚫ 2nd honorable mention
Elementary:
09292568882 Libas Elementary School
⚫ 2005-2011
⚫ Libas, Buenavista, Marinduque
⚫ Valedictorian
macynaling@gm
ail.com SKILLS
⚫ Knowledgeable in Microsoft Word, Excel and
Powerpoint
⚫ Leadership skills
86
Trena Jean G. Salido

Age: 21 years old
Gender: Female
Birth Date: September 29, 1998
Height: 5’2 ft
Weight: 110 lbs
PROJECT Language/Dialect: English, Tagalog
DESIGN/THESIS:
Development of Medium- EDUCATION
Density Fiberboard using Tertiary:
Saccharum Spontaneum: An UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM
Alternative material for wall DALTA – CALAMBA CAMPUS (UPHSD)
partition ⚫ 2015 - Present
Secondary:
Doctoras Camp Vicente Lim National High School
Compound ⚫ 2011-2015
Kanluran st. ⚫ Camp Vicente Lim Mayapa Calamba, Laguna
Mayapa ⚫ With Honors
Calamba,
Laguna Elementary:
Mayapa Elementary School
09169952286 ⚫ June 2005 to March 2011
TM ⚫ Mayapa Calamba, Laguna
09239292403 ⚫ With Honors
SUN
SKILLS
⚫ Knowledgeable in Microsoft Word, Excel and
trenajeanss@gm
Powerpoint
ail.com
87

Development of Medium-Density Fiberboard Using Saccharum Spontaneum

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Development of Medium-Density Fiberboard Using Saccharum Spontaneum

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UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP

SYSTEM DALTA – CALAMBA CAMPUS

DEVELOPMENT OF MEDIUM-DENSITY FIBERBOARD USING

SACCHARUM SPONTANEUM: AN ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL FOR WALL

The Faculty of the College of Engineering

University of Perpetual Help - Calamba Campus

Of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Jon Marl L. Miranda

Mabie Cyrill R. Naling

Trena Jean G. Salido

This Project Design entitled “DEVELOPMENT OF MEDIUM-DENSITY FIBERBOARD

USING SACCHARUM SPONTANEUM: AN ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL FOR WALL

PARTITION” prepared and submitted by LYZA L. MARTICIO, JON MARL L.

MIRANDA, MABIE CYRILL R. NALING and TRENA JEAN G. SALIDO in partial

been examined and recommended for acceptance for oral defense.

ENGR. ROSELLE P. ALVIAR, RCE.,MBA.,MSCE

ENGR. LEO S. ABAQUITA, RCE

ENGR. AMELIA C. MANALANG, RChE.,MBA

DR. PHILIP P. ERMITA, PIE, ASEAN Eng.

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

DR. PHILIP P. ERMITA, PIE, ASEAN Eng.

Dean, College of Engineering

Title of the Project Design: Development of Medium-Density Fiberboard using

Saccharum Spontaneum: An Alternative Material for

Researchers: Marticio, Lyza L.

Miranda, Jon Marl L.

Naling, Mabie Cyrill R.

Salido, Trena Jean G.

Adviser: Engr. Roselle P. Alviar

saccharum spontaneum (Talahib) as an alternative material for wall partition.

The goal of this project design is to introduce talahib (saccharum spontaneum) as

medical uses, but as part of construction industry.

test results, conclusion and recommendation.

Keywords: Fiberboards, Talahib, Saccharum Spontaneum, Gypsum Powder

this study possible:

To our research adviser, Engr. Roselle P. Alviar, subject specialist and

endless support in order to finish this manuscript.

To Sir Edgardo Villena, Department of Science and Technology, Forest

Mosquerra, for teaching, guiding, and preparing us to become future Engineers.

shared in the last four years.

To our friends, John Whenard Fesalbon, Stephanie Faustino, Kaisser

whose assistance was invaluable in making us finish our requirements together.

expenses and giving us moral support.

Him this would not be possible.

We humbly dedicate this Project Design to the enhancement of Civil

Engineering students in making Project Design and Studies focusing in innovation of

and assurance have made the fruition of our efforts.

Approval Sheet …………………………………………………… ii

List of Figures …………………………………………………….. ix

CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS RATIONALE

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.4.1 General Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .10

1.4.2 Specific Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . 10

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK, REVIEW OD RELATED

LITERATURE AND STUDIES

2.1 RELATED LITERATURE