GROUP 3: Implicature

I. Introduction 
A Communication will not happen if the user don’t know about what they are going to imply 
 => topic: IMPLICATURE 
1. Disney movies: 
 Disney:  
o renowned entertainment and media company known for its animated and live-
action films. 
o produced iconic animated classics like "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,"
"The Lion King," and "Frozen." 
 Why would we choose Disney movies? 
o Films often involve complex storytelling, rich character interactions, and
various forms of communication. 
o Disney movies often utilize implicature to add depth, humor, and emotional
impact to the storytelling. 
o Disney movies are popular and widely recognized, making them a relatable
and accessible choice for analysis. Their diverse range of films, characters,
and themes provides huge material for exploring different aspects of
implicature. 
2.Implicature 
 Definition:  
o Paul Grice was the first philosopher to define logic of conversation, or study
to unfold what words in conversation means. 
o He said that something in conversation must be more than just the word
means, it is an additional conveyed meaning, called an implicature. 
o Ex: "I have a lot of work to do” => implicating that they are too busy to
socialize or engage in other activities. 
 Cooperative Principle 
o Grice (1975) stated that participants in a conversation obey a general
‘Cooperative Principle’ (CP) 
o 4 kinds of Maxim 
 Maxim of Quality 
 Maxim of Quantity 
 Maxim of Relevance 
 Maxim of Manner 
II. Conventional implicature in Aladdin 
o Aladdin: a 2019 American musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney
Pictures. 
o The plot: The plot follows a street thief named Aladdin finds a magical lamp
with a Genie who grants him three wishes. He uses these wishes to become a
prince to impress Princess Jasmine. However, an evil vizier named Jafar tries
to steal the lamp's power. Aladdin must outsmart Jafar and discover the
importance of being true to oneself. 
 o Conventional implicature: 
 Context: At Sea on the little ship. There are two ships.  
 Dialog 
 The child: Their ship is so big. Wish ours was that fancy.
(00.58)  
 Gennie: It may not look like much, but it has somethingtheirs
never will. (01.10) 
 Analysis  
o Conventional implicature is likely less to be found in a
movie because conventional implicature convey an idea
of contrast, not completion, result. 

III.  Conversational implicature

1. Definition
Example 
A: Where’s Bill?
B: His car outside Sue’s house
   Bill might be at Sue’s house
2. Kinds of Conversational Implicature
Generalize Conversational Implicature (GCI): An implicature that happen when no special
knowledge is required in the context to calculate the additional conveyed meaning
Particularized Conversational Implicature (PCI): Happens when the conversations take place in
very specific context in which locally recognized inferences are assumed
3. Conversational Implicature and Cooperative Principles
·   If a speaker wants to be cooperative, they would follow the maxims
·   A person in a conversation may fail to follow a maxim If he desires for the hearer to
discover a different meaning
4. Conversational in Disney movies
a. Up (2009)
·   Story plot
·   Analyzed Conversational Implicature and Cooperative Principles
Ex1:
Mr. Fredricksen : See anything?
Dug : No. My pack is not following us.          
=> Generalized Conversational Implicature
Maxim of relation – Dug’s answer is  relevance to the question.    
     Ex2:
Worker : Hey! Morning, Mr. Fredricksen. Need any help there?
Mr. Fredricksen : No. Yes! Tell your boss over there that you boys are ruining our house.
  => Generalized Conversational Implicature
Maxim of quality – telling the truth
b. Beauty and the Beast  (2017)
·   Story plot
·   Analyzed Conversational Implicature and Cooperative Principles
Ex1:
Lumiere: The castle is your home now, so feel free to go anywhere you like.
Cogsworth: Except the west wing… Which we do not have.
=> Generalized Conversational Implicature
Flouting maxim of quality – Cogsworth not telling the truth    
   Ex2:
Belle: Why? What’s in the west wing?
Lumiere: Nothing…
Cogsworth: Nothing.
=> Particularized Conversational Implicature
Maxim of quality – telling the truth    
  Ex3:
Lefou : Am I catching you bad time?
Gaston : What is it, Lefou?
Lefou : A certain damsel is in distress.
=> Particularized Conversational Implicature
Flouting maxim of Manner – Lefou was ambiguous not directly mentioned Belle       
c. Monster University (2013)
·   Story plot
·   Analyzed Conversational Implicature and Cooperative Principles
Ex1:
Mike: Hey, did tou see me ride the pig, that took guts...
Chet: Slow down Squirt, this party is for scare students only.
=> Particularized Conversational Implicature
Flouting maxim of Relation – Chet’s response was not relevant
     Ex2:
Jonny: Oh sorry Killer, but you might want to hang out someone a little more your speed. They
look fun.
Mike: Is that a joke?
Jonny: Sulley, talk to your friend
 => Particularized Conversational Implicature
Flouting maxim of Relation – Jonny’s response was not relevant
   Ex3:
Sulley: You heard him, this is a party for scare student
Mike: I am a scare student
Sulley: I mean, for scare student who actually, you know, have a chance
=>  Particularized Conversational Implicature
Flouting maxim of Manner – Sulley’s answer not brief and was obscure
   Use of conversational implicature for character development and plot advancement
·  Reveal implicit meanings in the dialogues
·  Contribute to the portrayal of a character's personality
·  Makes the movies plot become more attractive to drag the readers' attention
·  Conversational Implicature in Movies
III. Influencing factor
1. Cultural factor
- Culture plays a much more important role in language learners’ comprehension in implicature
comprehension. 
- Keenan (1976) and Bouton (1988) have shown that the way implied meaning is conveyed often
seems to be defined by certain cultural and linguistic norms of a community.
=> communicating implicit import might create problems and implicatures could sometimes not
get through as intended, which might lead to misunderstandings.
- Speakers from different cultural backgrounds interpret implicatures differently, which was
ascribed to the influence of cultural differences.
2. Language awareness
- Cover all aspects of human life, the interests also include learning
- Students to be aware of this (conversational implicature) to enhance their communicative skills
and prepare them to be a proficient language learner
- Benefits of developing a good knowledge of language
 
IV. Implication 
1. Teaching english
-   In English-language films have certain elements in conveying a message
=>Conversational implicature here has a role to make the public or the audience
understand the principles in an utterance in the sentence
-   Students taught how to hone or try to think critically to analyze what is implied in the
conversation in English film literature =>creative thinking.
-   Students will be shown how to analyze a film according to their imagination and
creativity in understanding
2. Learning english
-   Application of the Theory of Conversational Implicature to the improving listening
comprehension is an efficient way
+ Grice's theories help explain how native speakers infer the implied meaning of
utterances
+ Interpreting utterances that involve implicature, speakers rely on the cooperative
principle to apply Grice's maxims to understand it
+ Non-native speakers must learn to rely on the cooperative principle and its maxims in
order to problem-understanding competent
3. Translation
-    Communication between a translator and an audience where the intention is to create
equivalence to a source text
-    Principle: preserve the original literary elements such as implicatures, parables, proverbs,
irony, metaphor, and poetry.
-    Assist translator to clear grasp of implicit meanings which would aid them in translating
more coherently
 
VII. Conclusion
A.   Recap of implicature in movies
-   Conventional implicature
-   Conversational implicature
B. The importance of applying implicature in Teaching, Learning and Translation
-   Teaching
-   Learning
-   Translation