Specialist in Cross Cultutal Communication

FACULTY OF TRANSLATION AND PHILOLOGY
TRANSLATION AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION CHAIR
A.M. Kurkimbayeva, M.M. Smagulova, A.A. Anuarbekova
FACULTY OF TRANSLATION
AND PHILOLOGY
TRANSLATION AND
INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION CHAIR
“SPECIALIST IN CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION”
Almaty, 2021
1
УДК
ББК
“Specialist in cross-cultural communication” (minor for the bachelor

students of Translation studies) / Almaty, 2021.
Recommended by the Academic Council of Kazakh Ablai khan University
of International Relations and World Languages (Protocol #2, dated
September 28, 2021)
Under the general editorship of Kounanbayeva S.S. – Doctor of
Philological Sciences, professor, academician of the International
Academy of Science of High School (IAS HSc)
Reviewers:
Bukabayeva B.E., candidate of philological sciences, associate
professor of Satbayev University
Kemelbekova Z.A., candidate of philological sciences, senior
teacher of Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University
Dzhusakinova Sh.K., candidate of philological sciences, senior
teacher of Kazakh Ablai khan University of International Relations and
World Languages
ISBN
The minor “Specialist in cross-cultural communication” is aimed to

develop professional and specialized competence of future translators in the
field of cross-cultural communication and to form ideas about the principles,
tasks and essence of cross-cultural communications, their significance for a
specialist in the field of language and publishing center.
Objectives of the course is to develop the professional and specialized
competence of future written translators in the field of cross-cultural
communication activity and pick up and learn a new skill at any point
during the written translation process. The formed competence provides
identification and consideration of language and culture features, both in
the source and in the target text/discourse, and allows achieving the most
adequate translation.
УДК
ББК
ISBN
© A.M. Kurkimbayeva,
M.M. Smagulova,
A.A. Anuarbekova
© Издательство “Полилингвa”
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CONTENTS
Lecture 1. Intercultural communication: challenges and

opportunities …..............................................................................7
Lecture 2. The process of conceptualization in the intercultural
communication …........................................................................11
Lecture 3. Cultural differences in social interactions ......................20
Lecture 4. Eastern and western styles of persuasion .......................24
Lecture 5. Time perception across cultures ...................................32
Lecture 6. The cognitive and communicative concept of
translation and translation studies …...........................................38
Lecture 7. Contemporary trends of translation and intercultural
communication ............................................................................47
Lecture 8. Translation Studies as a branch of science ...................53
Lecture 9. Translating Slang and Cultural References ……..........65
Lecture 10. Translation and Transediting.Writing annotations......70
Lecture 11. Welcome to publishing ……………............................81
Lecture 12. Product analysis ……………………………...........88
Lecture 13. Vocabulary research ………………………................99
Lecture 14. Meta-vocabulary …………………..........................104
Lecture 15. The conceptual basics of cognitive linguistics in
the theory and practice of intercultural communication ….......101
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ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
Form of Basic criteria Additional criteria Score
control
Lecture 1. The active • Pedagogical cooperation 25 %
participation. between student and teacher
2. The ability to listen • Improvisation
carefully. • Argumentation
3. The ability to quickly • Polemicize
and efficiency process • Interpretation
the just received
information.
4. Discussion of the
issue.
Seminar 1. Relevance of • Excellent teamwork 25 %
information. • The ability to think critically
2. Methods of presenting and analytically
information. • The ability to briefly and
3. Uses a wide range clearly express your thoughts
of vocabulary and • Improvisation
terminology with very • Argumentation
natural and sophisticated • Polemicize
control of the lexical • Interpretation
features.
4. Uses a wide range
of structures with a full
flexibility and accuracy.
SIW 1. Fully satisfies all the • The ability to think critically 25 %
requirements of the task. and analytically
2. Clearly presents • The ability to briefly and
a fully developed clearly express your thoughts
response. • Improvisation
3. Uses a wide range of • Argumentation
vocabulary terminology • Polemicize
with very natural and • Interpretation
sophisticated control of
the lexical features.
4. Uses a wide range
of structures with a full
flexibility and accuracy.
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P ro j e c t 1. The Project work is • Ideas are arranged logically; 25 %

work well-structured with a they strongly support the
clear storyline. Project work focus
2. Materials are • Visual aid is clear, relevant
coherently organized, and well-designed
demonstrating the • Creative effort is evident in
presenter’s mastery of making the presentation more
the subject knowledge. captivating.
3. All materials • Argumentation
presented are relevant • Polemicize
and lead naturally to • Interpretation
the result / conclusion /
recommendation.
4. Ideas are supported
by evidence, with
appropriate use of facts,
examples, statistics and
references.
Total 70 % 30 % 1 0 0
%
STRUCTURE OF THE PROJECT

WEEK STRUCTURE CONTENT REQUIREMENTS
№1 Theme of the project determine the theme of the research
project
№2 The relevance of the the necessity to prove the relevance of
problem - motivation the research topic
№3 The object and subject of determine the object and subject of
the study the research in order to conduct the
investigation
№4 The aim and objectives formation of the aim and objectives of
of the study the research, which must be achieved
and completed during the project work
preparation
№5-6 Theoretical part of the Conceptual and theoretical elements,
project work approximately 10-15 pages
№7 THE FIRST MIDTERM CONTROL
№7-8 Practical part of the The practical part consists of different
project work kinds of analysis: comparative analysis
and others, formation of the product and
its implementation in real conditions,
approximately 10-15 pages
5
№9-10 Recommendation part of Offering your own possible solutions,

the project work and recommendations according to your
research, approximately 5-10 pages.
№11 Introduction and Writing the introduction part 5 pages,
conclusion part of the and summing up the results of the
project work project work giving brief conclusions in
5 pages.
№12 Glossary, list of reference Adding of the glossary and the list of
reference, which proves that you have
made a deep investigation with regard to
the serious literature.
№13-14 Preparing of presentation Preparing of the presentation, in which
materials are coherently organized,
demonstrating the presenter’s mastery
of the subject knowledge; all materials
presented are relevant and lead naturally
to the conclusion / recommendations;
ideas are supported by evidence, with
appropriate use of facts, examples,
statistics and references.
№14 THE SECOND MIDTERM CONTROL
№15 Presentation of the The presentation lasts 15 minutes,
project work during which the presenter is fluent and
demonstrates complete mastery of the
material, good grammar and choice of
words.
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Module I. Intercultural communication and the formation of a

multilingual personality.
Lecture 1.
Theme: Intercultural communication: challenges and
opportunities.
In a global environment the ability to communicate effectively
can be a challenge. Even when both parties speak the same language
there can still be misunderstandings due to ethic and cultural
differences. Understanding the impact of globalization on cross-
culture communication is imperative for people seeking to create
a competitive advantage in the global market. As society becomes
more globally connected the ability to communicate across cultural
boundaries has gained increasing prominence. Globalization and
new communication technologies have created one common space
for all individuals and groups. Now, what happens in one country
can have an immediate impact on people and their relationships in
other countries. Indeed, all the complexity of culture does not allow
one person to study the cultural image of life and communication
models of each culture. That is why it is necessary to morass the
intercultural communication by addressing cultural issues. Theory
alone is not enough to understand intercultural communication.
Similarly, just as our relationships with family, friends, colleagues,
teachers, and society are different, so is the culture itself. It is
obvious that for all the complexity of the relationship, the use of
one approach and theory, which includes all aspects of the study of
the Intercultural communication, seems to be impossible, especially
in terms of global contexts. Remaining in detail about the general
course, which was developed for a true understanding of other
cultures in the study of communication. The study of intercultural
communication implies the application of basic principles necessary
in the process of studying other cultures, among which:
-Identification of the main properties of the culture
- Investigation of the nature of communication. Effective
and ethical intercultural communication depends, first of all, on
the understanding of how society reacts to the received “cultural
communications” from outside. Here the reaction can be quite
different:
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-passive because the society is aware of its powerlessness in the

expression of opinions; -or active, since the society believes that it has
the right to act. It is for this reason that the identification of the norms
and values of society is the main question in the identification of the
basic properties of culture. In addition, it is necessary to consider
such an aspect as a method of receiving “cultural messages”. For
example, in some Arabic countries, cleric’s actors have a huge impact
on society, while in the most Western countries, celebrities, whether
in sports, music or film industries, have some influence in shaping
public opinion, as result of globalization the ideas, predominantly
from Western mindsets can impact other cultures authenticity to
some extent. Identifying the effects of globalized communication
on society is designed to understand its results. The growing trend
towards ethnocentrism in a global society, expressed in the belief in
the superiority of our own culture, requires us to understand that each
culture is indeed different, but not worse and not better than one’s
culture. In order to avoid negative cultural trends, it is necessary
to constantly check and identify the situation in society in relation
to cultures from outside. It is necessary to remember that effective
intercultural communication requires, first of all, cultural experience,
receptivity and empathy. To adopt a different culture, it is necessary
for mediators of intercultural communication to understand such
things as nonverbal communication, the perception of space and
time in culture, cultural symbols and signs, music, designations of
colors, etc. each of these aspects is unique for each culture. Thus,
in the opinion of the American historian and philosopher Tomas
Kuhn, the effective ICC directly depends on the paradigm (pictures
of the perception of the world by individuals) of different cultures.
Within this framework, intercultural communication is viewed as the
communication of representatives of different ethnic groups which
initially presupposes a clash of the communicators’ worldviews
and the fact that the translation of the text reflects the translator’s
worldview. Therefore, the representation of background knowledge
in the language, the interaction of linguistic and cultural pictures of
the world, the existence of a ‘lingua-ethnic barrier,’ the collision of
ethno-cultures and the problem of communicative failures appear
common to them.
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Literature:
1. Kunanbayeva S.S. Professional task-based guide to the
programme “The cognitive-linguacultural communicative theory
in translation”. – Almaty: Ablai Khan University of International
Relations and World Languages, 2015. – P.290.
2. Thomas S. Kuhn. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
3rd Edition. University of Chicago Press, 2018. – P. 212
Test on lecture 1
1. What is the interrelation of Language and culture?
2. Why cultural awareness is important in translation?
3. How do you understand Language world picture?
4. Is awareness and understanding of differences between SL
culture and TL culture vital for translators?
5. Have you ever tried to adapt the target text to the target
culture?
SEMINAR 1
Special task for oral communication:
1.Investigate the following video material and answer the
questions below.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKK7wGAYP6k// How
language shapes the way we think | Lera Boroditsky
QUESTIONS TO THE VIDEO
1. What the spatial dimensions of Kuuk Thaayorre aboriginal
tribe of Western Australia are? Do they have ‘right’ and ‘left’ in their
language?
2. How do they greet each other? (How it is translated in
English?)
3. Did audience manage to point to south-east when
Boroditsky asked them? Could you do that in a closed space?
4. Do Kuuk Thaayorre also think differently about other
things, like time?
5. What are the difference between colour perception of
Russian and English speaking people?
6. How grammatical genders in Spanish and German?
7. How are the same events description differ in different
languages?
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8. How do you think does language shape the way we think or

vice versa?
2. Investigate the following video material and answer the
questions below.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQvqDv4vbEg//
Business Speaker Erin Meyer: How Cultural Differences Affect
Business
1. What is Cultural complexity (express your opinion and
give a complete definition)
2. How does Erin Meyer break down critical elements of
international communication affecting day-to-day interactions in an
increasingly connected globe?
3. How do you think what spheres of life depend on
intercultural communication?
4. Should the intercultural studies be included in the
curriculum in the higher education systems around the world?
Special task for written communication:
1. Translate the following sentences. Give your version of
explaining and reasoning the similarity of equivalents. Identify the
units with structure-functional divergences and give your explanation
of their roots.
Jane has an upbeat personality. She is the life and soul of the
party. His cotton candy words did not appeal to her taste. He wanted
to set sail on the ocean of love, but he just wasted away in the desert.
I’ll move heaven and earth to achieve my goal. He married her
to have a trophy wife.
2. Give the adequate rendering of the given statements into
Russian/Kazakh.
A. We must acknowledge that there is not a fixed order of
values within a given culture. Cultures are continually in a state of
change, so does the culture’s values. This does not mean that we are
free to determine right and wrong for ourselves with no regard for
what others think. Such a mind-set shows not understanding ethics.
B. It is increasingly impossible for leaders single-handedly
to hold the strings to complex manufacturing networks, where the
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lock of senior-level oversight in the area may unravel years of hard

work. As the shoes of those who sit at the head of manufacturing
giants grow bigger, finding the right people to fill them is a growing
challenge.
C. Although the Statue of Liberty was originally the symbol
of friendship between the US and France and both nations’
mutual belief in freedom, it has ultimately become an important
representation of the US. Before airplanes, ships were the main
source of transportation for travel and immigrants, and The Statue
of Liberty served as a warm welcome for those who sailed into the
New York Harbor (Kristina Sendayen)
D. The UK is well known for its history and what all had
happened there. In addition, they are heavily influenced by the
surrounding countries. There is a lot of food, art, literature, and
many other things that make up the culture. When I think of UK
these come to mind because growing up I seen it in movies and it
was always something that was only seen there not anywhere else
(Valerie Trujeque).
Lecture 2.
Theme: The process of conceptualization in the
intercultural communication.
A concept is the notion or image that we conjure up when we
think of some cluster of related observations or ideas. For example,
masculinity is a concept. What do you think of when you hear that
word? Presumably you imagine some set of behaviors and perhaps
even a particular style of self-presentation. Of course, we can’t
necessarily assume that everyone conjures up the same set of ideas
or images when they hear the word masculinity. In fact, there are
many possible ways to define the term. And while some definitions
may be more common or have more support than others, there isn’t
one true, always-correct-in-all-settings definition. What counts as
masculine may shift over time, from culture to culture, and even
from individual to individual.
The process of specifying what we mean by a term. In
deductive research, conceptualization helps to translate portions of an
abstract theory into testable hypotheses involving specific variables.
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In inductive research, conceptualization is an important part of the

process used to make sense of related observations. The conceptual
basis of cognitive linguistics grounded by a personal worldview
and comprehension of language and its role in cognitive processes
made it possible to apply them not only to the development of the
cognitive and linguacultural foundation of the modern methodology
of foreign language education, but also to serve as a determining
factor and direction in the development of a cognitive concept of
translation and translation studies.
Bearing in mind that the cognitive activity of a person in
their linguistic development is regarded as a universal quality with
an individual nature, it is fair to say that their cognitive activity is
characterised: 1) by the fact that the mediator relies on the shaped
cognitive strategies of their culture as the basis for cognitive images
in relation to which they become aware of elements of the alien
culture; 2) new cultural cognitive images and knowledge of the
target language country, both those already possessed and those yet
to be mastered; 3)new knowledge about one’s own culture revealed
whilst experiencing a foreign culture.
The position adopted in cognitive linguistics is that there are
commonalities in the ways humans experience and perceive the
world and in the ways human think and use language. This means
that all humans share a common conceptualizing capacity. However,
Общие черты
these commonalities are no more than constraints, delimiting a
range of possibilities. As we have seen, there is striking diversity
in the two domains we have surveyed, which shows that the way
English speakers think and speak about space and time by no means
represents the only way of thinking and speaking about space and
time. According to cognitive linguists, language not only reflects
conceptual structure, but can also give rise to conceptualization. It
appears that the ways in which different languages ‘cut up’ and ‘label’
the world can differentially influence non-linguistic thought and
action. It follows that the basic commitments of cognitive linguistics
are consonant with a weak version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, a
position that some linguists argue is gathering increasing empirical
support.There are two notable approaches to meaning construction
that have been developed within cognitive linguistics. The first
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is concerned with the sorts of mechanisms central to meaning

construction that are fundamentally non-linguistic in nature.
Meaning construction processes of this kind have been referred to as
‘backstage cognition’ (Fauconnier, 1985/ 1994, 1997). There are two
distinct, but closely related, theories of backstage cognition: mental
spaces theory, developed in two monographs by Gilles Fauconnier
(1985/1994, 1997), and conceptual blending theory, developed by
Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner (2002). Mental spaces theory
is concerned with the nature and creation of ‘mental spaces’, small
packets of conceptual structure built as we think and talk. Conceptual
blending theory is concerned with the integrative mechanisms and
networks that operate over collections of mental spaces in order to
новые неожиданно появляющиеся
produce emergent aspects of meaning.
Behind the idiosyncrasies of language, cognitive linguistics
has repeatedly uncovered evidence for the operation of more
general cognitive processes. Mappings between mental spaces are
part of this general organization of thought. Although language
provides considerable data for studying such mappings, they are
not in themselves specifically linguistic. They show up generally in
conceptualization. A striking case of a general cognitive operation
on mental spaces that is reflected universally in the way we think is
conceptual integration.
Conceptual integration consists in setting up networks
of mental spaces which map onto each other and blend into new
mental spaces in various ways. In everyday thinking and talking,
we use conceptual integration networks systematically in the on-
line construction of meaning. Some of the integrations are novel,
others are more entrenched, and we rarely pay conscious attention
to the process, because it is so pervasive. In a conceptual integration
network, partial structure from input mental mental spaces is
projected to a new blended mental space which develops dynamic
(imaginative) structure of its own.
Most aspects of human life, not just language, bring in
conceptual integration networks. This remarkable cognitive capacity
has been studied in a variety of domains, such as mathematics, action
and design, distributed cognition, magic and religion, anthropology
and political science. It has been suggested that the capacity of
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conceptual integration evolved biologically to reach a threshold,

double-scope creativity that constitutes a necessary condition for the
cognitively modern human singularities of art, creative tool making,
religious thought, and grammar.
Literature:
1. Kunanbayeva S.S. Conceptual Foundations of Cognitive
Linguistics in the formation of a multilingual personality. – Almaty,
2018. – P.260.2. Kunanbayeva S.S. Professional task-based guide to
the programme “The cognitive-linguacultural communicative theory
Relations and World Languages, 2015. – P.290.3. Gilles Fauconnier.
Ten Lectures on Cognitive Construction of Meaning. – 2018.
Answer the questions
1. To what extent do the personal experience and interests
reflect the speech of communicants?
2. How can the language influence the person’s understanding
and interpretation of the environment?
3. How are concepts described in linguistic culture study?
4. What are the main features of collective consciousness?
5. What is it represented by? What ethno-cultural specifics
could you identify?
SEMINAR 2
questions below.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMyofREc5Jk//
Intercultural Communication | Pellegrino Ricardi | TEDxBergen
1. How different cultures can interact effectively?
2. In the given case: Is it difficult for expats in Norway? Is it
difficult to reach an understanding between Italians and Norwegians?
3. What are the challenges of the interacting with the
representatives of different cultures, nationalities and psychotypes?
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questions below.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-uOijZ5mRo
1. What is IP (inflectional phrase)?
2. What is the difference between the natural language and
artificial one? Where artificial language is used?
3. What is Chomsky hierarchy?
Look at the figure below:
4. What is the type 3 grammar (which is in the bottom of the

hierarchy)? What language can be attributed to this type?
5. What is the type 0 grammar (which is in the bottom of the
hierarchy)? What language can be attributed to this type?
6. To what type in the hierarchy of Chomsky does the natural
language fit?
1. Read the post and write annotation of the post in 80 words.
This is why I travel. Two women from two entirely different sides
of the globe, somehow brought together for a brief moment in time.
My trip to Ethiopia opened my eyes to what it means to
be a woman. It’s good to read about the lives of women in
different parts of the world in books or online. But nothing
prepared me for experiencing it in person day after day.
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To laugh with them. To walk their lands. To be the same but so different.
In the Omo Valley, local tribes such as the Hamar, Mursi, Aari,
and Konso, women are responsible for the most backbreaking and
thankless tasks in these communities. Everything falls on their scarred
shoulders - from carrying life-giving jugs of water for miles to raising
10+ children in a harsh land. As different as their daily lives may
be from mine, they still seek love, happiness, and safety. How that
materializes is a product of our respective environments and societies,
but that’s why two strangers from different ways of life connect.
And connection is why I travel.There are many nuances to be aware
of when visiting any local tribes. If done irresponsibly, tourism can
negatively effect the people who live in these rural communities by
promoting a type of “human safari” where tourists only exploit rather
than support. I have several pieces of advice to avoid participating in
this type of travel. First, it’s imperative to hire local guides who have
grown up practicing the same culture & language. They can help
navigate respectfully through the any situations you’ll find yourself
in, whether you’re in a local market or inside their family’s home.
In some ways, tourism has actually encouraged the tribes to maintain
traditions that would otherwise have been lost as globalization
becomes more prominent. Be aware that some tribes have now
become tourism-dependent, with tourism being their only reliable
source of income when the weather becomes inhospitable for cattle
& crops. Withdrawing tourism could be disastrous since many
depend on it to feed their families & support their farming. The
key to traveling here is to only participate in experiences mindfully
and to treat people with the same respect you would like to receive
(Lexie Alford).
2. Give the adequate rendering of the given text into
Kazakh/Russian.Pole position-Jimmy Carter realized how to get
a crowd to pay interest. In a speech given during his 1977 visit to
Poland, he seemed to state sexual desire for the Communist country
or that is the thing that his translator said. It turned out Carter had
said he wanted to know about the Polish individuals’ ‘desires for
the future’. His interpreter additionally translated “I left the United
States at the beginning of today” into “I left the United States, never
to return”. As per Time magazine, even his innocent statement that
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Carter was glad to be in Poland turned into the case that “he was glad
to grasp Poland’s private parts”. It isn’t astonishing that the President
utilized a different interpreter when he gave a toast at a state feast
later in a similar trip. In the wake of conveying his first line, Carter
stopped to be translated but the interpreter remained quiet. After a
different line, he was again met by quiet. The explanation was that
the new interpreter couldn’t comprehend the President’s English and
had concluded that the best way was to stay silent. At the point when
Carter’s excursion finished, he had become the punchline for some
a Polish joke.
SIW 1 (5 hours)
Task 1. Read the article by Susan A. Gelman and Steven O.
Roberts “How language shapes the cultural inheritance of categories”
according to the link: https://www.pnas.org/content/114/30/7900
and prepare a glossary of terms mentioned in the article.
Task 2. Give the adequate rendering of the given statements
into Kazakh/Russian.
Germany is to return precious artefacts that were plundered
from Nigeria during the colonial era in the late-19th century. The
world-famous Benin Bronzes are currently on display at a museum
in Leipzig. The Bronzes comprise a collection of more than a
thousand metal plaques, sculptures and statues. They were created
by the Edo people in what used to be the Kingdom of Benin from
the 13th century. They decorated the royal palace of the Kingdom of
Benin, in what is now Nigeria. Most of the objects were looted by
British forces in 1897. Two hundred pieces were taken to the British
Museum in London, while others went to museums across Europe.
Nigeria has tried for decades to get them repatriated.
Experts say the 16th-18th century returning pieces are among
the most highly regarded works of African art. Many Nigerians are
welcoming their return. Nigeria’s Institute for Benin Studies said
Germany is, “leading in the global restitution movement” of former
colonial powers returning looted treasures. It said: “Other European
nations should be willing and open to acknowledge that all objects
looted in 1897 belong to the Benin people. Like Germany, they too
should initiate or join the dialogue to discuss the future of these
17
objects.” However, some Nigerians believe the objects are safer in

Europe. One man said: “With the insecurity now, the safety of those
artefacts cannot be guaranteed.”(breakingnewsenglish.com)
Task 3. Mark and analyze the cases of structure-functional
divergences and give your arguments, explaining their sources
and roots.
A. The four – Power Alliance launched by Japan, India,
Australia and the United States quickly fizzled out and laid the
groundwork for increasing co-operation among the four countries.
The ties are bearing fruit.
B. If women knew they could receive the tools and training
to have a successful career in the private sector they would be
convinced that no longer do they have to settle for working in a
dead-end sector.
C. The role of women is not black and white. There doesn’t
have to be a stark choice made between family and career. With the
right approach, women can greatly increase their already profound
and prosperous contribution.
D. The pro-Soviet tilt of India’s foreign policy at that period
drove a wedge between India and the nations of Southeast and East
Asia.
Task 4. Write a comment on the following quotations
taking into account that a translator is a mediator between two
different languages two different cultures.
Being a translator means removing a language barrier and,
as much as possible, bridging a cultural gap between people. (Julia
Thorton)
It means seeing the world through different eyes. As a
translator, I work with people from all over the world. All of them
have a different interpretation about life and other things. So, have
more than two eyes while being a translator. (Sherif Abuzid)
Translator is a nobleman or noblewoman who translates the
source language into target language. Also, he or she is a political
researcher. Presidents or classy politicians speak through translator.
Translation is a critical job, and your classy translation may save the
world. (Qasem Mafi)
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Task 5. Give adequate translation of the given

advertisements in your mother tongue.
English Field and subject of Kazakh/Russian
advertisements advertising translation
Good to the Last Drop. Coffee firm «Maxwell House»
Ask the Man Who Car brend «Packard»
Owns one. Soft drink «Seven-up»
Fresh-up with Seven- Soft drink «Соса-cola»
up. Petrol (different companies)
Coke is the real thing.
Put a tiger in your
tank!
Come alive! You’re
in the switched-on
generation!
Task 6. Find the right equivalents of the given clichés in

Kazakh/Russian languages
all things considered behind the scenes
it is all to the good cannot believe my eyes
ample opportunity between two fires
сast-iron will wolfish appetite
to appear on the scene beyond a shadow of doubt
apple of discord bitter irony
tied to someone’s apron strings to bless one’s lucky star
armed to the teeth bone of contention
to be in the same boat with a burning question
to bear the brunt (of the battle) to call a spade a spade
to beat swords into to put (or set) the cart before the horse
ploughshares to cast in one’s lot with
the beaten track to cast pearls before swine
Lecture 3.
Theme: Cultural differences in social interactions.
Intercultural communication as a field of study began after
World War II. For many people, the sheer joy of learning about other
cultures is sufficient reason to study intercultural communication.
They are curious about how different worldviews affect
communication and human understanding. People who consider
their own culture as the only culture often feel that they do not need
to study how others see the world. They presume that everyone sees
19
the world pretty much as they do, or they are ethnocentric, judging
other cultures as inferior to their own culture. A few people are even
xenophobic, fearing that which is foreign, strange, and different.
Many of us perceive the world through the eyes of a single
culture, surrounded by other people with similar views. We attempt
to move away from that monocultural viewpoint. The ability to see
the world from different points of view is fundamental to the process
of becoming intercultural. While students can study intercultural
communication from their own single point of view, they will
not learn or retain as much as students who are aware of multiple
perspectives. This is not to say that the student’s existing point of
view is wrong and another one is right. Rather, it is to suggest that
there are different ways of thinking and that such differences must
be recognized and respected.
Intercultural communication may be said to occur when people
of different cultural backgrounds interact, but this definition seems
simplistic and redundant. To define intercultural communication,
it’s necessary to understand the two root words – culture and
communication.
Face-to-face interaction of even the simplest sort is a far more
socially intricate operation than we generally recognize. It is rife
with unacknowledged rituals, tacit understandings, covert symbolic
exchanges (non-verbal language), impression management
techniques, and calculated strategic maneuverings. In face-to-face
encounters in “real time’ they might not have access to information
from the person’s background. So, in the absence of confirming
or disconfirming information that the person is as they claim, they
compare what the person intentionally expresses about themselves
against other expressions that the person unintentionally “gives
off”: facial expressions, mannerisms, gestures, nervousness, quality
of clothing, use of language and so on. This dynamic between a
person’s self-presentation and the audience’s critical discernment
sets in motion a number of micro-level structures that govern the
course of social interactions no matter their specific content. To sum
up above said, it is important to highlight the importance of being
able to be ‘an intercultural person’ for successful communication
across the cultures.
20
Today, a growing number of people do not have clear racial,

ethnic, or national identities. These are people who live “on the
borders” between various cultural groups. While they may feel
torn between different cultural traditions, they also may develop a
multicultural identity – an identity that transcends one particular
culture – and feel equally at home in several cultures. Sometimes,
this multicultural identity develops as a result of being born or
raised in a multiracial home. In Kazakhstan there are approximately
19 million people and more than 100 nationalities and cultures. That
makes the population of the country culture sensitive. In the United
States, for example, there are an estimated 2 million multiracial
people – that is, people whose ancestry includes two or more races
– and this number is increasing. The development of racial identity
for multiracial children seems to be different from either majority
or minority development. These children learn early on that they
are different from other people and that they don’t fit into a neat
racial category – an awareness-of-differentness stage. The second
stage involves a struggle for acceptance, in which these children
experiment with and explore both cultures. They may feel as if
they live on the cultural fringe, struggling with two sets of cultural
realities and sometimes being asked to choose one racial identity
over the other. In the final stage, self-acceptance and assertion, these
children find a more secure sense of self. This exposure to more
than one culture’s norms and values often leads to a flexible and
adaptable sense of identity – a multicultural identity.
Thus, it may be concluded that multiculturalism is not only
born peculiarity of the society, but it can and must be thought
through life.
Literature:
2018. – P.260.
21
3. Sharifian, Farzad. The Routledge handbook of language

and culture. Routledge. 2015.
1. Give the definition of culture in your interpretation.
2. How can you define “monocultural viewpoint”?
3. How can you define multicultural identity?
4. What kind of cultural problems will be found in translation?
5. What are the Cultural Values of America and Kazakhstan?
SEMINAR 3
1. Investigate the following video material and answer
the questions below https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eu-
9rpJITY8 // George Lakoff on how he started his work on conceptual
metaphor.

1. How did he start working with metaphor?
2. Why does he claim that metaphors are purely cognitive?
3. What happened during his lecture?
4. Do you think that his idea about metaphors is revolutionary
in linguistics?
questions below
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCvQw3gKJOU
In this video you will see a TED talk about the difficulties in
translation and why it is psychologically difficult to adjust translator’s
mindset into TT language peculiarities. Watch attentively and answer
the questions below:
1. What language units make translation difficult?
2. She brought an example “I have an uncle” in three
languages? How would you say that in you mother tongue? Will
these sentences be the same?
3. Is it possible to transmit ideas between languages without
losing something?
4.
22
5. How gender designations in languages differ? What makes

them difficult to translate to a translator?

1. Translate paying attention to the translator’s false
friends.
1. The crew of the boat consisted of her husband, his two
mates, three engineers, twelve firemen and ten able-bodied
seamen.
2. The undersecretary was in evening dress.
3. “Take the chair” — shouted the comrades to comrade
Johnson — “and don’t give the floor to anybody for more than ten
minutes; we want to hear your paper at full length.”
4. A physician working with X-rays must be something of a
physicist.
5. The work of a compositor is rather difficult.
6. The speaker of the House of Commons stops a speaker if
he puts things too bluntly.
7. The tramp took up some kind of shipment at every port.
8. The book was edited by a famous scholar.
9. Mendeleyev was a great student of chemistry.
10.A librarian must know both Sciences and Arts.
11. The faculty of the New Orleans University consists of the
best scholars, especially in Arts.
Kazakh/Russian.
In 2018 Sayragul Sauytbay made international headlines
when she spoke publicly about conditions in the camp. China
had denied the existence of the centres, despite reports that
they had grown into a sprawling network on hundreds of sites.⁠
→Now she is telling the full story of her incarceration, the
torture she says she experienced, the horrors she witnessed
during five months inside, and her dramatic escape from China.
→The United Nations has estimated that more than one
million Uighurs, Kazakhs (the second largest ethnic group
in the region) and other mostly Muslim minorities have been
incarcerated. There have been credible reports of inmates
23
being used for slave labour and of the enforced sterilisation

ofwomen.→(https://www.instagram.com/p/COVBIyyjuJF/).
Lecture 4.
Theme: Eastern and western styles of persuasion.
Tensions arise between identity groups for many reasons, but
a distinction can be made between (1) situations in which parties
simply misunderstand one another’s ways of communicating and
negotiating, and (2) those in which some fundamental aspect of a
culture itself is in question. It is not a problem of miscommunication
or understanding that informs divides over issues such as female
circumcision; abortion; views on crime and systems of punishment
such as the stoning of women accused of adultery; depictions of God;
whether gays should be allowed to marry; female or gay priests;
animal sacrifices; appropriate dress; women’s rights; systems of
justice. The saying is ’no peace without justice’ – the problem is
that conflicts are often generated by competing perceptions of what
justice is. These are core values issues. They reflect deep cultural
divides over values themselves, not just gaps in communicating
about them.
In much of the West, it is considered maddeningly inefficient
to talk around an issue, whereas East Asians tend to view direct
confrontation as immature and unnecessary. That difference amounts
to a frustrating cultural divide in how people solve problems at work.
Westerners prefer to get issues out in the open, stating the
problem and how they’d like to see it resolved. People don’t expect
their logically constructed arguments to be taken personally. Often,
they describe problems as violations of rights and hold one another
accountable for fixing them. In fact, they consider such behavior
“professional.”
But that same approach is an anathema throughout East
Asia, where the overriding impulse is to work behind the scenes
through third parties to resolve conflicts, all the while maintaining
harmony and preserving relationships. When there is no third party
to intervene, the professional approach to confrontation is to subtly
draw attention to concerns through stories or metaphors, placing
the onus on the other person or group to recognize the problem and
24
decide how to respond. To convey disapproval, an East Asian might

say, “That could be difficult,” without explaining why.
Although common sense tells us we should move past our own
cultural preferences in a global workplace environment, it’s not easy
to do. And many people don’t realize how pronounced the cultural
differences are until they find themselves perplexed by a colleague’s
behavior.
Recently, a Western manager spoke to us about the mysterious
(to him) behavior of a high-potential East Asian he had been assigned
to mentor during a three-month assignment at the company’s
U.S. headquarters. He said, “Every time the East Asian manager
disagrees with an American marketing manager he’s working with
on a project, he comes to me to resolve the disagreement! Is he doing
this because the marketing manager is a woman?” Gender probably
has nothing to do with it, we explained. More likely, the East Asian
manager worries that direct disagreement will damage their working
relationship, so he’s involving a higher-level manager to preserve
peace by adjudicating. (1)
In avoiding direct confrontation, East Asians can appear to
Westerners as unresponsive or even passive-aggressive. At the same
time, Westerners who confront directly may come across to East
Asians as aggressive and disruptive to traditional status hierarchies.
And neither side recognizes its unintentional affront to the business
relationship. The result of all this? Discord that could have been
resolved escalates into a major conflict in which everyone stands to
lose: Deals and long-term business relationships fall apart.
As the example above illustrate, we do not communicate
simply to transfer information or ideas – we communicate to persuade
others to do something we want, to change their behavior or beliefs.
A sales agent tries to get someone to buy a house or a car or some
other commodity; a manager tries to get his team to work harder
to achieve business objectives; a politician tries to convince voters
that his approach is better for them than a competitor; a teacher
tries to get children to do homework; a company negotiator tries
to persuade a union counterpart to accept a wage freeze for a year;
diplomats try to persuade one another to change policies on trade
or border controls or nuclear power or treatment of their citizens to
25
avoid a more violent confrontation between their nations. In short

much of human activity is about persuasion, an activity much
researched by social psychologists, analysts of consumer behavior,
as well as investigators of culture and leadership. People across
cultures respond differently to how things are communicated – for
instance while some may be persuaded to change their behavior on
the basis of blunt public feedback, others may feel.
The most effective global managers, like the entrepreneur in
the bike story, develop the focus and control to shift from one style of
confrontation to the other, depending on the situation. If you have little
experience managing conflict beyond your cultural comfort zone, here are
some suggestions for adjusting your style.
If you’re most familiar with the West:
• Look for subtext. If you suddenly realize you’re listening to a story
or a metaphor, that’s a signal. Think: Why this story? Why this metaphor?
If you’re stumped, you might say, “How interesting. Why do you think the
person in the story did that? What was she expecting others to do?”
• Suggest a tentative solution. Express it as a question—“Could this
be done?”—and not as a given. Listen for “that might be difficult” or a
noncommittal “yes,” which may really mean “no” and certainly suggests
that your approach isn’t optimal.
• Don’t be put off by third-party intervention. Understand that by
not confronting you directly, your East Asian colleague is treating you with
respect, even while disagreeing with your approach.
If you’re most familiar with the East:
• Brace yourself for direct behavior. When your Western counterpart
directly challenges your assumptions, offers solutions, or asks you to
take responsibility, it is unlikely to be an intentional attack on you. He is
probably not questioning your status or authority, but rather questioning
the situation. You’ll reduce the risk of losing face by arranging for a private
meeting to discuss issues.
• Ask follow-up questions to test for understanding. What seems
clear to you may be lost on those more familiar with Western communication
styles—even when spoken in their language.
• Recognize that your counterpart will be surprised and possibly
offended if you communicate your concerns through a third party rather
than directly.
26
Of course, you don’t have to make all the concessions yourself.

But you’ll need to make some if you want to resolve more cross-
cultural conflicts than you create.
Literature:
1. Kunanbayeva. S.S Conceptual Foundations of Cognitive
2018. – P.260.
and culture. Routledge, 2015.
1. What are cultural differences in communication between
West and Eastern cultures?
2. What is professional “behavior” in terms of Westerners?
What forces the East Asians decline direct disagreement?
3. Why do you think deals and long-term business relationships
sometimes fall apart across cultures?
4. What cues can be assumed to avoid cultural misunderstanding?
Is it necessary to shift from one style of confrontation/persuasion to
the other? Why?
5. Do you agree with V.A. Maslova: “Human activity i.e.
cultural behavior is both universal and nationally specific”?
27
SEMINAR 4
questions below
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFdCzN7RYbw//
Science of Persuasion // influence at work
1. Briefly explain 6 shortcuts given in the video lecture.
2. As a bilingual can you say that your persuasion style
depends on the language you choose to speak at the moment?
questions below
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l-Yy6poJ2zs// How
Culture Drives Behaviours | Julien S. Bourrelle | TEDxTrondheim.

1. How does the lecturer argue on how we see the World
through cultural glasses?
2. “By changing the glasses, you can change the way you
interpret the World” Do you support/or not the statement?
3. Do the mind map of the lecture and discuss it with the class.
Kazakh/Russian.
BlackLivesMatter was founded in 2013 in response to the
acquittal of Trayvon Martin’s murderer. Black Lives Matter Global
Network Foundation, Inc. is a global organization in the US, UK, and
Canada, whose mission is to eradicate white supremacy and build
local power to intervene in violence inflicted on Black communities
by the state and vigilantes. By combating and countering acts of
violence, creating space for Black imagination and innovation, and
centering Black joy, we are winning immediate improvements in our
lives.
28
We are expansive. We are a collective of liberators who

believe in an inclusive and spacious movement. We also believe that
in order to win and bring as many people with us along the way, we
must move beyond the narrow nationalism that is all too prevalent
in Black communities. We must ensure we are building a movement
that brings all of us to the front.
We affirm the lives of Black queer and trans folks, disabled
folks, undocumented folks, folks with records, women, and all
Black lives along the gender spectrum. Our network centers those
who have been marginalized within Black liberation movements.
We are working for a world where Black lives are no longer
systematically targeted for demise.
We affirm our humanity, our contributions to this society,
and our resilience in the face of deadly oppression.
The call for Black lives to matter is a rallying cry for ALL
Black lives striving for liberation. (https://blacklivesmatter.com/
about/).
2. Write annotation of the given article in 80-100 words.
Tesla will no longer accept Bitcoin as payment due to concerns
about climate change, its CEO Elon Musk said in a tweet.Bitcoin
fell by more than 10% after the tweet and Tesla shares also dipped.
The company’s announcement in March that it would accept the
cryptocurrency was met with an outcry from some environmentalists
and investors.In February it revealed it had bought $1.5bn (£1bn)
of the world’s biggest digital currency - but on Thursday, it
backtracked.“We are concerned about rapidly increasing use of fossil
fuels for Bitcoin mining and transactions, especially coal, which has
the worst emissions of any fuel,” Elon Musk wrote.
SIW 2 (5 hours)
Task 1. TED Talks give you academic-level vocabulary and
phraseology while still maintaining a personal tone, so it’s really
an all-around, fantastic translation exercise option. Carry out
translation of TED Talk according to the given link: https://www.
ted.com/talks/amy cuddy your body language may shape who
you are?referrer=playlist-the most popular talks of all
29
Task 2. Translating your personal favorite YouTubers

increases your knowledge in the areas that are important to you and
allows you to grow a lexicon that’ll help you in the future when
you’re talking about things that you enjoy in the target language.
Task 2. Write a persuasive paragraph about your chosen
profession in Kazakh/Russian languages and translate it into
English.
Task 3. Write a review to the given article.
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has announced it will grant
citizenship to foreign residents who “add value” to the nation. It is
very rare for a Gulf state to bestow citizenship on foreign nationals
and represents a bold revision of the UAE’s immigration policy.
UAE Vice-President and ruler of Dubai Sheikh Mohammed bin
Rashid al Maktoum explained that people with “specialised talents”
who “contribute to our development journey” could fall under
the new policy. He said artists, doctors, engineers, entrepreneurs,
intellectuals, inventors, investors and scientists could be eligible to
be given a UAE passport. All successful people and their families
would be permitted to hold dual nationality.
The procedure to be given citizenship is dependent on
recommendations and nominations from members of the UAE
royal family and high-ranking government officials. It will
then be the decision of the UAE cabinet to approve or reject the
nomination. Sheikh Mohammed said there are “clear criteria”
in the selection process. Doctors must be specialized in scientific
fields that are deemed high-priority by the UAE. They must have
conducted significant studies and research. Scientists must be active
researchers and have made contributions to their field by attaining
an international award or research grant. Inventors need patented
inventions registered by an internationally recognized organization
(breakingnewsenglish.com).
Task 4. Translate correctly the phraseological units in the
given examples into Kazakh/Russian.
a) “The ship blew its horn a last time and broke his heart so it
fell from his eyes in tears as he cried all the names of his loves on the
shore”, but it is necessary to remark that he learn to recover himself:
30
“Douglas swallowed hard”.b) “It was a quiet morning, the town

covered over with darkness and at ease in bed”. “The colonel let
the silence build, then broke it again”. c) “As for herself, her house
was in extreme good order, everything set to its station, the floors
briskly swept, the foods neatly tinned, the hatpins thrust through
cushions, and the drawers of her bedroom bureaus crisply filled with
the paraphernalia of years”.
Task 5. Review the following case study about time
perception between Italy and Switzerland.
a) Read the case answer the questions:
Case.
A major Italian manufacturing company hired a Swiss software
and engineering company to develop the computerized equipment.
The two companies agreed on a plan with the following four phases:
1) develop software specifications for the shopping and handling
department, 2) design the software, 3) make the computerized
machines using the software, and 4) put the new equipment in
the warehouses. They also developed a general schedule of when
each phase should be completed. In the first phase, the two companies
agreed on the preliminary specifications for the new software and
began to write a more detailed description of these specifications. At
first these meetings were friendly and effective.
The two teams used English in the meetings and had no
difficulty speaking to each other, however, within three months
there was a breakdown in communication and cooperation between
the two companies. The Swiss engineers complained that the Italian
team changed the software plans too frequently.
Every time the Swiss team thought they had an agreement on
the detailed specifications of the computer software, the Italian team
came up with new ideas and changes which delayed the project.
The Swiss team complained that the Italians were often late and
therefore the deadlines were not being met. The Italian team also
had complaints. They said that after the preliminary specifications
were made, they thought of some basic ideas that would lead to great
improvements. The Swiss team rejected the new ideas even though
the new ideas might be important because they said they were
31
finished with that step in the process. The Italian team complained
that the Swiss team required fixed dates for everything and only
cared about keeping the schedule.
Why do you think the Italian team often changed their software
plans?
Why do you think the Italian team missed the deadlines?
Why do you think the Swiss team refused the Italian team’s
new ideas?
Why do you think the Swiss team required fixed deadlines?
To which culture (monochronic or polychronic) are they
attributed to?
b) Divide into groups A and B and fill in the table and
compare your findings explaining answers to each other.
In USA/UK In Kazakhstan
Is it usual to work on several phases of
a project at the same time?
Is it important to measure time carefully?
Why or why not?
Should a schedule be flexible?
Why or why not?
Is a broken deadline a problem?
Why or why not?
Lecture 5.
Theme: Time perception across cultures.
Time is one of the most precious commodities. Attitudes to time
may differ between different cultures in often quite significant ways.
For example, being late for an appointment, or taking a long time to
get down to business, is the accepted norm in most Mediterranean
and Arab countries, as well as in much of less-developed Asia. Such
habits, though, would be anathema in punctuality-conscious USA,
Japan, England, Switzerland, etc. In the Japanese train system,
for example, “on time” refers to expected delays of less than one
minute, while in many other countries, up to fifteen minutes leeway
is still considered “on-time”.Cultural attitudes to time also differ
throughout history. The pace of modern Western life, with its fast
food, express delivery, instant coffee, sell-by dates, speed-dating,
speed-dialing, etc., as well as our reliance on clocks and the constant
32
time pressure we seem to find ourselves under, would probably

be absolutely incomprehensible to someone just a hundred years
ago. Before transcontinental railways and the telegraph and the
introduction of Standard Time in the 1880s (see the section on Time
Standards), different countries, states, and even neighbouring towns,
kept their own time with no attempt at consistency. Even though
clocks, and later watches, were widely available, much of the world
still estimated their time by the natural rhythms of the Sun and Moon
until late into the 19th Century.
One way of looking at cultural attitudes to time is in terms
of time orientation, a cultural or national preference toward past,
present, or future thinking. The time orientation of a culture affects
how it values time, and the extent to which it believes it can control
time. For example, America is often considered to be future-
orientated, as compared to the more present-orientated France and
the past-orientated Britain. Often (but not always), a past orientation
arises in cultures with a long history, like India or China, and a future
orientation in younger countries, like the USA.
Future-orientated cultures tend to run their lives by the clock.
The United States is one of the fastest paced countries in the world,
perhaps partly due to the fact that many Americans are always
looking to the future, striving for the “American Dream”. It is a
culture that values busy-ness, which equates a hectic and frenzied
life-style with success, status and importance. Japan is also an
extremely time-conscious culture, although the Japanese probably
lay more emphasis on time management and efficient lifestyles than
Americans, and consequently may feel less constantly rushed and
frustrated.
Past-orientated cultures, like that of India, for example, are
much more laid back in the way they look at time. Unlike in Japan,
it is not unusual for trains in India to be several hours, or even a full
day, late, without creating undue stress and turmoil. It is possible
that such cultures, with thousands of years of history behind them,
have such a long point of view that time at the scale of minutes, or
even hours, becomes insignificant and inconsequential.
Chronemics is the study of the use of time, and the way that
time is perceived and valued by individuals and cultures, particularly
33
as regards non-verbal communication. These time perceptions

include things like punctuality, willingness to wait, approaches to
face-to-face interactions, and reactions to time pressure.
Different cultures may be considered to be:
Monochronic – where things are typically done one at a
time, where time is segmented into precise, small units, and where
time is scheduled, arranged and managed. In such a culture, time
is viewed as a tangible commodity than can be spent, saved or
wasted, and a paramount value is placed on regimented schedules,
tasks and “getting the job done”. This perception of time is probably
rooted in the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th Century,
and the archetypal examples are the United States, Germany and
Switzerland, to which could be added Britain, Canada, Japan, South
Korea, Turkey, and the Scandinavian countries.
Polychronic – where several things can be done at once, and
a more fluid approach is taken to scheduling time. Such cultures
tend to be less focused on the precise accounting of each and every
moment, and much more steeped in tradition and relationships
rather than in tasks. Polychronic cultures have a much less formal
perception of time, and are not ruled by precise calendars and
schedules. The arbitrary divisions of clock time and calendars have
less importance to them than the cycle of the seasons, the invariant
pattern of rural and community life, and the calendar of religious
festivities. Many Latin American, African, Asian and Arab cultures
fall into this category, especially countries like Mexico, Pakistan,
India, rural China, the Philippines, Egypt and Saudi Arabia.
Variably Monochronic – a group of “in between” countries,
including Russia, Southern Europe and much of East-Central
Europe are sometimes referred to as variably monochronic cultures.
Cultures seeing deadlines differently. We all have the tendency to
look at other cultures through the lens of our own. While this is
natural, it can lead to misunderstandings when communicating with
and managing colleagues from around the world.
In order to get people from multiple cultures to meet an
important deadline, appeal to what they value. If it’s maintaining
good relationships, stress how failure to meet a deadline will
damage relationships and result in loss of trust.Western cultures
34
tend to view time as linear, with a definitive beginning and end. Time
is viewed as limited in supply, so Western people structure their
lives, especially business operations, by milestones and deadlines.
Failure to meet them could be interpreted as having a poor work
ethic or being incompetent.
Other cultures perceive time as cyclical and endless. More
importance is placed on doing things right and maintaining harmony,
rather than worrying about getting things done “on time.” In India,
for instance, deadlines are viewed as “targets” to be met in the
context of competing tasks and priorities and the potential damage a
delay would have on a particular relationship.
This isn’t to say deadline-oriented cultures aren’t concerned
with doing a job well or nurturing relationships, but getting the
job done on time is the primary capitalistic driver of being first to
market. It often takes precedence over whether relationships may be
negatively impacted. Time often literally equals money, in terms of
costs, profit margins, and beating the competition for market share.
When these differing priorities (task/time versus relationship)
are unclear or not taken into account, the result is misunderstandings
among professionals that can lead to frustration, loss of trust between
teams, missed targets and goals, and even financial penalties. Thus, it
is important for an ‘intercultural person’ to be aware of differences
in time perception across the cultures.
Literature:
2018. – P.260.
and culture. Routledge, 2015.
35

1. How Different Cultures Understand Time?
2. What is the difference between Future-orientated cultures
and Past-orientated cultures?
3. What is the importance of understanding perceptions of
time in the cross cultural relocation context?
4. What do you know about Monochronic culture?
5. What can be said about Polychronic culture?
SEMINAR 5
questions below
Watch the video by clicking the link below: https://www.
youtube.com/watch?v=MhCU9lYpcUI and answer the questions
1. Is it possible to make a fully equivalent translation from ST
to TT?
2. What types of translation does author proposes to deal
with equivalent lacking units in TT?
3. What is the main goal for a translator in this situation?
4. How to translate articles from English into Russian?
2. Investigate the following video material “How Do
Different Cultures Think About Time?” according to the link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4klDmEViusA and answer the
questions below.
1. Why does the human experience of time seem so varied?
2. How do various neurological afflictions change the
perception of time?
3. And underneath it all, how does human language impact
our ability to think about time and fully experience its rich and
mysterious contours?
36

Kazakh/Russian.
THE LARGEST CLEANUP IN HISTORY
We develop advanced technologies to rid the oceans of plastic
Every year, millions of tons of plastic enter the oceans, of which
the majority spills out from rivers. A portion of this plastic travels
to ocean garbage patches, getting caught in a vortex of circulating
currents. If no action is taken, the plastic will increasingly impact
our ecosystems, health, and economies.
We aim to clean up 90% of floating ocean plastic pollution
The Ocean Cleanup is a non-profit organization developing
advanced technologies to rid the oceans of plastic. To achieve this
objective, we have to work on a combination of closing the source
and cleaning up what has already accumulated in the ocean and
doesn’t go away by itself. This goal means we plan to put ourselves
out of business – once we have completed this project, our work is
done.
Cleaning the ocean
The Ocean Cleanup is developing a passive cleanup method,
which uses the natural oceanic forces to rapidly and cost-effectively
clean up the plastic already in the oceans. With a full fleet of cleanup
systems in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, we aim to clean up 50%
of its plastic every five years.
2. Translate the sentences paying attention to the
underlined phrases.
1. I hope the deal doesn’t fall through.2. The funding for our
new office building has fallen through.3. Some Londoners cashed
in on the Royal Wedding by renting out their homes.4. Airline
companies are cashing in on the demand for cheap flights.
5. The shop was losing money so we closed it down.6. He is
unemployed because the factory where he worked has closed down.
37
Module II. Translator editor jobs.

Lecture 6.
Theme: The cognitive and communicative concept of
translation and translation studies.
The traditional definition of the subject of translation activity
and its product is that of ensuring mediation in inter-language
communication. Translation is considered as a complex mechanism
of cognitive processes. Conceptualization of the world by a person
who formed their primary linguistic worldview in their native
language has been left out of consideration.The intercultural and
communicative competence of a translator, their development to a
qualitative level of intercultural communication freely operating in
two linguacultural dimensions cannot be achieved if only the foreign
language is preserved as the object for their acquisition. It is obvious
that the scope of the professional training of a translator needs to be
broadened and defined as: “a foreign language – a foreign culture
– a mediator of intercultural communication», which in our case
is a translator.Translation as mental simulation. According to the
new cognitive approach aimed at studying the mechanisms and
algorithms leading to the creation of a text in the target language,
the question of how the translator’s personality is formed and how
they create a qualitative final version of translation arises. In other
words, in the new paradigm of translation studies, an important
emphasis is placed on the cognitive component of the translator’s
activity and their intellectual potential. Since this requires an
analysis of thought and speech processes at all stages from the
understanding of the source material to the creation of a new
text in the target language, this determines the need to reference
the concepts and terminology of psychology, psycholinguistics,
cognitive psychology and cognitive linguistics.Translators can also
work as editors in the future. Graduates with excellent command
of English often work as editors. Their first class knowledge of
grammar and stylistics helps them make a high quality translation
of any text. Therefore, one needs to master other areas connected
with linguistics, as true professionals are ready to face challenges in
other fields. Many companies enjoy a beneficial cooperation with a
successful candidate for editor who will work with English, Kazakh,
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and Russian texts. Writing topics vary from technical and business
English to literature and the fine arts. The working process involves
receiving the text and making needed corrections. After that,
companies send the order to the customer. The process is as simple
as that. The most important consideration is that your translating
skills will be of practical use for the position of editor.
To cope with an editor’s responsibilities, it is important to
develop linguistic skills as advanced English writing skills, experience
in translating, being a responsible, capable, and creative person.
Experience that acquire in editing significantly increase professional
level and improve creative skills.
The goals of editing include correcting terminology, improving
grammar, and, most importantly, ensuring that the message of the
author is clear in the final paper.
There exists rules for text formatting and editing in various
styles in order to master editing skills. Editing may turn out to be
every student’s calling.
What is proofreading? Proofreading is simply careful reading.
Reviewing every word, sentence, and paragraph, the errors can be
found. To know proofreading symbols can shorten the amount of
time spend on editing.
Capitalization and Punctuation. Capitalization, punctuation
and spelling are the most important parts of writing. They tune up
sentences and make them start, stop, and run smoothly.
Example
the Russian Ballet travel’s. all over the world, Performing to
amazed Audiences. in each new city;
This sentence jerks along like an old car driven by someone
who does not know how to use the brakes.
Edited Example
The Russian Ballet travels all over the world, performing to
amazed audiences in each new city.
Every sentence begins with a capital letter. That is the easy
part. Many other words are capitalized. The rules to remember:
 First Words. Capitalize the first word of a sentence. If the
first word is a number, write it as a word.
Example Thirty-five soldiers lined up in front of the barracks.
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 Capitalize the pronoun I, including when it is used in the

contraction I’m. The abbreviations B.C. and A.D. appear as small
caps.
 Quotation. The first word of a direct quotation is usually
capitalized. A direct quotation contains a person’s exact words,
whether they were spoken or written.
Example: Theodore Roosevelt said, “Speak softly and carry
a big stick.”
The first word of a quoted sentence fragment is not capitalized.
Example: I agree with Theodore Roosevelt when he said to
“carry a big stick.”
 Poetry
Traditionally in poetry, the first word in each line is capitalized,
although poetry is a form of writing that commonly breaks the
rules of grammar. Many contemporary poets do not always use the
traditional forms. Very often you the first lines are not capitalized,
and sometimes there are no capitalized words in the entire poem.
All nouns and adjectives that name a specific person, place, or
thing must be capitalized. These are called proper nouns and proper
adjectives.
Family Members
Examples: Uncle Jeff, Aunt Sharon, Cousin Heidi, Grandma,
Grandpa, Dad, Mom, my cousin Karl.
When a possessive like my comes first, do not capitalize the
relationship word.
Example: my dad
Brand Names of Products
Examples: Boar’s Head® ham, Band-Aid®, Kleenex®,
Volkswagen® Jetta Official Titles
Examples: Mayor Jefferson, Governor Davis, Justice
O’Connor, President Carter, Superintendent Levy, Dean Ross, Prime
Minister Sulla, Secretary General Annan, Queen Elizabeth
Capitalize the title only when followed by a name. If the
person is a high government official or someone to whom you wish
to show respect, you may capitalize the title when it is not followed
by a name. Examples Dr. Fitzgerald, chancellor of schools; Halle
Chapman, class president; the Secretary of State; the Prince of Wales
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Names of Structures and Buildings

Examples: Empire State Building, Golden Gate Bridge, Space
Needle, Veteran’s Stadiumю Do not capitalize the unimportant
words of the name of a structure or building.
The next important issue in editing is spelling. Correct
spelling gives credibility to the work. A dictionary is handy to
confirm correctly spelled all unfamiliar words, especially if they are
key words in the piece. In the workplace, a memo with a repeatedly
misspelled word can be embarrassing. An essay with a misspelled
word in the title, or a word that is spelled incorrectly throughout the
piece, can affect your final grade.
Words that come from other languages (bourgeois, psyche),
have silent letters (dumb, knack), or are technical terms (cryogenics,
chimerical) can present problems. In addition, the spelling can
change when the word is made plural (puppies, octopi). Homonyms
like bear/bare or course/coarse can be easily confused, as can words
that have unusual vowel combinations (beauty, archaeology). When
in doubt, checking it out by consulting a dictionary is important.
Literature:
2018. – P.260.
3. Smith B. Proofreading, revising and editing skills success in
20 minutes a day. Published in the United States by LearningExpress,
LLC. – New York. – P. 203.
4. Hartley, J., Branthwaite, A., Ganier, F. & Heurley, L. (2007).
Lost in translation: Contributions of editors to the meanings of text,
Journal of Information Science, vol. 33, issue 5, pp. 551–565.
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1. Why translators must be the mediator of intercultural
communication?
2. How can you explain that translation is a mental simulation?
3. What is the difference between editing and proofreading?
4. What is the importance of capitalization in translation?
5. Why is spelling so important? And how does it influence the
translations you complete or receive?
SEMINAR 6
1. Listen to the persuasive speech on the theme “Why animal
testing is bad” till 3.47 (till the word “And summary”) You can also
find the video by following the links https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=By8sm-2ltWo. Pay your attention to the facts and opinions
that were mentioned on the first video and translate.
2. Read the article by Marta Stelmaszak “How to make the most
of your last year at university? 7 essential steps for translation students”
according to the given link https://atasavvynewcomer.org/2015/01/20/how-
to-make-the-most-of-your-last-year-at-university-7-essential-steps-for-
translation-students/ and answer the next question: determine the main seven
steps mentioned in the article. Share your own steps of gaining experience
in the field of translation.
1. In the following passage, revise any errors in pronoun
use. Remember to make all necessary changes to the sentence if
you change a pronoun.
By some estimates, 70 percent of all of the antibiotics produced
in the United States are used to promote growth in healthy livestock.
In 1998, in a report by the National Research Council and the Institute
of Medicine, they said that feeding antibiotics to farm animals
contributed to the rise of some antibiotic-resistant bacteria and that
this could make human beings sick. Papers published in a 2001 issue
of the New England Journal of Medicine also concluded that you
should be concerned about the use of antibiotics to make livestock
grow more quickly and about the bacteria that are becoming harder
to kill as a result. When David G. White and a team of researchers
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from the Food and Drug Administration tested two hundred packages
of supermarket chicken for salmonella, his researchers and himself
discovered thirty-five samples of bacteria that were resistant to at least
one antibiotic. L. Clifford McDonald and other scientists from the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also tested supermarket
chicken for an even more frightening study; their’s found that 350 of
407 samples contained Enterococcus faecium, 250 samples of which
were resistant to a potent new antibiotic cocktail called Synercid.
You carry E. faecium in your intestines naturally, but it can cause
illness if you get sick from something else. Today, a doctor usually
prescribes Synercid if his patient’s illness is caused by E. faecium
because the bacteria have grown resistant to the antibiotic that was
previously used. McDonald believes that the use of an antibiotic
related to Synercid as a growth promoter in farm animals has led
to bacteria’s increasing resistance to Synercid. Everyone should be
concerned about the rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria; whether
or not they eat meat, they could someday be infected with a bug
that is difficult to defeat. If antibiotics continue to be used simply
to make livestock bigger, humans will have a harder time protecting
theirselves against bacteria that were once easy to kill. Antibiotics
have contributed greatly to improved human health in the past
century, and no one whom understands the power of these miracle
drugs should support its misuse.
2. Use commas correctly. Add any necessary commas,
delete any that are unnecessary, and replace commas with
periods or semicolons as needed.
“All men are created equal” wrote Thomas Jefferson but his
deeds did not always match his eloquent words. Like most of the
other aristocratic landowners in Virginia, Jefferson the author of the
Declaration of Independence founder of the University of Virginia
and third president of the United States, owned slaves. One of them
was a woman named, Sally Hemings who was one-quarter African,
and was probably the daughter of Jefferson’s father-in-law and a
half-African slave, if this genealogy is correct Hemings was the
half-sister of Jefferson’s late wife, Martha. Indeed observers at the
time noted that, Hemings looked remarkably like Martha Jefferson,
who had died on September 6 1782, when Jefferson was thirty-nine.
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In 1802 a disgruntled former employee reported that

President Jefferson, was the father of Hemings’s three children.
Jefferson never responded publicly to the charge but, many people
noticed the resemblance between him and the Hemings children.
The believable scandalous rumors continued to circulate for
years after Jefferson’s death in 1826. A few historians speculated,
that Jefferson’s nephews might have fathered the Hemings
children but, most ignored the story altogether. Yes it was true
that slaveholders had often been known to impregnate slave
women, yet such an act was difficult for many white Americans
to reconcile with their views of one of the country’s founders.
In the 1990s DNA tests were used to determine whether
Jefferson could have been the father of Sally Hemings’s children.
The tests showed a match between the DNA of Jefferson’s closest
male relative’s descendants, and the descendants of Hemings’s
youngest son, Eston. Clearly either Jefferson or a close relative was
Eston’s father. Most historians are now convinced that, Jefferson did
father at least one of the Hemings children. A recent biography of
Jefferson was called American Sphinx and the third president does,
indeed seem to have hidden many secrets. Whether the revelations
about his relationship with Hemings will change the way Americans
feel about this Founding Father, remains to be seen.
SIW 3 (5 hours)
Task 1. Review Exercise. Choose your words. Revise the
following passage as needed to correct inappropriate word
choice.
Although Columbus is often cited as the first person to have
landed in America, people of Norse descent on voyages from Iceland
and Greenland must get the credit, for they came to this continent
around the year 1000. Hale and hearty Viking seamen, whose methods
of navigation were primitive, were sometimes blown off course as
they sailed the North Atlantic, and on one such voyage a Viking
named Bjarni Herjulfsson saw land even though he was far from
his destination of Greenland. A few years later, Greenlander Leif
Eriksson sailed west from his home so that he might ascertain the
truth about Bjarni’s stories. He found him a rocky island—probably
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Baffin Island—and named it Helluland, which means “Land of

Stone.” Leif also stopped at places he called Markland (“Land of
Forest”), probably Labrador, and Vinland (“Land of Wine”), a still-
unidentified island liberal with grapes. At the closure of his voyage,
Leif established a camp in what is now Newfoundland; he collected
timber there to take home to Greenland, where trees were scarce.
The Icelandic sagas, written two or three hundred years after
these voyages, may not contain the truth, the whole truth, and nothing
but the truth of the western explorations of these Vikings, but they
yield tantalizing clues. Until 1960, however, there wasn’t nobody
knew for sure that Leif Eriksson had actually visited North America,
let alone set up a camp there. In that year, a Norwegian explorer
named Helge Ingstad sailed around the coast of western Canada
looking for possible sites of Norse settlements. Ingstad talked to
local yokels in Newfoundland, who directed him to L’Anse aux
Meadows. For eight years, a noted female archaeologist, Anne Stine,
led digs there, and L’Anse aux Meadows is now recognized as the
only authenticated Viking site on the North American continent—
the settlement founded by Leif Eriksson and used for a few years by
other Vikings as a summer timber-gathering and trading site.
Task 2. Give the adequate rendering of the given post into
Kazakh/Russian Paying attention to the underlined words.
When we first met His Royal Highness Prince Philip, Duke
of Edinburgh, he and Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II had already
been on the world stage for more than half a century — welcoming
leaders like Churchill and Kennedy; Mandela and Gorbachev. As
two Americans unaccustomed to palaces and pomp, we didn’t know
what to expect.
We shouldn’t have worried. The Queen and Prince Philip
immediately put us at ease with their grace and generosity, turning
a ceremonial occasion into something far more natural, even
comfortable. Prince Philip in particular was kind and warm, with
a sharp wit and unfailing good humor. It was our first introduction
to the man behind the title, and in the years since, our admiration
for him has only grown. We will miss him dearly.Like the Queen,
Prince Philip saw world wars and economic crises come and go. The
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radio gave way to the television, and the television to the internet.
And through it all, he helped provide steady leadership and guiding
wisdom. It has long been said that the United States and Great
Britain have a special relationship — one that has been maintained
and strengthened not just by presidents and prime ministers but by
the Royal Family that has outlasted them all.
At the Queen’s side or trailing the customary two steps behind,
Prince Philip showed the world what it meant to be a supportive
husband to a powerful woman. Yet he also found a way to lead
without demanding the spotlight — serving in combat in World War
II, commanding a frigate in the Royal Navy, and tirelessly touring
the world to champion British industry and excellence. Through his
extraordinary example, he proved that true partnership has room for
both ambition and selflessness — all in service of something greater
(Barack Obama).
Task 3. What is wrong with the translation? Find and
correct them.
English text Translator’s variant Editorial change
There, product management …паробощенные
rules, pandering to a public инженеры заняты
that hasn’t clue about подлатыванием
what it really wants, while второсортных
enslaved engineers make продуктов, красиво
tiny improvements to cruft – разрекламированных
crappy products wrapped in и дефилирующих
promotion and paraded before перед потребителями,
consumers like lipsticked как накрашенные
pigs. свиньи.
Task 4. Read the post “How to teach English in Japan”

and pick out the abbreviations, write them in full. Write a post
on the theme “How to start to translate” in 250 words.
Japan is one of the best places in the world to teach English.
It’s home to incredible food, a rich cultural history, high quality of
living, and world-class cities like historic Kyoto and eclectic Tokyo.
I absolutely loved all my time in Japan.
It’s just one of the best places in the world.
And there are plenty of teaching opportunities here too for
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anyone looking for a new career or an opportunity to live overseas.

The bulk of the teaching opportunities in Japan are run by big
companies that have positions open all the time, including large
chains, smaller companies, and business English classes.
To teach English in Japan, you need to be a native English
speaker from the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South
Africa, Ireland, or the UK and have a bachelor’s degree. You’ll also
need to complete a 120-hour TEFL or CELTA certificate.
You don’t need to have any teaching experience, but the
higher-paying jobs are competitive so any experience will be helpful
when it comes to securing a good job. (nomadicmatt.com)
Task 5. Read the article by Janis F. Anderson, Robert
Powell “Intercultural communication and the classroom” p.
120-125 and write a review to the article and prepare a glossary
of terms mentioned in the article.
Literature
1. Kunanbayeva S.S. Professional Task-based Guide to the
programme “The cognitive-linguacultural communicative theory of
Translation”. Almaty, 2015. P. 120-125.
Lecture 7.
Theme: Contemporary trends of translation and
Scholars in the fields of Translation Studies and Intercultural
Studies present their research results and exchange ideas on current
trends in these rapidly developing fields as:
• Translating cultures and modernity;
• Translation and World Literature;
• Translation, education and society;
• New media, mediation and translation;
• Regional interdisciplinary translation studies;
• Intercultural Communication;
Translating for younger audiences is in need of critical
investigation, as children’s and teenagers’ literature and media
products are being increasingly globalized and glocalized, with
translation playing an important role in the process. Media
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phenomena such as Harry Potter and animated Disney films

travel across continents through hundreds of local cultures. These
productions exert a homogenizing effect whilst at the same time
undergoing transformation to adapt to new audiences.
The translation industry can’t stay still for long, constantly
needs to adapt to evolving trends. For example:
MTPE (machine translation & post-editing): Where
language companies/linguists use machine translation for rapid first-
drafts and then conduct the editing stage to achieve perfect translation
– this also happens to be an ideal application of AI translation.
Emerging industries: Global emerging industries like
cryptocurrency, green energy and artificial intelligence create more
demand for translation services, making the best companies more
in-demand than ever.
Tech-driven consistency: With translation being so open to
interpretation, technology is helping translators remain consistent,
which is crucial for large projects with multiple linguists and long-
term projects where team members may change.
What’s on the horizon? As brands try to harness the power
of video to engage, educate and entertain consumers, employees
and stakeholders, communication in our century is becoming
increasingly audiovisual and comes with exponential growth in
audiovisual content that needs to be localized. Thus, the ability to
handle video source content is becoming a key skill for the translators
of the future.
The future of audiovisual localization must be seen in the
context of these developments. As audiences consume content on
any device, video content will become shorter and more appropriate
for smaller screens, and so will the jobs that translators will be asked
to work on.
Today’s translator needs to master a skill set that goes far
beyond a solid foundation of language knowledge and the ability to
translate. It is important to develop translators’ digital skills as:
• Knowing how to use translation technology alone does not
guarantee you a job; you still need core translation skills, and this
includes being able to write to a professional level in your mother
tongue and being able to conduct proper terminology research
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• If you cannot produce a professional translation using

translation technology you have not understood how to use the
technology correctly
• The key to today’s success in the translation industry (as in
many other industries) is diversification and networking
• You need to know how to work alongside technology and not
let it make you its ‘slave’
Human translators are able to respond to analytic evaluation
and improve their work, but this is difficult for machine systems.
One of the major challenges for MT developers will be to find better
ways to incorporate human knowledge and analytic feedback into
their systems.
Embracing technology in translation
Embarking on a career as a translator means following a passion
for languages and foreign cultures. Translators are often referred to
as cultural mediators who need to know another culture intimately to
help people communicate across language and cultural barriers – but
how realistic is this view of translation, especially in the localization
industry which employs a huge number of translators? Popularity
of CAT tools, Machine Translation and post-editing and we need
to ask ourselves whether the role of translators is now centered
less on cultural communication, but has become more focused on
understanding and using the latest technology instead.
If we want translators to bridge the gap between different
cultures and at the same time increase employability in a field that
is and will remain deeply interlinked with technology, it is essential
to future-proof the role of translator by aligning it with the new
requirements that are part and parcel of technology innovation.
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Literature:
1. Kunanbayeva S.S .Conceptual Foundations of Cognitive
2018. – P.260.
3. Schäffner, C. Translation competence: training for the real
world. In S. Hubscher-Davidson, & M. Borodo (Eds.). Global trends
in translator and interpreter training: mediation and culture. – 2012.
P. 30-44.
1. What kind of current trends are you aware in translation?
2. What instruments do you use to classify errors in translation?
3. Can translators ignore theory in Translation Studies?
4. How do you define audiovisual localization?
5.𝑾𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒚𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒇𝒂𝒗𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒕 𝒆 𝑪𝑨𝑻 𝒕 𝒐𝒐𝒍𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒉𝒐𝒘
𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒍𝒚 𝒅 𝒐 𝒚𝒐𝒖 𝒖𝒔 𝒆 𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒎?
SEMINAR 7
1. Every act of communication is, in some way, an act of translation.
Writer Chris Bliss talks about the way that great comedy can translate
deep truths for a mass audience Listen to the Tedtalk according to the
link: .https://www.ted.com/talks/chris_bliss_comedy_is_translation
and share with your findings of translating comedy.
2. Watch the video about the phrasal verbs with “carry”
according to the following link https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=V6gsxYI8TXo&t=16s and translate the following
sentences into Kazakh/Russian.A phrasal verb is usually a verb
plus a preposition that we use in a different context than the verb’s
original meaning. For example, did you know that “to carry a tune”
means to sing well? To “carry” literally means to move something
while supporting it, but it can mean different things when used in
phrasal verbs.
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In this lesson, you will learn what it means to “carry out your
tasks”, “carry on” in class or at work, “get carried away”, and more.
1. They carried forward their losses to the next financial year.
2. She carried off the first prize in the competition.
3. Cancer carried him off a couple of years ago.
4. Carry on quietly with your work until the substitute teacher
arrives.
5. He’s been carrying on with someone at work for years.
6. The government is carrying out test on growing genetically
modified crops.
7. I’m too tired to cook- let’s get a carry-out.
8. The meeting carried over into the afternoon because there
was so much to talk about.
9. They carried the reforms through despite the opposition.
10. I’ll be gone for a few days, but I hope you will carry on in
my absence.
1. Create a project in the Memsource, read the following
sentences and try to translate them into Kazakh/Russian paying
special attention to the words and phrases marked in bold.
Analyze your translation and explain why it is correct.
1) Anthrax in cattle has a very rapid onset. Once spores have
been ingested, they infect macrophages (cells that are formed by
theimmune system in response to an infection), germinate and begin
to multiply.
2) It is also important to note that CA-125 is primarily a
marker for epithelial ovarian carcinoma and is only raised in 50 %
of early stage disease.
3) A careful physical examination of the woman is essential
and should include abdominal and vaginal examination and the
presence or absence of local lymphadenopathy.
4) Although clinical examination has poor sensitivity in the
detection of ovarian masses (15–51 %) its importance lies in the
evaluation of mass tenderness, mobility, nodularity and ascites.
51
2. Try translating the following paragraphs into English

and Kazakh in the Memsource. How does the word “острый”
change in translation? How would you explain such a change?
Write in comments.
Острые респираторные заболевания (ОРЗ) — группа
разнородных по локализации и этиологии воспалительных
заболеваний дыхательных путей, включающая в себя
острые респираторные инфекции и острые заболевания
неинфекционной этиологии.
Острая боль определяется как краткая по времени
проявления боль с легко идентифицируемой причиной. Острая
боль — это предупреждение организму о существующей в
данный момент опасности органического повреждения или
заболевания. Часто стойкая и острая боль сопровождается
также ноющей болью.
Самый острый нож в мире – не всегда тот, который
хорошо заточен. Что представляет собой острота? Это
толщина режущей кромки, и чем она тоньше, тем этот
показатель лучше. Современные технологии позволяют
достигать такой тонкости, что можно расчленять даже
молекулы.
Острый угол — это угол, который меньше 90 ° в градусах.
Помимо острых углов также существуют тупые и прямые
углы.
Кра́сный о́стрый пе́рец — свежие или высушенные
плоды определённых сортов тропического полукустарника
Capsicum annuum; пряность, имеющая жгучий вкус. Название
перца в русском языке созвучно с названием страны Чили,
однако происходит от «chilli» из астекских языков науатль
(современная Мексика) и переводится как «красный».
Острый язык – человек язвительный, саркастичный,
бойкий. Относится к слову «остроумный». Значение
фразеологизма может трактоваться как характеристика
человека, который может ранить словом, как острым
предметом. То есть, это тот, кто использует фразы,
слетающие с языка, как оружие.
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Lecture 8.
Theme: Translation Studies as a branch of science.
Throughout history, translation has always been a challenging
concept. Many scholars, researchers, and theoreticians have tried
to define it. However, defining translation is really easier said than
done. If translation is just considered as the act of transferring a
text from the source language into the target one, we would simply
underestimate the role of other important factors like the original
context of the text, the original audience as well as the unique features
of the original medium, i.e. the source language, used by the author.
Ginter believes that “if translation is defined as source text induced
text production, translation into a foreign language will always be an
instance of intercultural communication”. Also, Triveda says that it
was not long time ago that a shift occurred in the way language was
considered by scholars as the “…literary texts were constituted not
primarily of language but in fact of culture, language being in effect
a vehicle of the culture”.Language can never be analyzed without
focusing on its culture. Language and culture are interrelated.
Therefore, translation is not an easy task as the translator should
have enough knowledge about the subject, source language and the
target one. More than that, a successful translator is someone who
can remain as loyal as possible to the message of the original text
despite the fact that he is asked to change the language of it. That
can never happen unless the translator has enough knowledge about
both the source culture and the target one. As Ginter (2002:30) says
“the translator, as it has been proved, should be an intercultural
mediator”.To use an analogy, let’s imagine a room with yellow
walls. A painter paints the walls red. However, the room is still the
same room though the color of the walls is different now. A translator
should be like a painter i.e. he should change the language of the
text without changing the fundamental message of the original text.
Nonetheless, the translator needs to be aware of the key feature of
the source and the target culture so that he can transfer the text into a
new language without changing the meaning and the message of the
original text. Therefore, a translator should imagine himself in the
author’s shoes to be able to convey the meaning and the massage of
a text in another language.
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Translation studies do not appear as an independent branch

of scientific knowledge since it does not have an independent
and unified scientific object (process, result, activity, inter-lingual
communication).Many TS scholars would be happy to see TS firmly
established as an independent discipline, which although functions
with the help of other disciplines, but should not be viewed as a branch
of any of them. Commonly viewed, the discipline with which TS
works the most with is linguistics and it is true that many translation
theories stem from a linguistic theory which is then explained with
its benefits to TS. Many TS scholars would be happy to see TS firmly
established as an independent discipline, which although functions
with the help of other disciplines, but should not be viewed as a
branch of any of them. Commonly viewed, the discipline with
which TS works the most with is linguistics and it is true that many
translation theories stem from a linguistic theory which is then
explained with its benefits to TS. Many TS scholars would be happy
to see TS firmly established as an independent discipline, which
although functions with the help of other disciplines, but should
not be viewed as a branch of any of them. Commonly viewed, the
discipline with which TS works the most with is linguistics and it
is true that many translation theories stem from a linguistic theory,
which is then explained with its benefits to TS.
Translation
Studies is an area of work that deals with language use in
translation, interpreting, translation and interpreting teaching,
creation of translation aids (e.g. CAT tools)Translation Studies is an
area of work that deals with language use in translation, interpreting,
translation and interpreting teaching, creation of translation aids (e.g.
CAT tools).The notion of translation equivalence is traditionally
defined as:
- The correspondence of the target text with the source text.
- Linguistic,’ since it has an objective linguistic basis.
- Including the communicative means to provide the desired
results.
In achieving ‘equivalence,’ researchers have adopted different
positions. W. Koller singles out five factors as conditions for
achieving equivalence:
54
• Denotative equivalence (is one in which the SL and TL

words refer to the same thing in the real world)
• Connotative equivalence (stylistic equivalence achieved
by choosing synonyms among linguistic means). SL and TL words
should produce the same communicative values in the mind of native
speakers of the two languages. The connotation transmitted by means
of the word choices, with respect to the level of style (register), the
social and geographical dimensions, frequency, etc. Also called
“stylistic equivalence”.
• Text norms or normative-conventional equivalence. Text
normative equivalence relates to text-type specific features or text
and language norms for given text types. For example:
 Dear Anne,
 Faithfully yours,
 Art. 2. the organization and its members, in pursuit of the
purposes stated in article 1, shall act in accordance with the following
principals:
1) the organization is based on the principle for the sovereign
equality of all its members.
• Pragmatic equivalence (perception effect). The SL and
TL words have the same effect on the reader. It is also called
communicative equivalence. For example: It is cold in here.
Pragmatic equivalence is concerned with the way utterances
are used in communicative situations and the way they are
interpreted in context. It comes under semantic study. It carries
much importance while translating the mood and feel expressed in
the source text. Though it is highly complex, it can be considered
as the most fascinating subject in translation. It is concerned with
the study of meaning conveyed by participants in a communicative
situation.
• Formal-aesthetic equivalence. The SL and TL words are
used in the same or similar context in their respective languages.
Focuses on the form of the text: rhythm, verse form, special stylistic
forms of expression in syntax and lexis, word play, metaphor.
Particularly used in translation of poems, songs etc. Also called
“expressive equivalence”. For example: Wear a smile, one size fits
all.
55
• Concepts and equivalence models.

Literature:
2018. – P.260.
2. Kunanbayeva. S.S. Professional task-based guide to the
3. Koller Werner. Einführung in die Übersetzungswissenschaft/
Quelle & Meyer Verlag GmbH & Co.,7., aktualisierte Auflage, 2004.
– P.343.
4. Ginter, A. (2002). Cultural Issues in Translation. Journal of
Studies about Languages, 3(1). – P. 27-31.
5. Trivedi, H. Translating Culture vs. Cultural Translation.
Retrieved March 27, 2012, from www.uiowa.edu.
1. If we agree that texts can be rendered, then, in what way
does text linguistics contribute to translation?
2. Why do scientists think that the translator, should be an
intercultural mediator?
3. What are the five factors for achieving equivalence in
translation?
4. Does a translator need a website?
5. What do you need in order to have your website? What to
write on your site?
SEMINAR 8
1. Express your own findings to the question “Do translator’s
personalities matter in translation performance?”
2. Every day, we’re inundated with heaps of data and no easy way
to decipher it. It’s easy to feel overwhelmed in the face of this avalanche
of information. With three simple tools, Jonathan Koch outlines how
each of us can better understand data to make more informed decisions
in our professional and personal lives. Watch the Tedtalk according to
the given link: https://www.ted.com/talks/jonathan_koch_a_data_
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translation_toolkit_that_anyone_can_use and write a review about

“Data translation toolkit”, share it with your groupmates.
1. Find English equivalents of these ambiguous words.
1. John kicked the bucket after a brief illness.
2. John angry kicked the bucket out of his way.
3. He refilled the barrel with bullets
4. He refilled the barrel with wine.
5.They are getting married in the fall.
6. He took the fall.
2. Correct any errors in word order or sentence structure.
Many people fear in China and Japan the number four. Is a
good reason for this fear: in Japanese, Mandarin, and Cantonese,
the word for four and the word for death are nearly identical. A
study in the British Medical Journal suggests that cardiac patients
from Chinese and Japanese backgrounds they may literally die of
fear of the number four. According to the study, which looked at
U.S. mortality statistics over a twenty-five-year period, Chinese and
Japanese hospitalized for heart disease patients were more likely to
die on the fourth day of the month. Although Chinese and Japanese
cardiac patients across the country were all statistically more likely
to die on that day, but the effect was strongest among Californian
Chinese and Japanese patients.
Is not clear why Californians are more at risk. However,
one researcher suggested that because California’s large Asian
population includes many older people, the older generation may
therefore teach to younger generations traditional beliefs.
Chinese and Japanese patients with other diseases they were
no more likely to die on the fourth of the month than at any other
time. White patients, whether they had heart disease or any other
illness, they were no more likely to die on the supposedly unlucky
thirteenth of the month than on any other day. Psychiatrist Jiang Wei
of Duke University Medical School said, “She still didn’t know the
biological reason for the statistical effect” on Chinese and Japanese
cardiac patients. David P. Phillips, the sociologist who conducted
the study, said that the only explanation that makes sense is that
57
the number four causes extra stress in Chinese and Japanese heart
patients. More research may someday prove whether or not the
stress on the fourth of the month it can be enough to kill.
SIW 4 (5 hours)
Task 1. Read the post “How to teach English in Japan”
and pick out the abbreviations, write them in full. Write a post
on the theme “How to start to translate” in 250 words.
Japan is one of the best places in the world to teach English.
It’s home to incredible food, a rich cultural history, high quality of
living, and world-class cities like historic Kyoto and eclectic Tokyo.
I absolutely loved all my time in Japan.
It’s just one of the best places in the world.And there are plenty
of teaching opportunities here too for anyone looking for a new
career or an opportunity to live overseas. The bulk of the teaching
opportunities in Japan are run by big companies that have positions
open all the time, including large chains, smaller companies, and
business English classes.To teach English in Japan, you need to
be a native English speaker from the US, Canada, Australia, New
Zealand, South Africa, Ireland, or the UK and have a bachelor’s
degree. You’ll also need to complete a 120-hour TEFL or CELTA
certificate.You don’t need to have any teaching experience, but the
higher-paying jobs are competitive so any experience will be helpful
when it comes to securing a good job. (nomadicmatt.com)
Task 2. Respond to reading by annotating.
Annotate the following post from Barack Obama. Copy and
paste the excerpt into your word processing program and use the
Comment feature or the Tools/Track Changes/Highlight Changes
feature to make your annotations. Compare your annotations to those
written by your classmates. Then, as a group, conduct a brainstorming
session on the topic of integrity.
I entered public service for a few reasons, not least of which
was my mother. She was an anthropologist and free thinker who
instilled a little bit of her mindset in me. Another motivation toward
this path was the recognition that I needed to figure out who I was
as a Black American. I looked around and saw that too many Black
folks were being shut out of the American Dream. I admired Civil
58
Rights leaders like John Lewis and Martin Luther King, Jr. and knew
that I wanted to follow in their footsteps. So, to me, pursuing a path
in public service felt necessary. My salvation was there. So, in my
early 20s, I found myself in Chicago working with folks who were
going through all sorts of struggles, asking questions like: How am
I going to find work? How am I going to get my kid a job or into
college? What’s happening to the value of my house? These folks
were going through hard times and I was seeing it in concrete terms.
And that experience—listening to them, working together to build
something better—became redemptive for me. In my mind, I thought
if I could help the community that I had become a part of, maybe
I could redeem a piece of America, too. That became my mindset.
Take a listen to my conversation with Bruce @Springsteen on
Spotify. (https://www.instagram.com/p/CMcgBzjgIDk/)
Task 3. Read the text and pick out the statements, which
are structurally and functionally remain similar in rendering
the same meaning into Kazakh/ Russian.
My family and I are mourning the loss of our beloved
grandmother, Sarah Ogwel Onyango Obama, affectionately known
to many as “Mama Sarah” but known to us as “Dani” or Granny.
Born in the first quarter of the last century, in Nyanza Province, on
the shores of Lake Victoria, she had no formal schooling, and in the
ways of her tribe, she was married off to a much older man while
only a teen. She would spend the rest of her life in the tiny village
of Alego, in a small home built of mud-and thatch brick and without
electricity or indoor plumbing. There she raised eight children,
tended to her goats and chickens, grew an assortment of crops, and
took what the family didn’t use to sell at the local open-air market.
Although not his birth mother, Granny would raise my father
as her own, and it was in part thanks to her love and encouragement
that he was able to defy the odds and do well enough in school to
get a scholarship to attend an American university. When our family
had difficulties, her homestead was a refuge for her children and
grandchildren, and her presence was a constant, stabilizing force.
When I first traveled to Kenya to learn more about my heritage and
father, who had passed away by then, it was Granny who served
59
as a bridge to the past, and it was her stories that helped fill a void
in my heart.During the course of her life, Granny would witness
epochal changes taking place around the globe: world war, liberation
movements, moon landings, and the advent of the computer age.
She would live to fly on jets, receive visitors from around the
world, and see one of her grandsons get elected to the United
States presidency. And yet her essential spirit—strong, proud, hard-
working, unimpressed with conventional marks of status and full
of common sense and good humor—never changed.We will miss
her dearly, but celebrate with gratitude her long and remarkable life.
(Barack Obama).
Task 4. Translate these sentences paying attention to
slangs.
1. I get paid each Friday, and by Tuesday I’m always skint.
2. The company paid kickbacks to local officials to win a
contracts worth millions of dollars.
3. I do hope the banksters out there were watching to get
some tips on how to behave.
4. Profits at America’s banks are sky-high.
5. The funding for our new office building has fallen through.
6. Some Londoners cashed in on the Royal Wedding by
renting out their homes.
7. Airline companies are cashing in on the demand for cheap
flights.
8. Let’s listen to how we use that expression.
Wow, the wind is really blowing out there.
And the temperature has dropped ten degrees since this
morning.
So, do you still want to go out to a movie?
You know, I would love to. But right now, I am snug as a bug
in a rug with a cup of tea and a great book.
Doesn’t sound like you’re going anywhere tonight!
Maybe to the kitchen for more tea but NOT outside.
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Task 5. Read the article by Kayleigh Alexandra “Running

translator website” and make a PPT of the article.
As an international service provider in a web-focused world,
every translator should have a professional, SEO-friendly website.
To be able to use your services, clients need to be able to find you,
and the first place they will turn when searching for a translator is
Google. This is your virtual office where you show everything you
know and answer client’s questions. Your own website shows that
you are a serious modern person because you know how to cope
with technology and know how to manage resources. This is a good
platform for self-realization. Here you are the boss and decide for
yourself how effectively and profitably present yourself. With the
help of the site, you can attract customers at any stage. Those whom
you have already worked with. Those who look closely, but do not
dare. Those who are already looking for a translator for the project.
Even those who do not yet know that they need a translation.
Using 5 basic web design rules to attract more visitors
Learning the basics of web design theory will help you create
a website that is easy to navigate and attractive to look at. Cramming
too much into a website causes confusion and frustration for the user
— making them more likely to click the ‘back’ button and look for
another translator!
Using these five design rules will help you create a great
website:
• Your website should be easy to navigate. Site navigation
should be intuitive and well organized with a top down design so
visitors can easily browse different sections.
• Your website design should be consistent. Visitors shouldn’t
feel like they’re visiting a new website every time they open a new
page. Consistency contributes to a cohesive brand and customer
experience.
Your website should have high-quality images. Humans
are visual animals and we process images 60,000 faster than text,
meaning good visuals will make a good first impression. It is easy
to find plenty of excellent free stock photos online that will give
your website a professional look — look for business photos with
a difference and sprinkle in some local shots to help customize and
61
localize your site.Your website should be responsive. People access

websites from a variety of devices, so it’s important that your website
displays correctly on different screen sizes. A website builder will
automatically do this for you.
Your website should be quick to download. Keeping your
design simple will contribute to increased page load times. This is
important because studies have shown that a one second delay in
page load time has causes a 7% loss in conversion.
If you want your freelance translator website to do a great
job at converting your visitors into clients, you need to do two key
things:
-get all your content spot on, and do a superb job at establishing
your credibility.
In this video I ‘ll quickly cover the precise content your
freelance translator website needs, the focus and writing style to
adopt and the key design elements to get right. I will dive right into
the content your site needs in a moment, but first a quick question.
When prospective clients click through your website what you
are looking for?
On one level, basic information of course – who you are, what
you offer, etc. But
there is something else. They are also looking for confirmation
you can be trusted
to do a good job. And let’s be honest, if they don’t quickly get
the impression you are a great translator and will do a great job on
their work, they’ll be gone in seconds, never to return.
So your freelance translator website needs to give them exactly
that- the information they want, and proof of your credibility. Which
means not just building your site with your clients in mind, but
actually creating it for them. With this client focus in mind, writing
your content suddenly becomes much easier.
You need to cover 4 key areas: the who, what, why and how
of your service. That’s
-who you are
-what you can do for your clients
-why they should use you
-how to proceed.
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Let’s go through these. First up, who you are. The key here
is transparency. It must be totally clear to your clients who they are
dealing with. That means your name of course, an address (or at
least your location) and clear contact details. If you use a trading
name, make sure you spell out that it’s you who is behind that name.
Consider using a photo- there is nothing more transparent than that.
Now the what- what can you do for your clients? At a basic level
this simply means defining your services (translation, editing, etc.),
languages, directions and specialization. But on another level, it’s
about marketing yourself. Most freelance translator sites simply list
the features of their service, but what clients really want to hear is
how you’ll make their life easier. Maybe how you will save them
work or time, make the process easier, solve their issues, or even
make them look good within their organization. So try to get a
handle on what you can provide your clients that they will really
value beyond just getting their materials translated. The write your
content to show that’s what you will give them. In marketing terms
this is your “value proposition”, the value or benefit your clients will
get from using your services.
The third key element of your content is why your client
should engage your services. This part is all about demonstrating
your credibility. If you are going to convince your potential clients
you’ll do a great job and be the ideal person for their translation
work, you need to demonstrate two things. Firstly, that you have
the skills to do the work, and secondly that others think you are
great. So prove you are a genuine professional translator by listing
your qualifications, experience, and membership of professional
associations. And a great idea is to include a statement of your
commitment to high quality and professional standards. But don’t
just leave it at that. Explain how you achieve that. Providing some
evidence to support this statement is crucial as it can seem hollow
otherwise. This might be the translation process you use, colleague
peer review, sector expertise, etc. The second aspect is to use social
proof to show you have a track record of providing high quality
translations. It’s a simple fact that clients will take infinitely more
notice of what others say about us and our translations than anything
we might have to say ourselves. Which for me makes this the most
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important section of your website-the single biggest factor that will

establish your credibility as a translator and convince your clients
to use your services. There are 5 key ways to provide social proof
that your clients value your work. The most effective are client
testimonials, and detailing your published translations. Other ways
are to list your current clients, and details of your recent or key
translation projects. And lastly you can provide samples of your
work.The final item of essential content is the –how-how to proceed.
You must be easy to contact, through whatever means you make
available on your site. And the more options you provide the better.
This lets the clients choose what’s most convenient for them, and
makes them more likely to take the step of the contacting you. I
consider a phone contact is essential, and obviously that you then
answer it when it rings. There can be a few things more frustrating to
a potential client than wanting to discuss their project with you but
not be able to get hold of you. Be careful with contact forms because
people generally don’t like them. If you do have one, make sure it’s
short, simple to complete, that you respond quickly, and you‘ve also
provided other ways to contact you. And don’t forget to spell out
how clients can most easily get a quote from you or assign you a job.
Now the one thing we haven’t mentioned here is pricing.
Many freelancer websites don’t discuss rates, but I think you should,
for two reasons. Firstly, it is a key thing your clients want to know,
and I am a great believer in giving clients what they want. Secondly,
it shows you are open and transparent. That’s something clients
value highly as they take it as an indicator you are likely to be easy
to do business with. If you don’t want to give specific rates, there
are other options. Firstly, you can give a pricing range, ideally with
an explanation of what impacts your pricing. Secondly you can say
where your rates sit compared to others. And thirdly, you can explain
the factors that govern your pricing and say that as every project is
different you prefer to quote for each one. That covers the essential
content for your freelance translator website.
Now I have 3 quick tips for you on how to write your content
or your writing style. It is said your site should be written for your
clients, to give them what they want. That means you should be using
the pronoun “you” rather than “I”. This directly engages your reader,
64
shows empathy, and will elicit a much better response. Your clients
will subconsciously assume you see things from their point of view,
and therefore will look after their interests and give good service.
If your site has a dearth of the pronoun “you” and an abundance of
“I”, you should rework your wording for a clearer client-focus. The
second tip is to cater the clients in a hurry. Like all of us, clients want
information fast. So make it easy for them to get what they want
on your site, FAST. That means making your pages easy to scan or
skim. Clear headings and short subheadings, short sentences, and
use of bullet points all help with this. Another good approach is to
put the key message in a passage up front, with explanations and
further detail following. That’s the opposite to a lot of writing where
you build to a conclusion.
And tip 3is to showcase your writing flair and a command
of the language. Clients want to see you are a wordsmith and can
produce quality prose. So sprinkle some well –crafted phrasing and
higher register vocabulary through your short and concise text.
The final key aspect your site needs to get right is an attractive
design. To generate the impact you are after, your design has to do two
things. It needs to look professional and be a good user experience.
Create that professional image with a quality theme, and an
uncluttered look to your pages. And create visual appeal on the page
with bolding, colour, images, etc. Ensuring a good user experience
means having fast page load times, clear on page navigation, and
responsive design for good viewing across different devices. That’s
it, the key to creating commercially successful freelance translator
website.
Lecture 9.
Theme: Translating Slang and Cultural References.
Slang is a colloquial speech, to some extent a vernacular. Slang
expressions are appropriate to use when communicating with friends,
informal acquaintances. When communicated at formal events, they
can sound rude, vulgar, or inappropriate. Otherwise, everyone is so
chasing after the so-called “spoken English”, not fully understanding
what it is. The translation of slang is a difficult task for every translator
since this language phenomenon is closely knit with the culture
65
and society of the source language.A fascinating challenge when

working on a translation is the issue of how to approach translating
slang words and phrases as well as unique cultural references. The
translation of such cultural references is an issue that can lead to
various misunderstandings of not just intention but also of different
cultures. In a similar way, slang also poses a potential problem as
it is not only closely linked to dialect but also certain places, times
and specific cultural references. With the delicate nature of these
linguistic features, the often-subtle intricacies in source texts can be
easily mistranslated, losing important information.
How one approaches translating cultural references depends
on the intention of the piece being translated. Is the maintenance
of the cultural context in which the text was written important or is
providing an equivalent feeling more important? A good example of
maintaining cultural context is literature, be it fiction or non-fiction,
where preserving the cultural references as they are in the original is
often the best approach. The assumption here is that the reader in the
target language has less knowledge about the culture associated with
the language from which the text has been translated.
Therefore, if there’s a cultural reference that may cause
confusion to the translated text’s audience, it is worth considering
providing an explanation, either naturally in the text or via a
footnote. This is exactly what happened with the Chinese translation
of the Twilight series, where the footnotes explaining the facets of
American life unfamiliar to Chinese audiences made it a bestseller.
This approach can also be used with slang to preserve the cultural
color that is often important to texts.
When translating slang and cultural references, translators need
to decide on their approach considering the focus and audience of the
text itself. Not only can this be dangerous territory for translators,
but it’s also one of the most enjoyable aspects of translation that
shows it’s an art form that goes beyond understanding the source and
target languages.
It is widely regarded among translators that the best method
for tackling slang or colloquial terms in a text is to try to find a
phrase with a similar meaning in the target text so as to keep the
context and meaning the same as the source text.
66
Method of softening is closely related to dynamic equivalence

and is focused on the perception of the target text (TT) reader, how
s/he would understand the transferred message. In other words, the
language of the TT should be formulated in such a way that it would
sound natural for the reader. Special attention must be paid to the
translation of slang words at the semantic level, where problems are
caused by such a phenomenon as slang. Apart from this, the use of
slang in the text might not fulfil the expectations of the TT readers
and could sound unnatural or rude to them. The omission of slang
words is necessary in a certain type of discourse, but if the degree
of omitted or softened slang is too high in the TT, the style of the
text is distorted. Thus, the translator should be aware of the fact that
the stylistic standards for various types of texts differ across the
languages. The purpose of softening effect is to soften the rudeness
and vulgarity of slang when it carries negative connotations or its
usage is inappropriate in the translation, for this reason the other
word with the proper meaning is chosen. Such method is “a fairly
typical attempt to accommodate slang to vary literary language
which may allow native origin slang units” (Zauberga 1994, 142).
According to Harvey Stylistic compensation is a translation
method that is defined as “a technique which involves making up or
the loss of a source text effect by recreating a similar effect in the
target text through the means that are specific to the target language
and/or text” (Harvey 2001, 37). By the use of stylistic compensation
method, it is possible to use slang in the TT and achieve similar effect
to the ST, but if it is not possible to do, the translator can choose
other options that are offered by this translation strategy. Usually
this technique is used to solve the problem of the translation loss and
try to achieve the effect of the target text that is similar to the source
text. Stylistic compensation method helps to solve the language and
culture specific problems that occur in the translation of slang, but
the translator should decide whether it is worth to translate a certain
linguistic item and s/he should try to keep to the proper style of the
text as much as possible.
Direct or literal translation method refers to the action
when words of the ST are translated straightforward into the TT.
According to Vinay and Darbelnet (2000, 86) literal translation
67
is “the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and

idiomatically appropriate TL text in which the translator’s task is
limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the
TL”. Fawcett referring to the literal translation method indicates that
it is “the rare but always welcome case when a text can go from one
language into another with no changes other than those required by
the target-language grammar” (1997, 36). We should admit that it is
appropriate to translate words literally whenever it is possible to find
the equivalents in the TL. However, the direct or literal translation
is commonly used in translations if the ST and the TT languages
belong to the same family or they share the same or very similar
cultures. Furthermore, this method of translation may be appropriate
in the translation among the European languages some of which
share the concepts of the culture and the civilization, have certain
kind of similarities in the way of thinking or structuring the language
patterns. The use of this method of translation is becoming more
widely used in the case of slang translation. Slang can be translated
into the TT, if only its equivalent is available. Therefore, the style of
the TT has to be kept close to the ST as much as it is possible and if
it is not, the other translation strategy should be chosen.
Literature:
1. Lėgaudaitė, J. Understanding slang in translation. Filologija,
2010 (15).
2. Vinay, Jean-Paul and Jean Darbelnet. A Methodology for
Translation. In: L. Venuti (ed.) The Translation Studies Reader.
London and New York: Routledge, 2000.
3. Zauberga Ieva. Pragmatic Aspects of the Translation of Slang
and Four-letter Words. In: Perspectives: Studies in Translatology.
Vol. 2:2. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1994.
4. Harvey, Keith. Compensation. In: M. Baker (ed.) Routledge
Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London and New York:
Routledge, 2001
1. Is slang a specifically English phenomenon?
2. What translation strategies must be taken into account while
translating slangs?
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3. Why was it necessary to invent a special term for something

as vague as slang?
4. Has slang any special features distinguishing it from other
lexical groups?
5. What are the distinctions between slang and other groups of
unconventional English?
SEMINAR 9
1. Read the article by I. V. Vakhnitsky “О переводе термина
sanitizer” according to the given link: http://www.rvalent.ru/27-30.
pdf and share your findings. What kind of new vocabulary have you
learned related to COVID 19 and analyze their translations.
2. Watch the video “Lost in Translation: The joy of a jargon free
world” https://www.ted.com/talks/thea_knight_lost_in_translation_
the_joy_of_a_jargon_free_world and translate the subtitles into
Kazakh/ Russian language.
1. Identify the meanings of the given idioms in Kazakh/
Russian languages. Write sentences with them.
1. Let’s take five
2. Skittish
3. To flash one’s tatas
4. That’s rich!
5. Tobestoked
6. To punt sth off to smb
7. Juicy
8. Truck ahead!
9. To be Switzerland
10. To take a village
11. IDK
12. You are bugging me
13. Fly on the wall
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2. Translate these sentences paying attention to highlighted

slangs.
1. Look at this photobomb. Why is this girl dancing in front
of me?
2. I’ve bought a new bicycle. It’s awesome!
3. Do you know her? She is so swag!
4. I can’t listen to this crap anymore.
5. -What would you like? Fruits and vegetables?
- Whatever.
6. I couldn’t answer the question. Epic fail.
7. No worries, this task is a piece of cake!
8. We gave props to students who achieved great success in
our language courses!
9. He was dissed by everyone.
10. I’m digging the music you’re listening.
11. I only have two hours to cram for it!
12. I’ve been studying English for the past fortnight.
13. -Do you want more pizza?
- No, I’m stuffed. Thank you!
14. The book was a little meh.
Lecture 10.
Theme: Translation and Transediting. Writing annotations.
In empirical translation-process studies (Englund Dimitrova
2005; Jakobsen 2002), the translation process has generally been
divided into three major phases: (1) the pre-writing phase, (2) the
writing phase and (3) the post-writing phase. Englund Dimitrova
(2005) provides the following definitions of the three phases:
1. Pre-writing phase: begins when the participant has received
the ST and the oral information about the translation brief, and
finishes when the participant starts to write down the TT as an
integral text. Making notes about word meanings, etc. while reading
the ST for the first time is thus not considered as a start of the writing
phase.
2. Writing phase: begins when the participant starts to write
down the TT and finishes when she has written down an integral
version of it
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3. Post-writing phase: begins immediately after the writing

phase and finishes when the participant declares that she is finished
with the translation task.The term “transediting” was created by
Karen Stetting who is an expert in the research of news transediting.
Transediting is one form and method of translation. Transeditors
must do the translating and editing work at the same time. It requires
them to be superior in point of foreign-passage reading, relevant
specialized knowledge and the ability to analyze and summarize.
Transeditors should have a thorough grasp of the original text and
represent it in another language smoothly and faithfully. They pick
out the most valuable information from the original text and abide
by the general rule to construct the targeted text.The editor’s job is to
• consider how the translator has solved the particular
problems of the source language text
• discuss the translation problems
Translation and Transediting
• Publishers print text of any kind.
• Translations of these kinds of texts have in only one thing
common: the final step. This step is editing.
• So, a new concept-Transediting can be used.Editing and
translating are interconnecting concepts with fuzzy borderlines.
Transediting started new areas for translators, academics and the
translation criticism. Transediting gave birth to another need:
educated editors.Educated Editors are the editors/translators who
will edit the works of educated translators.Not many departments of
translation offer courses related to editing.
• Therefore, the graduate who wish to work in the field of
literature become translators, not editors. Also, the translations of
the graduates are being edited by editors who did not receive any
translation editing theory.
• The aim of transediting is to provide editors with a descriptive
study of the final phase of the translation, that’s, editing.Editing
process requires absolute competence in the fields of translation
theories and criticism, linguistics, stylistics and literary theories.The
interventions made to the text are divided into four main activities:
- deletion
- addition
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- substitution
- reorganization
The editing processes of a translated book will be analysed in
the light of translation studies under three main concerns:
- Terminology, vocabulary and style: which will analyze the
stylistic revisions, vocabulary preferences and approaches followed
when solving terminological translation problems.
- Figures of speech: which will analyze the editor’s
interventions about the metaphors, similes and other figures of
speech
- General choices: which will include the revisions, which
stem from the choice of dictionary of spelling, the principles of
the publishing house and editor’s personal values.The role of the
structural editor.An editor should look at the overall book, not the
‘translation,’ and edit it as an original book. In some cases, editors
are reluctant to make changes to a translation, on the basis that it
has already been ‘edited’ and published in another language. But
different publishing houses in other countries have different editorial
standards. In Euan Cameron’s experience, ‘European editors make
very few alterations to an author’s text, and tend to regard the
author’s word as sacrosanct. British editors are more intrusive, and
Americans even more so. A good editor should not consider the job
complete until the book is as perfect as it can be, no matter how
successful or good the original.
A good editor will:
• Approach the text as an original book rather than a translation.
• Bring a fresh pair of eyes to the text, pinpointing any areas
that do not work, making suggestions about solutions to problems
and discussing them with the translator.
• Highlight inconsistencies, clichés, libel and repetition, and
refer them back to the translator. • Correct any errors of spelling,
grammar and punctuation, and ensure the text conforms to the
publisher’s house style.
• Show their editorial corrections to the translator, either as
pencil markings on paper, or tracked in Word, before it is too late
to correct any errors that have crept in. • Respect the voice of the
translator and treat him or her as they would any original author.
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Editors will not:

• Rewrite the text in their own voice, changing vocabulary
choices that the translator has made.
• Over-Anglicise and sanitise the foreignness of the text.
• Make changes that will not be visible to the translator and
then send the edited text for typesetting without showing it to the
translator.
What is Annotating?Annotating is any action that deliberately
interacts with a text to enhance the reader’s understanding of, recall
of, and reaction to the text. Sometimes called “close reading,”
annotating usually involves highlighting or underlining key pieces
of text and making notes in the margins of the text. This page will
introduce you to several effective strategies for annotating a text that
will help you get the most out of your reading.
Why Annotate?By annotating a text, you will ensure that
you understand what is happening in a text after you’ve read it. As
you annotate, you should note the author’s main points, shifts in the
message or perspective of the text, key areas of focus, and your own
thoughts as you read. However, annotating isn’t just for people who
feel challenged when reading academic texts. Even if you regularly
understand and remember what you read, annotating will help you
summarize a text, highlight important pieces of information, and
ultimately prepare yourself for discussion and writing prompts that
your instructor may give you. Annotating means you are doing the
hard work while you read, allowing you to reference your previous
work and have a clear jumping-off point for future work.
Literature:
1. Englund Dimitrova, Birgitta. Expertise and Explicitation in
the Translation Process. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. – 2005
2. Jakobsen, Arnt Lykke. Translation Drafting by Professional
Translators and by Translation Students. In Hansen, Gyde (ed.),
Empirical Translation Studies: Process and Product. Copenhagen:
Samfundslitteratur. – 2002. – P. 191-204.
2018. – P.260.
73

5. Ginter, A. Cultural Issues in Translation. Journal of Studies
about Languages, 3(1). – 2002. – P. 27-31.
6. Trivedi, H. 8Translating Culture vs. Cultural Translation. –
2015.
1. What is trans-editing?
2. How is translation processes segmented?
3. What are the major phases in translation process?
4. What are typical patterns of international trans-editing?
5. Have you ever trans-edited the news from SL into TL?
SEMINAR 10
1. Have you ever had great fun using an online translation
service? Share your experience during internship. Prepare PPT
illustrating funny moments in translation.
2. Read the article “Where a translator look for clients?”.
Make a review of the article and read it.
Where to find translation jobs online
There are a lot of online portals and websites to find translation
jobs online.ProZ.com, which is an online translation job portal. There
are free and paid memberships -paid ones get first access to a lot of
job postings and access to the BlueBoard, which is a board with a list
of translation agencies and their ratings, given by other translators.
Not everyone likes ProZ – it’s not a place to find premium, direct
clients, but it’s a good starting point.
Other websites to find translation jobs online are:
Translator’s Cafe – it’s pretty outdated and has a lot of low-
quality jobs, but there are a lot of job postings on there.
LinkedIn – create a freelance translator LinkedIn profile and
then become active – post frequently (or comment on other people’s
posts), and start interacting with your ideal clients there.
74
There are other freelancer platforms – UpWork, Fivver and

more that you can start on. Again, it’s not where you’re going to find
dream clients and the pay is minimal, but it’s a good place to start
and begin building your portfolio, which you’ll need later.
Consider a specialization
You can’t be the jack of all trades. You simply can’t. I will
never work with a translator who says they do IT, legal, medical,
clinical, winery, tourism, maritime, and marketing translation. I will
just delete your email or close your website.
Trying to do everything proves that you have not taken the
time to learn one area. Which means you are not a specialist. Dabble
for your first six months or a year, but then you need to choose a
specialization and dig really, really deep into it.Take online courses,
get a mentor, talk with experts. Pick SOMETHING. When you think
you’re being indecisive, you are actually still deciding on something.
And that decision is to make less money.
Practice, practice, practice. And create a freelance portfolio
Okay, now you’ve chosen your specialization and you got
your degree (university of YouTube, anyone?).It’s time to do the
dirty work and PRACTICE your translation and create a translation
portfolio/CV. “But how can I become a freelance translator with no
experience, if I have to create a portfolio of work I’ve never done?”
You can create the work! Creating your portfolio can give you
credibility and provides proof of the quality you deliver.
You’ve already chosen your specialization, right? If you’ve
chosen a couple of specializations, like me (legal & marketing),
create separate portfolios for each. Niche down, keep them tight and
to the point.
Be resourceful.
Find documents on the internet in your target language and
specialization. Translate those. Hire a more experienced translator
to review your work. You can also volunteer for some associations
like Translators Without Borders and get experience through there,
if it aligns with your area of specialization.
75

1. Pick out the statements, which are structurally and
functionally remain similar in rendering the same meaning into
Kazakh/Russian.
Authorities are urging those looking for love on the Internet to
be cautious. There was a 20 per cent spike in online romance fraud
last year. The organisation UK Finance reported that cyber fraud
increased considerably and coincided with a rise in the number of
people looking for a partner online. This has been exacerbated by
feelings of loneliness and isolation during the coronavirus pandemic.
There was a sharp rise in the number of scams related to dating
sites and around Valentine’s Day. UK Finance said: “Romance
scams can leave customers out of love and out of pocket.” It
warned: “Romance scammers can be very convincing by forming
an emotional attachment with their victims.”
The Online Dating Association in the UK reported that around
2.3 million British citizens used dating apps during lockdown. Cyber
criminals have taken advantage of this to scam people. A total of
$26 million is believed to have been lost in bank transfer fraud. The
average loss per victim is around $11,000. According to data from a
UK bank, people aged 55 to 64 are the most vulnerable to romance
fraud. Pauline Smith, a fraud expert, said: “Any online platform that
allows you to connect with and talk to other people could be targeted
by romance fraudsters, so it’s important to remain vigilant.” She
urged extreme caution if an online love interest requests money for
things like medical care.
2. Give the adequate rendering of the given statements into
Kazakh/Russian languages.
Inauguration DayIn so many ways, this was a different kind
of inauguration—with so much of the pomp and pageantry muted
by a pandemic that is still raging. But the most sacred tradition of
Inauguration Day couldn’t be stopped: Today, we watched a new
president take his oath and usher in a renewal of our democracy.
Michelle and I were honored to be there to support President
Biden and Vice President Harris on this historic day.And while
our country still faces no shortage of challenges, there is no one I
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have more faith in to lead us out of them than Joe. This is a man
whose life is defined by resilience—who has mastered the art of
transforming pain into purpose. And I know he will do the same
for our country. Turning the grief of this pandemic into a chance to
vaccinate a nation. Picking up the pieces of a devastated economy
and building back a better one—where everyone is in on the deal.
Replacing the division and hatred of the last four years with the
kind of leadership that binds our wounds and brings us together.
He’ll be served well by a loyal, brilliant, visionary ally at his side.
In Vice President Harris, our country will be privileged to have
someone whose history-making day will be followed by the kind
of hard work—for the people—she has done her entire career.
That’s why I’m as hopeful as ever. We may face great challenges.
But as Joe said today: “Together, we shall write an American story of
hope, not fear. Of unity, not division. Of light, not darkness. A story
of decency and dignity. Love and healing. Greatness and goodness.
May this be the story that guides us.”( https://www.instagram.com/p/
CKSsHUlA276/)
SIW 5 (5 hours)
Task 1. Read the article by Susan Bassnett-Mcguire
“Language and culture”p.179-191 and write annotation
of the article in 300 words. Speak on types of translation,
decoding and recoding, problems of equivalence, loss and gain,
untranslatability.
Literature
1. Kunanbayeva S.S. Professional Task-based Guide to the
programme “The cognitive-linguacultural communicative theory of
Translation”. Almaty, 2015. P. 179-191.
Task 2. Proofread and revise the following sentences and
then add the proper punctuation. Write the revised sentences
and translate them into Kazakh/Russian.
1. After we saw the movie. We went to the café and discussed it.
2. Because the announcer spoke quickly. We didn’t understand.
3. Our basketball team won the state title. Three years in a row.
4. Although Oregon is a beautiful state. It tends to rain a lot.
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5. The two-point conversion. Made football games more

exciting.
6. Sewing the Halloween costume. I stuck my finger with the
needle.
7. Unless you know how to drive a manual transmission car.
Buy an automatic.
8. Because dock workers had no contract. They discussed
going on strike.
9. Since we had eaten a big breakfast. We just snacked the rest
of the day.
10. The crowd cheered. When the union leader finished his
speech.
Task 3. Review Exercise. In the following passage, correct
any errors.
In the 1970s, market researchers discovered that the most
young children were unable to tell the difference between the
television shows they watched and advertisements for products.
Because of this discovery, it was an attempt in 1978 to put legal
restrictions on television advertisements aimed at too young
children, but advertisers objected. The industry of marketing to
children has being growing steadily since then. Between 1978
and 1998, the amount of money directly spent by children age
four to twelve increased from less than three billion dollars a
year to almost twenty-five billion dollars, and is not end in sight.
Researchers believe that children in that age group also convince
their families to spend another two hundred billion dollars a
year—such as when a young boy, for example, convinces her
mother to purchase a more expensive computer than she might
otherwise have bought. Marketers are easy to decide to target this
young market—there is their job to aim at consumers who can be
convinced and who will spend most money.
However, few other groups have also helped marketers
figure out the best way to target a too young audience. Many child
psychologists are now been asked to join market-research firms to
provide information about how to reach children more effectively.
Some members of the American Psychological Association lobbied
78
their organization in 2002 to discipline APA members who have

helped advertisers target children, but the APA has no taken action
yet. The most psychologists feel that the marketers and their advisers
have being allowed very much freedom to appeal to children who
cannot make informed decisions about products, but the situation
does no seem likely to change.
Task 4. Watch the video “Annotating a text”
according to the following links: https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=JZXgr7_3Kw4&t=31s, https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=w5Mz4nwciWc
After watching the video write down 11 annotation
techniques, you have learned from the video and annotate the part
of short story “The lady or the tiger” by F.R. Stockton.
Long ago, in the very olden time, there lived a powerful king.
Some of his ideas were progressive. But others caused people to
suffer.One of the king’s ideas was a public arena as an agent of poetic
justice. Crime was punished, or innocence was decided, by the
result of chance. When a person was accused of a crime, his future
would be judged in the public arena.All the people would gather in
this building. The king sat high up on his ceremonial chair. He gave
a sign. A door under him opened. The accused person stepped out
into the arena. Directly opposite the king were two doors. They were
side by side, exactly alike. The person on trial had to walk directly
to these doors and open one of them. He could open whichever door
he pleased.
If the accused man opened one door, out came a hungry tiger,
the fiercest in the land. The tiger immediately jumped on him and
tore him to pieces as punishment for his guilt. The case of the suspect
was thus decided.
Iron bells rang sadly. Great cries went up from the
paid mourners. And the people, with heads hanging low and sad
hearts, slowly made their way home. They mourned greatly that one
so young and fair, or so old and respected, should have died this way.
But, if the accused opened the other door, there came forth
from it a woman, chosen especially for the person. To this lady he
was immediately married, in honor of his innocence. It was not a
79
problem that he might already have a wife and family, or that he

might have chosen to marry another woman. The king permitted
nothing to interfere with his great method of punishment and reward.
Another door opened under the king, and a clergyman, singers,
dancers and musicians joined the man and the lady. The marriage
ceremony was quickly completed. Then the bells made cheerful
noises. The people shouted happily. And the innocent man led the
new wife to his home, following children who threw flowers on their
path.
This was the king’s method of carrying out justice. Its fairness
appeared perfect. The accused person could not know which door
was hiding the lady. He opened either as he pleased, without having
knowing whether, in the next minute, he was to be killed or married.
Sometimes the fierce animal came out of one door. Sometimes
it came out of the other.
This method was a popular one. When the people gathered
together on one of the great trial days, they never knew whether
they would see a bloody killing or a happy ending. So everyone was
always interested. And the thinking part of the community would
bring no charge of unfairness against this plan. Did not the accused
person have the whole matter in his own hands?
The king had a beautiful daughter who was like him in many
ways. He loved her above all humanity. The princess secretly loved
a young man who was the best-looking and bravest in the land. But
he was a commoner, not part of an important family.
One day, the king discovered the relationship between his
daughter and the young man. The man was immediately put in
prison. A day was set for his trial in the king’s public arena. This,
of course, was an especially important event. Never before had a
common subject been brave enough to love the daughter of the king.
The king knew that the young man would be punished, even
if he opened the right door. And the king would take pleasure in
watching the series of events, which would judge whether or not the
man had done wrong in loving the princess.
The day of the trial arrived. From far and near the people
gathered in the arena and outside its walls. The king and his advisers
were in their places, opposite the two doors. All was ready. The sign
80
was given. The door under the king opened and the lover of the
princess entered the arena.
Tall, beautiful and fair, his appearance was met with a sound
of approval and tension. Half the people had not known so perfect a
young man lived among them. No wonder the princess loved him!
What a terrible thing for him to be there!
As the young man entered the public arena, he turned to bend
to the king. But he did not at all think of the great ruler. The young
man’s eyes instead were fixed on the princess, who sat to the right
of her father.
From the day it was decided that the sentence of her lover should
be decided in the arena, she had thought of nothing but this event.
Lecture 11.
Theme: Welcome to publishing.
The concept of “publishing” has several meanings, the main
of which (the most general) is given in the encyclopedic dictionary
of bibliology: Publishing is a branch of culture and production
associated with the preparation, publication and distribution of
books, magazines, newspapers and other types of printed matter.
(Book Science. Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M., 1982. - p.193)
The main types of print media are: book, newspaper, magazine.
At the same time, the book is a non-periodical publication, and
the newspaper and magazine are periodicals. Each type of printed
matter has its own history, development principles, place in society
and features of production technology.
The most important, ancient and specific product of publishing
activity is undoubtedly the book. The main feature of a book as a
product of human activity is the duality of its nature: on the one
hand, it is a product of spiritual culture, and on the other, production
technology. On the one hand, the book contains the result of the
creative process, embodied in some form of knowledge intended
for social development, on the other hand, it is a material object,
a thing made at an enterprise, on a conveyor belt, having physical
parameters - weight, volume, density, etc. - and commercial value.
81
The term “book” comes from the Greek word biblio. (To be
precise, it was historically used in the plural, “books”). In historical
retrospect, this concept included three meanings:
1) the work as a reflection of the content;
2) sheets of paper of different sizes, bound in the spine, in a
cover or binding” as a reflection of the form (an expression from the
current terminological standard) and 3) parts, sections of a larger
work, as a reflection of the structure (for example, “Books of the
Old Testament). The latter meaning has lost over time, and there are
two hypostases of the book as the phenomena indicated above. It is
characteristic that since ancient times - in different eras, in different
countries, among different peoples and in the most different cultures
- the meaning of the term “book” completely coincides.
This applies to Ancient Greece, and to Ancient Rome, and to
the Jewish, and to the Arab, and to the Slavic cultures. The more we
delve into the concept of “book”, considering it from a philosophical
standpoint, the more we will find socio-historical and other
elements in the origin, functions and purpose of this truly unique
phenomenon. So, on the one hand, the book contains accumulated
knowledge and reflects human experience, on the other hand, it is
itself a factor in the development of society, because it affects the
creation of new knowledge, strengthens and improves progress,
encourages discoveries, searches for people, forms their worldview
and develops it.
The book has historical, contemporary and futurological
value. And sometimes it is more important for the future than for
the present. She is a popularizer of knowledge for the general
reader, shaping public consciousness, and at the same time a product
intended for the elite of society. A book can be both a means of
conveying information and a means of entertainment.
As an element of society, the book obeys the laws of dialectics.
So, according to the law of double negation, it can soon after its
appearance cease to exist in the social area, but reappear in it after
decades or even centuries, when scientific or public interest at a
new stage of historical development will bring it to life. There are
many examples of it. The book acts as a mediator between history
and modernity, between the individual and society, between thought
82
and action. The book unites everything subjective and objective in

the world of knowledge, faith and feelings around us into a single
system that fills life with the meaning of existence and development.
Types of Books All the books can be broadly classified under
two main categories: fiction and non-fiction.
Fiction books contain a made-up story – a story that did
not actually happen in real life. These stories are derived from the
imagination and creativity of the authors and are not based on facts.
The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho, 1984 by George Orwell,
Harry Potter Series by J. K. Rowling are some of the examples of
fiction books.
Non-fiction or nonfiction books are factual books. Unlike
fiction books, they are based on facts and information that can be
verified to be true.
Some examples of non-fiction books are The Autobiography
of Benjamin Franklin by Benjamin Franklin or an encyclopedia,
etc.
Sometimes you may come across another category named
semi-fiction. Do not be confused. Even semi-fiction books are taken
to be work of fiction. Apart from the made-up story, these books also
include some factual information.
For example, the famous book The Kite Runner by Khaled
Hosseini is based on real historical events of Afghanistan, but the
story told in this book is actually a made up one.
You can use following links to see the list of genres:
https://gladreaders.com/types-or-genres-of-books/
https://trendexmexico.com/obrazovanie/83276-vidy-tekstov-
vidy-i-zhanry-tekstov.html
Literature:
1. Книговедение. Энциклопедический словарь. — М.,
1982.
2. А.И. Акопов. Общий курс издательского дела. Учебное
пособие для студентов_журналистов. Под ред. проф. В.В.
Тулупова. — Факультет журналистики ВГУ. — Воронеж, 2004.
— 218 с., ISBN 5_7266_0039_8
https://gladreaders.com/types-or-genres-of-books/
83

1. Name main types of print media
2. What is fiction and non-fiction?
3. Can you give an example for semi-fiction?
4. List types of genres you know
5. Can you give an example of book as a mediator between
cultures or generations?
6. Have you ever met any fantastic prediction in literature that
became reality?
SEMINAR 11
1. Listen to this interview with Rebecca Carter, Editor
at Harvill Secker and the publisher of Suite Francaise, reflects
on the risks and rewards of publishing in translation and the
importance of choosing the right translator for the project.
Interview by Liz Thomson to the link: https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=SjdmElaFIIM then write an annotation in 250 words.
2. First of all, if you have a wish to make translations for
publishing house you need to define genre you are going to work
with. Market research of popular literature is going to help you
with this. Go through sites of all publishing houses you know,
visit bookstores and look through different sites with ranks of top
bestsellers. Popularity of the genre you like work with (gothic,
detective, neo noir, cyber punk, utopia) is important because your
salary and employment depend on it.
Please use following links for your research:
https://literary-studio.profiforum.ru/t102-topic
https://www.livelib.ru/books/top
https://buklya.com/top-100-knig
http://knigityt.ru/izdat_kz.php
• Additional information. Nota Bene:
Basic publishing and printing terms
Here are twenty words and terms often used in publishing.
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© n. exclusive, legal right of an author to the publication of

1
copyright his work - also v.
n. the person who writes or originates something (book,
2 author
article, poem etc)
v. [bound, bound] to put pages of a book together after
3 bind
printing - binding n.
n. short, promotional description of a book usually printed
4 blurb
on its jacket
5 chapter n. one of the main divisions or sections of a book
6 contents n. table of contents list of chapters etc at front of book
v. to check, modify and generally prepare written material
7 edit
for publication - editor n.
n. writing that describes imaginary events & people -
8 fiction
fictional adj. see non-fiction
n. first, outside part of a book’s jacket carrying the title,
9 front cover
author’s name etc
10 hardback n. a book with hard, stiff covers made of board - also adj.
n. alphabetical list of words, names etc at end of book with
11 index
page numbers - also v.
inside front n. front flap of the book’s jacket, sometimes carrying the
12
cover blurb - IFC abbr.
n. the protective paper cover supplied with most hardbacks
13 jacket
- dust jacket n.
n. writing about real, unimagined events [eg: history,
14 non-fiction
biography etc] - see fiction
n. a book with soft, flexible covers made of paper or card
15 paperback
- also adj.
n. the part of a book’s jacket that usually faces outwards
16 spine
on a shelf
17 title n. the name of a book, chapter, poem etc
n. the page of a book (usually the 3rd) that carries the title
18 title page
in large type
n. printing type system of letters (a, b, c etc) for printing
19 type
text - typeface n.
v. [-set, -set] to set in type [eg: to change handwriting to
20 typeset
type] - also adj.
For more information (terms and their definitions) please

use link https://writersrelief.com/2015/09/10/publishing-industry-
vocabulary/
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1. Translate these jokes into Kazakh/ Russian
1. Dickens “ A tale of two cities “ was originally published in
two local newspapers.
It was the Bicester times, it was the Worcester times...
2. Albert Einstein once published a paper about why he
married his second wife.
I call it: The Theory of Relativity.
3 If you ever publish a book, make sure it’s a hard cover.
Otherwise, it will be tearable.
4. Did you hear about the book of poetry that the Black Eyed
Peas are publishing?
It’s written in Will.I.Ambic Pentameter
5. What do you call a Greek philosopher who publishes his
findings?
Articles
6. Dickens: I wrote a book about ghosts
**Publisher:** we need a christmas book
**Dickens:**[adding, like, 4 words]* I wrote a book about
christmas ghosts
7. “Fifty Shades of Grey” gives its readers unrealistic
expectations.
It makes them think that Vintage Books will publish anything
that gets sent to them.
8. What do you call someone who makes a spelling error
AFTER editing their comment?...
An Ediot!
9 I spent a year writing a romance novel where two blood cells
meet and fall in love. It never got published.It was all in vein...
10. A truck loaded with thousands of copies of Roget’s
Thesaurus crashed as it left a New York publishing house last
Thursday.According to the Associated Press,witnesses were
stunned, startled, aghast, taken aback, stupefied, confused,
punchy, shocked, rattled, paralyzed, dazed, bewildered, mixed up,
surprised, awed, dumbfounded, flabbergasted, astounded, amazed,
confounded, astonished, boggled, overwhelmed, horrified, numbed,
and perplexed.
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2. Generally, there are two types of publishers: universal

(publish books, periodicals etc.) and specialized (focusing on
periodicals or books). There are also classifications based on genre
and specification of the published products. Do market research of
products of Kazakh publishing houses. For information use links
below. You will find below lists of publishing houses of Kazakhstan.
Make your own classification based on the products of publishers.
https://www.cataloxy-kz.ru/firms/izdatelstva-1308.htm
http://knigityt.ru/izdat_kz.php
http://pushkinlibrary.kz/ru/89-links/184-knizhnye-
izdatelstva-kazakhstana.html
https://www.spr.kz/all/izdatelstva-izdatelskie-doma/
https://www.kps.kz/kazahstan/smi_izdatelstva/izdatelstva
3. Translate into Kazakh/ Russian and analyze for
translation transformations.
Up until recently, most travelers, and even some locals, had no
inkling of the aquatic mammals that occupy or pass through Kenya’s
waters.
Known as a safari destination, with the wildebeest migration
in the Maasai Mara between July and September considered its
pinnacle, the African nation’s expansive marine life was something
only fishermen knew the true extent of.
But largely thanks to the efforts of a former lawyer from
London, the country now has a burgeoning marine tourism industry,
with tourists seeking out the coastal town of Watamu, located 140
kilometers north of Mombasa, for its humpback whales.
The tide began to turn around 10 years ago, when Jane
Spilsbury, who had been living in Watamu with her marine biologist
husband for several years, began hearing tales from local fishermen
of dolphin and whales sightings.
Determined to prove their existence, the pair spent six months
boarding local fishing boats armed with just a few scraps of paper
and a cheap camera in order to document and photograph any visible
evidence (CNN).
87
Lecture 12.
Theme: Product analysis.
The next step you are going to work with, after you define
a genre, - is research inside the genre. Here you will need to read
and analyze conceptual content and intertextual background of the
genre. You will make up a list of the elements which are common
for this genre:
• elements of plot,
• style,
• general conception (philosophy)
• cliches
For example, fantasy genre loves stories of heroes and villains,
and as in any other story main character almost falls down and sink
in despair right before rising from ashes at the moment of climax.
Or, for instance, in novels it’s a common thing to face love triangles
or intervention of family or friends. Gothic genre likes to use figure
of “damsel in distress” and “monsters”. The more common details
you will know concerning definite genre the easier for you will work
with genre. Furthermore, you may analyze “top” literature in your
genre and according to the elements these books contain predict
popularity of the book that had not been translated yet.
Common Examples of Plot Types
In general, the plot of a literary work is determined by the
kind of story the writer intends to tell. Some elements that influence
plot are genre, setting, characters, dramatic situation, theme, etc.
However, there are seven basic, common examples of plot types:
• Tragedy: In a tragic story, the protagonist typically
experiences suffering and a downfall, The plot of tragedy almost
always includes a reversal of fortune, from good to bad or happy to
sad.
• Comedy: In a comedic story, the ending is generally not
tragic. Though characters in comic plots may be flawed, their
outcomes are not usually painful or destructive.
• Journey of the Hero: In general, the plot of a hero’s journey
features two elements: a recognition and a situation reversal.
Typically, something happens from the outside to inspire the hero,
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bringing about recognition and realization. Then, the hero undertakes

a quest to solve or reverse the situation.
• Rebirth: This plot type generally features a character’s
transformation from bad to good. Typically, the protagonist carries
their tragic past with them which results in negative views of life and
poor behavior. The transformation occurs when events in the story
help them see a better world-view.
• Rags-to-Riches: In this common plot type, the protagonist
begins in an impoverished, downtrodden, or struggling state.
Then, story events take place (magical or realistic) that lead to the
protagonist’s success and usually a happy ending.
• Good versus Evil: This plot type features a generally “good”
protagonist that fights a typically “evil” antagonist. However, both
the protagonist and antagonist can be groups of characters rather
than simply individuals, all with the same goal or mission.
• Voyage/Return: In this plot type, the main character goes
from point A to point B and back to point A. In general, the protagonist
sets off on a journey and returns to the start of their voyage, having
gained wisdom and/or experience.
Literature:
https://literarydevices.net/plot/
https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/what-is-a-plot/
SEMINAR 12
1. Listen to the interview with top literary agent Mark
Gottlieb. He works at Trident Media Group, which has ranked
#1 for sales according to Publisher’s Marketplace over the
last decade. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3sQGSPrdaA8.
Comment on the video. Were these tips useful in your country?
2. Use titles from your top-5. Choose one title and re-read
it. Write an essay describing type of the plot. Comment on its
typicality. Is there anything that is not common for this type of
plot? Or is it completely typical?
For example:
1 Discovery of the witches (D. Harkness) has typical “Journey
of the Hero” plot. Main character, Diana Bishop, finds mysterious
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artefact – manuscript Ashmole 782 and meets a vampire. From this

moment her journey into the world full of magic and mysteries
begins. She starts discovering her past and tries to understand what
is happening around her and why the manuscript appears only when
she requests it.
1. Make adapted and adequate translation of the given
extract from Good Omens by Neil Gaiman and Terry Pratchett.
CURRENT THEORIES on the creation of the Universe state
that, if it was created at all and didn’t just start, as it were, unofficially,
it came into being between ten and twenty thousand million years
ago. By the same token the earth itself is generally supposed to be
about four and a half thousand million years old.
These dates are incorrect.
Medieval Jewish scholars put the date of the Creation at 3760
B.C. Greek Orthodox theologians put Creation as far back as 5508
B.C.
These suggestions are also incorrect.
Archbishop James Usher (1580–1656) published Annales
Veteris et Novi Testamenti in 1654, which suggested that the Heaven
and the Earth were created in 4004 B.C. One of his aides took the
calculation further, and was able to announce triumphantly that the
Earth was created on Sunday the 21st of October, 4004 B.C., at
exactly 9:00 A.M., because God liked to get work done early in the
morning while he was feeling fresh.
This too was incorrect. By almost a quarter of an hour.
The whole business with the fossilized dinosaur skeletons was
a joke the paleontologists haven’t seen yet.
This proves two things:
Firstly, that God moves in extremely mysterious, not to say,
circuitous ways. God does not play dice with the universe; He plays
an ineffable game of His own devising, which might be compared,
from the perspective of any of the other players,1 to being involved
in an obscure and complex version of poker in a pitch-dark room,
with blank cards, for infinite stakes, with a Dealer who won’t tell
you the rules, and who smiles all the time.
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Secondly, the Earth’s a Libra.

The astrological prediction for Libra in the “Your Stars Today”
column of the Tadfield Advertiser, on the day this history begins,
read as follows:
LIBRA. September 24–October 23.
You may be feeling run down and always in the same old daily
round. Home and family matters are highlighted and are hanging fire.
Avoid unnecessary risks. A friend is important to you. Shelve major
decisions until the way ahead seems clear. You may be vulnerable
to a stomach upset today, so avoid salads. Help could come from an
unexpected quarter.
This was perfectly correct on every count except for the bit
about the salads.
IT WASN’T A DARK AND STORMY NIGHT.
It should have been, but that’s the weather for you. For every
mad scientist who’s had a convenient thunderstorm just on the night
his Great Work is finished and lying on the slab, there have been
dozens who’ve sat around aimlessly under the peaceful stars while
Igor clocks up the overtime.
But don’t let the fog (with rain later, temperatures dropping to
around forty-five degrees) give anyone a false sense of security. Just
because it’s a mild night doesn’t mean that dark forces aren’t abroad.
They’re abroad all the time. They’re everywhere.
They always are. That’s the whole point.
Two of them lurked in the ruined graveyard. Two shadowy
figures, one hunched and squat, the other lean and menacing, both
of them Olympic-grade lurkers. If Bruce Springsteen had ever
recorded “Born to Lurk,” these two would have been on the album
cover. They had been lurking in the fog for an hour now, but they
had been pacing themselves and could lurk for the rest of the night
if necessary, with still enough sullen menace left for a final burst of
lurking around dawn.
Finally, after another twenty minutes, one of them said:
“Bugger this for a lark. He should of been here hours ago.”The
speaker’s name was Hastur. He was a Duke of Hell.
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2. Read and translate extracts below. Try to identify genre,

comment why you think so.
A wave of despair struck through her at the thought and she had to stop
halfway down the stairs, holding the railing, afraid her knees would buckle.
(Admit it. It isn’t just Jack, he’s just the one solid thing in all of this you
can hang the other things on, the things you can’t believe and yet are being
forced to believe, that thing about the hedges, the party favor in the elevator,
the mask)
She tried to stop the thought but it was too late. (and the voices.) Because
from time to time it had not seemed that there was a solitary crazy man
below them, shouting at and holding conversations with the phantoms in
his own crumbling mind. From time to time, like a radio signal fading in
and out, she had heard--or thought she had--other voices, and music, and
laughter. At one moment she would hear Jack holding a conversation with
someone named Grady (the name was vaguely familiar to her but she made
no actual connection), making statements and asking questions into silence,
yet speaking loudly, as if to make himself heard over a steady background
racket. And then, eerily, other sounds would be there, seeming to slip into
place--a dance band, people clapping, a man with an amused yet authoritative
voice who seemed to be trying to persuade somebody to make a speech. For a
period of thirty seconds to a minute she would hear this, long enough to grow
faint with terror, and then it would be gone again and she would only hear
Jack, talking in that commanding yet slightly slurred way she remembered
as his drunk-speak voice. But there was nothing in the hotel to drink except
cooking sherry. Wasn’t that right? Yes, but if she could imagine that the hotel
was full of voices and music, couldn’t Jack imagine that he was drunk?
Lyra and her daemon moved through the darkening hall, taking care to keep to
one side, out of sight of the kitchen. The three great tables that ran the length
of the hall were laid already, the silver and the glass catching what little light
there was, and the long benches were pulled out ready for the guests. Portraits
of former Masters hung high up in the gloom along the walls. Lyra reached
the dais and looked back at the open kitchen door, and, seeing no one, stepped
up beside the high table. The places here were laid with gold, not silver, and
the fourteen seats were not oak benches but mahogany chairs with velvet
cushions. Lyra stopped beside the Master’s chair and flicked the biggest glass
gently with a fingernail. The sound rang clearly through the hall. «You’re
not taking this seriously,» whispered her daemon. «Behave yourself.« Her
daemon’s name was Pantalaimon, and he was currently in the form of a moth,
a dark brown one so as not to show up in the darkness of the hall.
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«They’re making too much noise to hear from the kitchen,» Lyra whispered
back. «And the Steward doesn’t come in till the first bell. Stop fussing. « But
she put her palm over the ringing crystal anyway, and Pantalaimon fluttered
ahead and through the slightly open door of the Retiring Room at the other
end of the dais. After a moment he appeared again. «There’s no one there,»
he whispered. «But we must be quick. « Crouching behind the high table,
Lyra darted along and through the door into the Retiring Room, where she
stood up and looked around. The only light in here came from the fireplace,
where a bright blaze of logs settled slightly as she looked, sending a fountain
of sparks up into the chimney. She had lived most of her life in the College,
but had never seen the Retiring Room before: only Scholars and their guests
were allowed in here, and never females. Even the maidservants didn’t clean
in here. That was the Butler’s job alone. Pantalaimon settled on her shoulder.
“The police are not watching him.” “I will tell him this. A long pause, then
Theo nodded at the gloves, still afraid to touch anything. “And what do we
do with these?” “I’m not keeping them.” “That’s what I was afraid of.” “You
know what to do, right, Theo?” “I have no clue. Right now I’m wondering
how I got in the middle of this mess.” “Can’t you just drop them off at the
police station?” Theo bit his tongue, preventing a phrase or two that would
certainly be taken as sarcastic or cruel or both. How could Julio be expected
to understand the system? Sure, Julio, I’ll just run by the police station, give
the receptionist a Ziploc with two golf gloves, explain that they were worn
by the nice man who’s now on trial for killing his wife, and who in fact
did kill his wife because I, Theo Boone, know the truth because I, for some
reason, have talked to a key witness no one else knows about it, and, please,
Miss Receptionist, take these to a detective down in Homicide but don’t tell
him where they came from. Poor Julio. “No, that won’t work, Julio. The
police will ask too many questions and your cousin could be in trouble. The
best thing to do is to take these gloves with you and I’ll pretend I never
saw them.” “No way, Theo. They now belong to you.” And with that, Julio
jumped to his feet, grabbed the doorknob, and had one foot outside when
he said, over his shoulder, “And you promised not to tell, Theo.”Theo was
behind him. “Sure.” “You gave me your word.” “Sure.” Julio disappeared
into the darkness.The Duke of Buckinghamshire, far away on the scaffold,
put off his thick coat. He was close enough kin for me to call him uncle. He
had come to my wedding and given me a gilt bracelet. My father told me that
he had offended the king a dozen ways: he had royal blood in his veins and he
kept too large a retinue of armed men for the comfort of a king not yet wholly
secure on his throne; worst of all he was supposed to have said that the king
had no son and heir now,
93
could get no son and heir, and that he would likely die without a son to
succeed him to the throne Such a thought must not be said out loud. The king,
the court, the whole country knew that a boy must be born to the queen, and
born soon. To suggest otherwise was to take the first step on the path that led
to the wooden steps of the scaffold which the duke, my uncle, now climbed,
firmly and without fear. A good courtier never refers to any unpalatable
truths. The life of a court should always be merry. Uncle Stafford came to
the front of the stage to say his final words. I was too far from him to hear,
and in any case I was watching the king, waiting for his cue to step forward
and offer the royal pardon. This man standing on the scaffold, in the sunlight
of the early morning, had been the king’s partner at tennis, his rival on the
jousting field, his friend at a hundred bouts of drinking and gambling, they
had been comrades since the king was a boy. The king was teaching him a
lesson, a powerful public lesson, and then he would forgive him and we could
all go to breakfast.
On the day the Grisha Examiners came, the boy and the girl were perched in
the window seat of a dusty upstairs bedroom, hoping to catch a glimpse of the
mail coach. Instead, they saw a sleigh, a troika pulled by three black horses,
pass through the white stone gates onto the estate. They watched its silent
progress through the snow to the Duke’s front door.Three figures emerged in
elegant fur hats and heavy wool kefta: one in crimson, one in darkest blue,
and one in vibrant purple.“Grisha!” the girl whispered.“Quick!” said the boy.
In an instant, they had shaken off their shoes and were running silently down
the hall, slipping through the empty music room and darting behind a column
in the gallery that overlooked the sitting room where Ana Kuya liked to
receive guests.
Ana Kuya was already there, birdlike in her black dress, pouring tea from the
samovar, her large key ring jangling at her waist.
“There are just the two this year, then?” said a woman’s low voice.
They peered through the railing of the balcony to the room below. Two of the
Grisha sat by the fire: a handsome man in blue and a woman in red robes with
a haughty, refined air. The third, a young blond man, ambled about the room,
stretching his legs.
“Yes,” said Ana Kuya. “A boy and a girl, the youngest here by quite a bit.
Both around eight, we think. ”
“You think?” asked the man in blue.
“When the parents are deceased …”
“We understand,” said the woman. “We are, of course, great admirers of
your institution. We only wish more of the nobility took an interest in the
common people. ”
“Our Duke is a very great man,” said Ana Kuya.
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SIW 6 (5 hours)
Task 1. Read the text “Hills Like White Elephants” by Ernest
Hemingway according to the following link: https://faculty.weber.
edu/jyoung/English%202500/Readings%20for%20English%20
2500/Hills%20Like%20White%20Elephants.pdf
1.Find thetranslation for these words
bead
liquorice
bother
grain
bank
damp
felt pad
curtain
shade
junction
1.Give a one-sentence summary of the story.
“White elephant” is an idiom meaning a gift, usually an
extravagant or cumbersome gift that no one wants. It is the gift of
which its owner cannot dispose and whose cost (particularly cost
of upkeep) is out of proportion to its usefulness or worth. It is said
to derive from the custom of Siamese (Thai) kings giving white
elephants as a combination gift/punishment to dignitaries who had
displeased them.What is the unwanted “gift” in this story?
95
Task 2. Write an essay. Choose genre you prefer most. How

do you think a typical plot in this genre will look like? Describe a
typical plot as much detailed as possible.
E.g.:
Gothic
A typical gothic story is set in and around a castle, graveyard,
cave, convent, monastery, church, cathedral, chapel or dungeon.
The setting is key to the success of the story. ‘The building possesses
the occupants or holds them in bondage’ Marshall Tymn, Fantasy
Literature
It is acknowledged that the building has secrets of its own. This
gloomy and frightening scene is what the audience has already come
to expect. Mr. Williams describes the celebrated Castle of Otranto as
‘an imposing object of considerable size... [which] has a dignified
and chivalric air’.... A fitter scene for his romance he probably could
not have chosen.” Similarly, De Vore states, “The setting is greatly
influential in Gothic novels. It not only evokes the atmosphere of
horror and dread, but also portrays the deterioration of its world. The
decaying, ruined scenery implies that at one time there was a thriving
world. At one time the abbey, castle, or landscape was something
treasured and appreciated. Now, all that lasts is the decaying shell
of a once thriving dwelling.” So without the decrepit backdrop to
initiate the events, the Gothic novel would not exist. Such details
could be changed of course, for example in Stay Alive (2006) – the
castle was in the computer game but yet it was.
Gothic stories have accent on the dark and heavy atmosphere
but still they have some light to contrast the darkness and give hope
as to the readers so to the main characters and sometimes even
villains. Figures that operate in gothic fiction most often are: virginal
maiden, hero, tyrant/villain, bandits, clergy.
Task 3. Watch videos using following links https://www.

youtube.com/watch?v=ND05c5S3ySM, https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=Cp1zGSKa-FA. Then write a review on your
favourite book. Comment on the videos: which one was more
useful in writing review?
96
Task 4. Choose genre and 5 books or short stories of this

genre. Analyze stories for translation. Is there common plot lines
or elements? Do they have common thematic lexis?
E.g.: Quest archetype in fantasy genre (Lord of the Rings,
Harry Potter, The Magicians)
Quest - the journey of heroes in search of some magical subject
(artefact), place, person or knowledge - is used as the basis of many
fantastic stories. This archetype comes from the plots of ancient and
medieval literature - such as the Argonauts’ campaign for the Golden
Fleece, Sir Galahad’s campaign for the Holy Grail, etc.
Nota Bene: https://writersedit.com/fiction-writing/6-plot-
alternatives-to-the-quest-in-fantasy-fiction/ - 6 most common plot
lines of fantasy
Common lexis
magic - the use of special powers to make things happen that
would usually be impossible,
spell - spoken words that are thought to have magical power,
or (the condition of being under) the influence or control of such
words:
The witch cast/put a spell on the prince and he turned into a
frog,
hex - an evil spell, bringing bad luck and trouble,
curse - to say magic words that are intended to bring bad luck
to someone,
ritual - a set of fixed actions and sometimes words performed
regularly, especially as part of a ceremony,
artefact - an object that is made by a person, such as a tool or
a decoration, especially one that is of historical interest,
wand - a special thin stick waved by a person who is
performing magic,
supernatural - caused by forces that cannot be explained by
science,
magician - a person who has magic powers in stories,
wizard - a man who is believed to have magical powers and
who uses them to harm or help other people,
witch - a woman who is believed to have magical powers and
who uses them to harm or help other people,
97
basilisk - an imaginary reptile said to be able to kill by poison

or by looking at someone,
jinx - bad luck, or a person or thing that is believed to bring
bad luck,
creature - any large or small living thing that can move
independently,
mermaid - an imaginary creature described in stories, with
the upper body of a woman and the tail of a fish,
imp - a small evil spirit
5. Make your own top 5 genres based on your preferences
and top-lists of bestsellers (market research you have made
earlier). For each genre choose 1 or 2 titles you liked. Prepare
5-minute presentation about your top-5. Explain why you have
chosen these titles (interesting plot, author’s style, philosophy
etc.)
E.g.:
1.Mystery- The Lovely Bones (A. Sebold)
“My name was Salmon, like the fish; first name, Susie. I was
fourteen when I was murdered on December 6, 1973.” So begins the
story of Susie Salmon, who is adjusting to her new home in heaven,
a place that is not at all what she expected, even as she is watching
life on earth continue without her -- her friends trading rumors about
her disappearance, her killer trying to cover his tracks, her grief-
stricken family unraveling. Out of unspeakable tragedy and loss,
The Lovely Bones succeeds, miraculously, in building a tale filled
with hope, humor, suspense, even joy
2.Historical-fantasy The Discovery of the witches (D.
Harkness)
It follows the story of Diana Bishop, a history of science
professor at Yale University who, after accidentally finding an
elusive, long-thought-lost manuscript, is compelled to embrace the
magic in her blood that she has sought to keep out of her life and
engage in a forbidden romance with charming vampire Matthew
Clairmont. (Sequels: Shadow of Night, The Book of Life). A lot of
historical intertext.
3.Cyber punk - Altered Carbon (Richard K. Morgan)
It is a solid neo-noir cyberpunk detective story that plays
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out in a fascinating science fiction universe in which interstellar

travel is facilitated by transferring consciousnesses between bodies
(“sleeves”), it follows the attempt of Takeshi Kovacs, a former
U.N. elite soldier turned private investigator, to investigate a rich
man’s death. It is followed by the sequels Broken Angels and Woken
Furies.. The novel has a fairly complicated plot that comes together
almost flawlessly in the end.
4.Detective – The Diamond Chariot (B. Akunin)
A stunning and epic finale to the series, pitting Fandorin
against both Ninjas and terrorists on the Trans-Siberian Express!
The first of the interlinked plotlines is set in Russia during the Russo-
Japanese War in 1905. Fandorin is charged with protecting the Trans-
Siberian Railway from Japanese sabotage in a pacy adventure filled
with double agents and ticking bombs. Then we travel back to the
Japan of the late 1870s. This is the story of Fandorin’s arrival and
life in Yokohama, his first meeting with Masa and the martial arts
education that came in so handy later. He investigates the death of
a Russian ship-captain, fights for a woman, exposes double-agents
in the Japanese police, fights against, and then with the ninjas, and
becomes embroiled in a shocking finale that interweaves the two
stories and ties up the series as a whole.
Lecture 13.
Theme: Vocabulary research.
Genre originates from the French word meaning kind or type.
As a literary device, genre refers to a form, class, or type of literary
work. The primary genres in literature are poetry, drama/play, essay,
short story, and novel. The term genre is used quite often to denote
literary sub-classifications or specific types of literature such as
comedy, tragedy, epic poetry, thriller, science fiction, romance, etc.
It’s important to note that, as a literary device, genre is closely
tied to the expectations of readers. This is especially true for literary
sub-classifications.
Except common elements masterpieces of one genre are also
have common meta-vocabulary. For example, literature products
concerning such themes as magic will have lexis like: spell, hex,
curse, ritual, etc. If there it also contains love story probably you will
99
meet words like: bound, soul mate, true love, epic love etc. Or, if it’s
a detective story you will probably meet words describing crimes
and way of investigation (deduction, murder, suspect, witness etc.)
One of the aspects of the analysis of a literary text is
linguacultural analysis, that is, the consideration of the text as a
cultural phenomenon and the perception of cultural information in
the linguistic sign and the text as a whole. The text is a repository
of ideas, meanings and cultural constants. Linguacultural analysis
contributes to the formation of the ability to reflect on linguistic and
speech units containing cultural information and the formation of
linguacultural competence.
Lingua-culturology is defined as:
-A branch of ethno-linguistics, the task of which is to study and
describe the relationships between language and culture, language
and ethnos, language and people’s mentality based on the triad of
language-culture-personality where linguaculture stands for the
reflective function of the material and spiritual identity of the ethnos.
A new philological discipline that studies selected and organized sets
of cultural values. It explores everyday communicative processes,
speech perceptions and production, experiences of the linguistic
personality and national mentalities which lend to a systematic
description of the language picture of the world and ensure the
implementation of educational tasks.
Along with the subject of linguoculturology, it is important
to acknowledge the presence and manifestation of linguistic and
cultural categories both as components in the communicative
competence of the primary language personality and of the
intercultural communicative competence of the mediator of
The goals of linguacultural analysis are:
1) the ability to extract information about the culture of the
country from the text;
2) the ability to interpret the information received;
3) the ability to compare the value pictures of the world of
different cultures.
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Methods of linguacultural analysis:

1) the method of philological analysis, the method of genre
interpretation of linguistic means and the method of interpreting the
ideological content of the text;
2) the method of conceptual analysis, reconstruction of the
speaker’s picture of the world;
3) the comparative method.
The subject of linguacultural analysis is language units that
“have acquired symbolic, standard, figurative and metaphorical
meaning in culture and which generalize the results of human
consciousness proper - archetypal and prototypical, recorded in
myths, legends, rituals, rituals, folklore and religious discourses,
poetic and prosaic literary texts, phraseological units and metaphors,
symbols and paremias (proverbs and sayings”. These are the units,
in the meaning of which the ethnic-cultural specificity lies, which
accumulate and transmit cultural experience from generation to
generation.
This includes:
• Non-equivalent vocabulary and gaps
• Mythologized linguistic units: archetypes and mythologemes
• Standards, stereotypes, symbols
• Paremia
• Phraseologisms
• Metaphors and images of language
• Speech behavior
• Speech etiquette (Maslova V.A.)
• Key concepts of culture
• Precedent phenomena
Literature:
https://literarydevices.net/genre/
Пособие по лингвокультурологическому анализу текста
Д. В. Ворошкевич, 2016)Benveniste E. General Linguistics. - M.,
1974, p. 45.Vorkachev SG Linguaculturology, language personality,
concept: formation anthropocentric paradigm in linguistics. //
“Philological Sciences” -2001. - №1. Pp. 64-71.Kunanbayeva
S.S. Conceptually-grounded cognitive-lingual basics of forming a
multilingual. Manual. Almaty, 2018. – P.260.
101

1. What means word “genre”?
2. What is linguacultural analysis?
3. Can you give an example of meta-vocabulary?
4. How do you think, is there any method you could add to
those that were already mentioned in the lecture?
5. Think of examples of speech etiquette from linguacultural
aspect.
SEMINAR 13
1. Listen to the interview with top literary agent Mark
Gottlieb. He works at Trident Media Group, which has ranked
#1 for sales according to Publisher’s Marketplace over the
last decade. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3sQGSPrdaA8.
Comment on the video. Were these tips useful in your country?
2. Look through blog about the language, specifically
“vocabulary on Harry Potter universe” using the link https://
k-international.com/blog/the-language-of-harry-potter/ .
Comment on the vocabulary (advantages and disadvantages),
add elements if any.
task for written communication:
1. Translate the following extract from American Gods by
Neil Gaiman). Analyze the text: write out culture bound words,
metaphors, phraseologisms.
“You do me a deep disservice, good lady. This gentleman
is called Shadow. He is working for me, yes, but on your behalf.
Shadow, may I introduce you to the lovely Miss Zorya Vechernyaya.”
“Good to meet you,” said Shadow. Birdlike, the old woman peered
up at him. “Shadow,” she said. “A good name. When the shadows
are long, that is my time. And you are the long shadow.” She looked
him up and down, then she smiled. “You may kiss my hand,” she
said, and extended a cold hand to him.
Shadow bent down and kissed her thin hand. She had a large
amber ring on her middle finger. “Good boy,” she said. “I am going
to buy groceries. You see, I am the only one of us who brings in any
money. The other two cannot make money fortune-telling. This is
102
because they only tell the truth, and the truth is not what people want
to hear. It is a bad thing, and it troubles people, so they do not come
back. But I can lie to them, tell them what they want to hear. So I
bring home the bread. Do you think you will be here for supper?”
“I would hope so,” said Wednesday.
“Then you had better give me some money to buy more food,”
she said. “I am proud, but I am not stupid. The others are prouder
than I am, and he is the proudest of all. So give me money and do not
tell them that you give me money.”
Wednesday opened his wallet, and reached in. He took out a
twenty. Zorya Vechernyaya plucked it from his fingers, and waited.
He took out another twenty and gave it to her. “Is good,” she said.
“We will feed you like princes. Now, go up the stairs to the top.
Zorya Utrennyaya is awake, but our other sister is still asleep, so do
not be making too much noise.”
Shadow and Wednesday climbed the dark stairs. The landing
two stories up was half filled with black plastic garbage bags and it
smelled of rotting vegetables.
“Are they gypsies?” asked Shadow.
“Zorya and her family? Not at all. They’re not Rom. They’re
Russian. Slavs, I believe.”
“But she does fortune-telling.”
“Lots of people do fortune-telling. I dabble in it myself.”
Wednesday was panting as they went up the final flight of stairs.
“I’m out of shape.”
The landing at the top of the stairs ended in a single door
painted red, with a peephole in it. Wednesday knocked at the door.
There was no response. He knocked again, louder this time.
“Okay! Okay! I heard you! I heard you!” The sound of locks
being undone, of bolts being pulled, the rattle of a chain. The red
door opened a crack.
“Who is it?” A man’s voice, old and cigarette-roughened.
“An old friend, Czernobog. With an associate.”
The door opened as far as the security chain would allow.
Shadow could see a gray face, in the shadows, peering out at them.
“What do you want, Votan?”
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“Initially, simply the pleasure of your company. And I have

information to share. What’s that phrase? . . . Oh yes. You may learn
something to your advantage.
2. Translate these idioms from literature into Kazakh/
Russian. Try to find equivalents.
1. Live off the fat of the land
2. Extend an olive branch
3. Mad as a hatter
4. Pot calling the kettle black
5. Dead as a doornail
6. Wear my heart upon my sleeve
7. Every cloud has its silver lining but it is sometimes a little
difficult to get it to the mint.
8. Bite the dust
9. Blessing in disguise
10. Burn the midnight oil
Lecture 14.
Theme: Meta-vocabulary.
The concept of “key word” is widely used in various fields
of knowledge: linguistics, psychology, stylistics, literary criticism,
lexicography, teaching methods and programming. Key words are
also called symbol words, epoch marker words, key words, chrono-
factual words (“words characterizing a specific fact (phenomenon,
event, concept, etc.), inherent in a certain slice of time”), words-
witnesses, lexical units that dominate the conceptual-lexical field and
are the key to understanding a whole group of associated concepts,
“nuclear words of political doctrines, password words of political
groups”, key terms. “Key words” are used in information retrieval
systems to quickly find the necessary information. The ability of
key lexical units to concentrate in themselves the meaning of the
entire text, to build textual unity, that is, “in conjunction with other
keywords to represent the text”, is used in psycholinguistic analysis.
The term “key word” was used by Wierzbicka A.: “Key words are
words that are especially important and indicative for a particular
culture”. In linguistic studies, keywords were considered in works
of authorship, cycles of texts or in discourses.
104
Shmeleva T.V., proposing in the early 90s. the concept of

“key word of the current moment”, highlighted key words not just
in the text (or a cycle of texts), but in relation to the discourse of our
time, combining oral communication and various texts, including
texts of works of art and mass media information. “The key word
of the present moment is a word that is on everyone’s lips, a word
“in the center of everyone’s attention””. “Key words act as a kind
of markers of a particular epoch, of a certain historical period,
they become extremely important in a particular period, designate
socially significant concepts and, due to their relevance, become
popular with native speakers”
The “term” vocabulary
As well as you have already chosen the genre you will need
to find a new literature product in the genre that is not translated yet.
Read this book and analyze it, compare with the books from your
list. Is it going to be popular? Find the optimal variant that seems to
be popular and translate the book. On the stage of editing, you will
need your “genre vocabulary” and also vocabulary you will create
for this certain book. Edit translation according to your vocabulary.
Literature:
1. Ю. А. Мельник. Языковые маркеры новейшего времени
(на материале социолингвистических проектов «Слово года» //
Вестник Челябинского государственного университета. — 2017.
№ 11 (407). Филологические науки. Вып. 109. С. 34—42.
2. Wierzbicka A. Understanding Cultures through Their Key
Words (English, Russian, Polish, German, and Japanese), New York:
Oxford University Press, 2015. — 328 p.
3. Шмелёва, Т.В. Ключевые слова текущего момента / Т.
В. Шмелёва // Сolleqium. — 1993. — № 1. — С. 33–41.
1. What is keyword?
2. How else we can call “key words”?
3. Why keywords are important? (Share your opinion)
4. Write a list of keywords representing your culture.
105
SEMINAR 14
1. Watch the video about vocabulary on theme movies
using the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gb87bAkFkYc.
Translate terms that blogger was talking about. Make a list of the
terms in Kazakh/Russian
2. Listen to an interview about two books according to
the link: bookshttps://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/skills/
listening/advanced-c1/an-interview-about-two-books and write
a review to the book you have recently read in English language.
1. Translate the following text. Think of the main concepts
of the text. Make a table: one column for each concept and write
out key words (linguistic markers) of each concept.
E.g.:
Crime Occultism Investigation
Jane moved aside to let Maura gaze into the bedroom. She did
not see the victim; all she saw was the blood. The average human
body contains perhaps five liters of it. The same volume of red paint,
splashed around a small room, could splatter every surface. What
her stunned eyes encountered, as she stared through the doorway,
were just such extravagant splatters, like bright streamers flung by
boisterous hands across white walls, across furniture and linen.
“Arterial,” said Rizzoli.
Maura could only nod, silent, as her gaze followed the arcs
of spray, reading the horror story written in red on these walls. As
a fourth-year medical student serving a clerkship rotation in the
ER, she had once watched a gunshot victim exsanguinate on the
trauma table. With the blood pressure crashing, the surgery resident
in desperation had performed an emergency laparotomy, hoping to
control the internal bleeding. He’d sliced open the belly, releasing a
fountain of arterial blood that gushed out of the torn aorta, splashing
doctors’ gowns and faces. In the final frantic seconds, as they’d
suctioned and packed in sterile towels, all Maura could focus on was
that blood. Its brilliant gloss, its meaty smell. She’d reached into the
open abdomen to grab a retractor, and the warmth that had soaked
106
through the sleeves of her gown had felt as soothing as a bath. That
day, in the operating room, Maura had seen the alarming spurt that
even a weak arterial pressure can generate.
Now, as she gazed at the walls of the bedroom, it was once
again the blood that held her focus, that recorded the story of the
victim’s final seconds.
When the first cut was made, the victim’s heart was still
beating, still generating a blood pressure.
There, above the bed, was where the first machine-gun splatter
hit, arcing high onto the wall. After a few vigorous pulses, the arcs
began to decay. The body would try to compensate for the falling
pressure, the arteries clamping down, the pulse quickening. But with
every heartbeat, it would drain itself, accelerating its own demise.
When at last the pressure faded and the heart stopped, there would
be no more spurts, just a quiet trickle as the last blood seeped out.
This was the death Maura saw recorded on these walls, and on this
bed.
Then her gaze halted, riveted on something she had almost
missed among all the splatters. Something that made the hairs on the
back of her neck suddenly stand up. On one wall, drawn in blood,
were three upside-down crosses. And beneath that, a series of cryptic
symbols:
“What does that mean?” said Maura softly.
“We have no idea. We’ve been trying to figure it out.”
Maura could not tear her gaze from the writing. She swallowed.
“What the hell are we dealing with here?”
“Wait till you see what comes next.” Jane circled around to
the other side of the bed and pointed to the floor. “The victim’s right
here. Most of her, anyway.”
Only as Maura rounded the bed did the woman come into
view. She was lying unclothed and on her back. Exsanguination
had drained the skin to the color of alabaster, and Maura suddenly
remembered her visit to a room in the British Museum, where dozens
of fragmented Roman statues were on display. The wear of centuries
had chipped at the marble, cracking off heads, breaking off arms,
until they were little more than anonymous torsos. That’s what she
saw now, staring down at the body.
107
A broken Venus. With no head.

“It looks like he killed her there, on the bed,” said Jane. “That
would explain the splatters on that particular wall and all the blood
on the mattress. Then he pulled her onto the floor, maybe because he
needed a firm surface to finish cutting.” Jane took a breath and turned
away, as though she had suddenly reached her limit, and could not
look at the corpse any longer.
“You said the first cruiser took ten minutes to respond to that
nine-one-one call,” said Maura.
“That’s right.”
“What was done here-these amputations, the removal of the
head-that would have taken longer than ten minutes.”
“We realize that. I don’t think it was the victim who made that
call.”
The creak of a footstep made them both turn, and they saw
Barry Frost standing in the doorway, looking less than eager to enter
the room.
“Crime Scene Unit’s here,” he said.
“Tell them to come on in.” Jane paused. “You don’t look so
hot.”
“I think I’m doing pretty good. Considering.”
“How’s Kassovitz? She finished puking? We could use some
help in here.”
Frost shook his head. “She’s still sitting in her car. I don’t
think her stomach’s ready for this one. I’ll go get CSU.”
“Tell her to grow a spine, for God’s sake!” Jane called after
him as he walked out of the room. “I hate it when a woman lets me
down. Gives us all a bad name.”
Maura’s gaze returned to the torso on the floor. “Have you
found-”
“The rest of her?” said Jane. “Yeah. You’ve already seen the
left hand. The right arm’s sitting in the bathtub. And now I guess it’s
time to show you the kitchen.”
“What’s in there?”
“More surprises.” Jane started across the room, toward the
hallway.Turning to follow her, Maura caught a sudden glimpse of
herself in the bedroom mirror. Her reflection stared back at her with
108
tired eyes, the black hair limp from melted snow. But it was not the
image of her own face that made her freeze. “Jane,” she whispered.
“Look at this.”
“What?”
“In the mirror. The symbols.” Maura turned and stared at the
writing on the wall. “Do you see it? It’s a reverse image! Those
aren’t symbols, those are letters, meant to be read in the mirror.”
Jane looked at the wall, then at the mirror. “That’s a word?”
“Yes. It spells out
Peccavi.”
Jane shook her head. “Even in reverse, it doesn’t mean a thing
to me.”
“It’s Latin, Jane.”
“For what?”
“I have sinned.”
(The Mephisto club, by Tess Gerritsen)
2. Matt O’Brien wrote this story for the Associated Press.
AP Retail Writer Joseph Pisani in New York contributed to this
story. Anna Matteo adapted it. Translate it into Kazakh/Russian.
The Girl Scouts organization, founded in 1912, is well known
for teaching important life and survival skills to girls.
Part of their goal, as stated on their website, is “to improve
their corner of the world.” One way they do that has become a
beloved tradition. They sell Girl Scout cookies!
Many people look forward to Girl Scout cookie season and
have a favorite cookie.
Girl Scouts usually sell their cookies in person: door-to-door,
in offices and businesses, on busy street corners and sidewalks. But
the coronavirus pandemic has made selling the cookies harder. There
are simply less people out in public.
Well, this year in one U.S. state some Girl Scouts will get around
that face-to-face problem. Their cookies will be delivered by drones.
Google is using drones to deliver Girl Scout cookies to people’s
homes in a Virginia community. The town of Christiansburg has
been a testing ground for delivery drones. The tests are operated by
Wing, a division of Google’s corporate parent Alphabet.
109
Representatives from Wing told the Associated Press (AP)

that the company began talking to local Girl Scout troops because
of the pandemic. The troops have been having a harder time selling
cookies during the pandemic because of re Gracie Walker is an
11-year-old with Girl Scouts of Virginia Skyline Troop 224. Gracie
told the AP that she is “excited” to be “part of history.” She says the
drones “look like a helicopter but also a plane.”
Wing drones fly without a human pilot controlling
them remotely. When a drone reaches the home, it drops the delivery
on the front lawn.
Wing is also using the beloved Girl Scout cookies to build
public support for drone delivery. The company is currently
competing against Walmart, Amazon and others business.
However, there is not much evidence that people really want
drone delivery services.
Amazon has also been working on drone delivery for years. In
2013, Amazon founder Jeff Bezos said in a TV interview that drones
would be flying to customers’ homes within five years. However,
that date has long since passed.
A small study of people in Christiansburg appears to show
that they are happy with the drones. But that study was done by
researchers at nearby Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University (Virginia Tech). Also Wing helped to pay for the study.
Lee Vinsel is an assistant professor at Virginia Tech and did
the study. He said that neighborhoods in the area are “easiest for
drone delivery.” That might not be the case for more crowded places,
he added.
Federal officials started announcing new rules in early April.
These new rules will allow operators to fly small drones over people
and at night. Most drones will need to be equipped so they can be
identified remotely by law enforcement officials.
But all these problems have not lessened Gracie’s drone
delivery excitement. The Virginia Girl Scout said she hopes that
people are going to realize drones are better for the environment.
And she adds, people can also just walk outside in
their pajamas and get cookies.
110
Lecture 15.
Theme: The conceptual basics of cognitive linguistics in
the theory and practice of intercultural communication.
In the hierarchy of didactic concepts and categories of the
theory of foreign language education, the above-mentioned objects
of analysis will appear in the following relationship. ‘Methodology’
is a system of general principles and methods of scientific
knowledge and social practice. Implemented systematically
through the ‘methodological principles’ of scientific knowledge
which predetermine the basis and theoretical platform for scientific
concepts in relation to significant components, it can be defined as
the basic notions necessary in the scientific and practical field of
foreign language education.
An independent didactic area with its own characteristic
features of education, where methodological independence and self-
determination serve as the main factors.A specific type of education
with a cognitive-lingua-culturological methodology of scientific
knowledge and research intended for a specific scientific field
(theory of foreign language education).
A field with a specific scientific direction with a single theoretical
platform (intercultural communicative concept of foreign language
education) and a comprehensive interdisciplinary object of research
(foreign language-foreign culture-personality) with a final effective
product which is the mediator of intercultural communication, the
methodologically significant category of ‘linguacultural’ must be
reflected within the functional interdependence of all its components.
The basis of field research with its own system of concepts
and categories that justify its theoretical independence.
A complex object of a foreign culture-foreign language-
personality that gives rise to 1) a conscious (cognitive) re-
conceptualisation of the world; 2) formation of the secondary
cognitive consciousness; 3) building of a secondary picture of the
world through immersion in a new language and linguistic culture.
A specific process of immersion in a new linguaculture
which is achieved by reversing the content of a foreign language
education through methodological principles.A separate set of
methodological principles (communicative, cognitive, social,
111
linguacultural, conceptualising, sociocultural, personality-centred

or developmental-reflexive) that serve as the methodological basis
which systematise and implement the MFL through the content area.
A cognitive-linguacultural basis of a content-conceptual and
activity platform which is distinguished during the foreign-language
education and helps the mediator of intercultural communicationto
form as a person with a high-level of cognitive knowledge. It also
helps them to acquire pragma-communicative levels of intercultural
communicative competence that ensures flexible and rapid responses
to the variability of communicative situations and the depth of the
socio and linguacultural components of intercultural-communicative
competence.
The attainment of cognitive-pragmatic aspects to the level of
a mediator of intercultural communication:
• Requires the provision of conscious and systematic
activities of the future mediator of intercultural communication
aimed at forming new cognitive-lingua-culturological competencies
including the general cognitive mechanisms of the individual in the
course of learning a foreign language and culture.
• Assumes cognitive-based formation of the secondary
cognitive consciousness as the base for further personal advancement
to the level of maximum proficiency correlated with the level of the
native speaker’s language and culture.
• Reflects the process of gradual re-socialisation (secondary
socialisation) of a person through socialising the concepts of the
different sociolinguistic culture.
• Assumes that the basic secondary mental constructs which
have already been formed provide a new language conceptualisation
of the world and will serve as a system of coordination with which
to perceive and interact with the surrounding world in the process of
familiarising the individual with a new language culture.
In this connection, the question arises as to the place and role of
the native language in forming the secondary cognitive consciousness;
how far it is justified and psycho-linguistically grounded to state
that the existing system of native knowledge contributes to faster
acquisition of a foreign language at a subconscious level.
We need a more convincing and scientifically grounded
112
confirmation of not so much the universal conceptual structure

of thinking as of the psycholinguistic patterns of thought and
conceptualisation of the world in the process of the personal
transition from one language picture of the world to another.
Literature:
1. Conceptually-grounded cognitive-lingual basics of forming
a multilingual. Manual/ S.S.Kunanbayeva, Almaty, 2018 – P.260
1. What are methodological principles?
2. What is didactical area?
3. What gives rise to a re-conceptualization of the world?
SEMINAR 15
1. Popular titles have fan theories about some events or
elements of canonicity. For example theory of Harry Potter
universe that Luna Lovegood and Draco Malfoy are secretly
siblings. Write about fan theories of your favourite title.
2. Read and translate the text below. Can you identify
intertextuality? (reference to the reality or another story). Pay
attention to the translation of the highlighted words.
Today we are at the Newseum in Washington D.C. – where the
history of free expression is explained and defended.
The first printing presses arrived in the United States in the
mid-1600s, marking an important step in the history of America’s
free press.
A free press is important in democratic society. It allows
citizens to speak freely and criticize the country’s leaders without
fear. Some journalists have even lost their lives for that right.
But, it can also lead to news that is false. Last year, a fake
news story about a Washington pizza restaurant went viral, causing
a gunman to open fire at the business.
One of the most common terms we hear today is “fake news.”
The public and politicians use it to talk about the news reports they
do not think are accurate.
113
While people have paid much attention to the term in recent

years, the problem is not new. False news reports have been around
since modern journalism started.
Today, information moves around us in many forms, every
hour of every day. Even if we do not seek out news on our own, we
often receive it anyway, instantly, on our phones.
So how can we manage this mountain of information so that
fake news does not mislead us?
We believe this requires news literacy. News literacy is the
ability to use critical thinking skills to judge news reports. Are they
credible? Can you rely on the reports to be true?
We use real media examples to teach useful skills and methods
to recognize journalism over other kinds of information. We examine
the differences between facts and what people report in the media as
truth.The course provides tools to identify real and reliable news
sources. And, it demonstrates ways to separate news from opinion.
Professors at Stony Brook University in New York created
the News Literacy education program. We will share it with you in
simple English on VOA Learning English.
The need for news literacy is possibly greater now than ever
before. Learning this important skill can give us the power to take
full control of our own search for the truth.
Because as we’ve seen many times before, some news
presented as truth can actually turn out to be completely false.(
learningenglish.com)
1 Translate and identify allusions (references to reality or
other story)
1.His smile is like kryptonite to me.
2.She felt like she had a golden ticket.
3.That guy is young, scrappy, and hungry.
4.I wish I could just click my heels.
5.If I’m not home by midnight, my car might turn into a
pumpkin.
6.She smiles like a Cheshire cat.
7.His job is like pulling a sword out of a stone.
114
8.Is there an Einstein in your physics class?

9.My math teacher is he who must not be named.
10. I want to sound like Queen B.
11. Today might be the Ides of March.
12. Now might be a good time to sit in my thinking chair.
13. I have a caped crusader costume.
14. Does it count if we were on a break?
15. I’m listening to the king.
16. The Supreme Leader is dead. Long live the Supreme Leader
2. Read ST and TT below. Compare pragmatic potential; of

the ST and TT. Think of semantic interference and cultural gap
between ST and TT perception.
W. SOMERSET MAUGHAM Скоро время ложиться, а завтра,

Rain когда они проснутся, уже будет
It was nearly bedtime and when they видна Земля Доктор Макфейл
awoke next morning land would be закурил трубку и, опираясь
in sight. Dr Macphail lit his pipe and, на поручни, стал искать среди
leaning over the rail, searched the созвездий Южный Крест. После
heavens for the Southern Cross. After
two years at the front and a wound двух лет на фронте и раны, которая
that had taken longer to heal than it заживала дольше, чем следовало
should, he was glad to settle down бы, он был рад поселиться на год
quietly at Apia for twelve months в Тихой Апии, и путешествие уже
at least, and he felt already better принесло ему заметную пользу. Так
for the journey. Since some of the как на следующее утро некоторым
passengers were leaving the ship next пассажирам предстояло сойти в
day at Pago-Pago they had had a little Паго-Паго, вечером на корабле
dance that evening and in his ears были устроены танцы, и в ушах у
hammered still the harsh notes of the доктора все еще отдавались резкие
mechanical piano. But the deck was
quiet at last. A little way off he saw звуки пианолы. Теперь, наконец,
his wife in a long chair talking with на палубе воцарилось спокойствие.
the Davidsons, and he strolled over to Неподалеку он увидел свою
her. When he sat down under the light жену, занятую разговором с
and took off his hat you saw that he Дэвидсонами, и неторопливо
had very red hair, with a bald patch on направился к ее шезлонгу. Когда
the crown, and the red, freckled skin он сел под фонарем и снял шляпу,
which accompanies red hair; he was оказалось, что у него огненно-
a man of forty, thin, with a pinched рыжие волосы, плешь на макушке
face, precise and rather pedantic; and и обычная для рыжих людей
he spoke with a Scots accent in a very
low, quiet voice. красноватая веснушчатая кожа.
Это был человек лет сорока, худой,
узколицый, аккуратный и немного
115
Between the Macphails and the педант. Он говорил с шотландским

Davidsons, who were missionaries, акцентом, всегда негромко и
there had arisen the intimacy of спокойно.Между Макфейлами
shipboard, which is due to propinquity и Дэвидсонами-супругами-
rather than to any community миссионерами-завязалась
of taste. Their chief tie was the пароходная дружба, возникающая
disapproval they shared of the men не из-за близости взглядов и
who spent their days and nights in вкусов, а благодаря неизбежно
the smoking-room playing poker or частым встречам. Больше всего их
bridge and drinking. Mrs. Macphail объединяла неприязнь, которую все
was not a little flattered to think that четверо испытывали к пассажирам,
she and her husband were the only проводившим дни и ночи в
people on board with whom the курительном салоне за покером,
Davidsons were willing to associate, бриджем и вином.
and even the doctor, shy but no fool, Миссис Макфейл немножко
half unconsciously acknowledged гордилась тем, что они с мужем
the compliment. It was only because были единственными людьми
he was of an argumentative mind that на борту, которых Дэвидсоны не
in their cabin at night he permitted сторонились, и даже сам доктор,
himself to carp. человек застенчивый, но отнюдь не
‘Mrs. Davidson was saying she didn’t глупый, в глубине души чувствовал
know how they’d have got through себя польщенным. И только потому,
the journey if it hadn’t been for us,’ что у него был критический склад
said Mrs. Macphail, as she neatly ума, он позволил себе поворчать,
brushed out her transformation. ‘She когда они в этот вечер ушли в свою
said we were really the only people каюту.Миссис Дэвидсон говорила
on the ship they cared to know.’ мне, что не знает, как бы они
‘I shouldn’t have thought a выдержали эту поездку, если бы
missionary was such a big bug that не мы, - сказала миссис Макфейл,
he could afford to put on frills.’ осторожно выпутывая из волос
‘It’s not frills. I quite understand накладку. - Она сказала, что, кроме
what she means. It wouldn’t have нас, им просто не с кем было бы
been very nice for the Davidsons to здесь познакомиться.
have to mix with all that rough lot in - По-моему, миссионер - не такая
the smoking-room.’ уж важная птица, чтобы чваниться.
‘The founder of their religion wasn’t - Это не чванство. Я очень хорошо ее
so exclusive,’ said Dr Macphail with понимаю. Дэвидсонам не подходит
a chuckle.‘I’ve asked you over and грубое общество курительного
over again not to joke about religion,’ салона.
answered his wife. ‘I shouldn’t like Основатель их религии не был так
to have a nature like yours. Alec. You разборчив, - со смешком заметил
never look for the best in people.’ доктор.
He gave her a sidelong glance with
his pale, blue eyes, but did not reply.
116
After many years of married life -- Сколько раз я просила тебя не

he had learned that it was more шутить над религией, - сказала его
conducive to peace to leave his wife жена. - Не хотела бы я иметь твой
with the last word. He was undressed характер, Алек. Ты ищешь в людях
before she was, and climbing into the только дурное.
upper bunk he settled down to read Он искоса посмотрел на нее
himself to sleep. своими бледно-голубыми глазами,
When he came on deck next morning нопромолчал. Долгие годы
they were close to land. He looked at супружеской жизни убедили его,
it with greedy eyes. There was a thin что ради мира в семье последнее
strip of silver beach rising quickly слово следует оставлять за женой.
to hills covered to the top with Он кончил раздеваться раньше ее
luxuriant vegetation. The coconut и, забравшись на верхнюю полку,
trees, thick and green, came nearly устроился почитать перед сном.
to the water’s edge, and among Когда на следующее утро доктор
them you saw the grass houses of вышел на палубу, земля была
the Samoans; and here and there, совсем близко. Он жадно смотрел
gleaming white, a little church. Mrs. на нее. Узкая полоска серебряного
Davidson came and stood beside пляжа сразу сменялась
him. She was dressed in black and крутыми горами, вплоть до
wore round her neck a gold chain, вершин покрытыми пышной
from which dangled a small cross. растительностью. Среди зелени
She was a little woman, with brown, кокосовых пальм, спускавшихся
dull hair very elaborately arranged, почти к самой воде, виднелись
and she had prominent blue eyes травяные хижины самоанцев и
behind invisible pince-nez. Her face кое-где белели церквушки. Миссис
was long, like a sheep’s, but she Дэвидсон вышла на палубу и
gave no impression of foolishness, остановилась рядом с доктором.
rather of extreme alertness; she had Она былаодета в черное, на шее
the quick movements of a bird. The - золотая цепочка с крестиком.
most remarkable thing about her Это была маленькаяженщина
was her voice, high, metallic, and с тщательно приглаженными
without inflexion; it fell on the ear тусклыми каштановыми волосами
with a hard monotony, irritating to и выпуклыми голубыми глазамиза
the nerves like the pitiless clamour стеклами пенсне. Несмотря на
of the pneumatic drill. длинное овечье лицо, она не
‘This must seem like home to you,’ казалась простоватой, а, наоборот,
said Dr Macphail, with his thin, настороженной и энергичной.У нее
difficult smile. были быстрые птичьи движения.
‘Ours are low islands, you know, not Самым примечательным в ней был
like these. Coral. These are volcanic. голос - высокий, металлический,
We’ve got another ten days’ journey лишенный всякой интонации; он
to reach them.’ бил по барабанным перепонкам с
неумолимым однообразием,
117
‘In these parts that’s almost like - раздражая нервы, как

being in the next street at home,’ said безжалостное жужжание
Dr Macphail facetiously. пневматического сверла.
‘Well, that’s rather an exaggerated Вы, наверное, чувствуете себя
way of putting it, but one does look почти дома, - сказал доктор
at distances differently in the South Макфейл с обычной слабой,
Seas. So far you’re right.’ словно вымученной улыбкой.
Dr Macphail sighed faintly. - Видите ли, наши острова
‘I’m glad we’re not stationed here,’ непохожи на эти - они
she went on. ‘They say this is a плоские. Коралловые.- А эти -
terribly difficult place to work in. The вулканические. Нам осталось еще
steamers’ touching makes the people десять дней пути.
unsettled; and then there’s the naval - В здешних краях это то же, что
station; that’s bad for the natives. In на родине - соседний переулок, -
our district we don’t have difficulties пошутил доктор.
like that to contend with. There are - Ну, вы, разумеется,
one or two traders, of course, but we преувеличиваете, однако в Южных
take care to make them behave, and морях расстояния действительно
if they don’t we make the place so кажутся другими. В этом
hot for them they’re glad to go.’ отношении вы совершенно правы.
Fixing the glasses on her nose she Доктор Макфейл слегка вздохнул.
looked at the green island with a - Я рада, что наша миссия не на
ruthless stare. этом острове, - продолжала она. -
‘It’s almost a hopeless task for the Говорят, здесь почти невозможно
missionaries here. I can never be работать. Сюда заходит много
sufficiently thankful to God that we пароходов, а это развращает
are at least spared that.’ жителей; и, кроме того, здесь
Davidson’s district consisted of a стоят военные корабли, что
group of islands to the North of дурно влияет на туземцев.В
Samoa; they were widely separated нашем округе нам не приходится
and he had frequently to go long сталкиваться с подобными
distances by canoe. трудностями. Ну, разумеется, там
живут два-три торговца, но мы
следим, чтобы они вели себя как
следует, а в противном случае мы
их так допекаем, что они бывают
рады уехать.
Поправив пенсне, она устремила
на зеленый остров беспощадный
взгляд.
118
- Стоящая перед здешними

миссионерами задача почти
неразрешима. Я неустанно
благодарю бога, что по крайней
мере это испытание нас миновало.
Округ Дэвидсона охватывал
группу островов к северу от
Самоа; их разделяли большие
расстояния и ему нередко
приходилось совершать на пироге
далекие поездки.
Analyze your translations and write an essay on the pragmatic

potential of concept “you” and its Kazakh/Russian equivalents. Do
they have differences in perception and usage?
3. Carry out summarized translation on “The Romance
of a Busy Broker,” by O. Henry. Then write annotation in 80
words. The story was originally adapted and recorded by the
U.S. Department of State.
Pitcher, who worked in the office of Harvey Maxwell, broker,
usually allowed his face to show no feeling. This morning he
allowed his face to show interest and surprise when Mr. Maxwell
entered. It was half past nine, and Mr. Maxwell was with his young
lady secretary.
“Good morning, Pitcher,” said Maxwell. He rushed to his
table as if he were going to jump over it, then began to look at the
many, many letters and other papers waiting there for him.
The young lady had been Maxwell’s secretary for a year. She
was very beautiful, and very different from most other secretaries.
Her hair always looked plain and simple. She did not wear chains or
jewels. Her dress was gray and plain, but it fitted her very well. On
her small black- hat was the gold-green wing of a bird.
On this morning she seemed to shine softly. Her eyes
were dreaming but bright. Her face was warmly colored, and her
expression was happy.
Pitcher watched her. There was a question about her in his
mind. She was different this morning. Instead of going straight to the
119
room where she worked, she waited. She seemed not to know what
to do. Once she went over to Maxwell’s table, near enough for him
to see that she was there.
The machine sitting at that table was no longer a man. It was
a busy New York broker.
“What is it? Anything?” asked Maxwell shortly. Papers lay
like snow covering his table. His gray eyes looked at her as if she
were another machine.
“Nothing,” answered the secretary, moving away with a little
smile.“Mr. Pitcher,” she said, “did Mr. Maxwell talk to you yesterday
about getting another secretary?”
“He did,” Pitcher answered. “He told me to get another one.
Several are coming to talk to us this morning. But it’s now after nine
and not one has appeared.”
“I will do the work as usual,” said the young lady, “until
someone comes to fill the place.” And she went to her table. She
took off the black hat with the gold-green bird wing and put it away
as usual.
If you have never seen a busy New York broker on a busy day,
you know little about men at work. Every minute of a broker’s hour
is crowded.
And this day was Harvey Maxwell’s busy day.
Beside his table stood a machine. From this came a long,
narrow, endless piece of paper, bringing him business news as soon
as it happened.
Men began to come into the office and speak to him. Some
were happy, some were not, some were in a hurry, some were full
of anger.
Boys ran in and out with letters for him to read and answer at
once.
Pitcher’s face now showed that he was alive. The other men
who worked in the office jumped around like sailors during a storm.
And there were storms in the business world, fearful storms.
Every storm was felt in the broker’s office.
Maxwell moved his chair against the wall. Now he was like
a dancer. He jumped from the machine to his table to the door and
back again.
120
In the middle of all this, he slowly realized that something

had come near him. There was golden hair; there was a very large
amount of it, high on a head. On top of the hair was a big hat covered
with birds’ wings. There was a long silver chain, hanging from a
neck until it nearly touched the floor. And among all these things
there was a young lady.
Pitcher was beside her to explain.
“Lady for that job as secretary,” said Pitcher.
Maxwell turned half around, with his hands full of letters and
paper from the machine.“What job?” he asked.
“Job of secretary,” Pitcher said again. “You told me yesterday
to have someone sent here this morning.”“You are losing your mind,
Pitcher,” said Maxwell. “Why should I tell you anything like that?
Miss Leslie is a perfect secretary. She can keep the job as long as she
wants it.” To the young lady he said, “There is no job here.” And to
Pitcher he added this order: “Tell them not to send any more. And
don’t bring any more in here to see me.”
The silver chain left the office, hitting against chairs and tables
with anger, as it went. Pitcher said to another man in the office that
Maxwell was more forgetful every day.
The rush of business grew wilder and faster. Maxwell was
working like some fine, strong machine. He was working as fast as
he could. He never had to stop to think. He was never wrong. He was
always ready to decide and to act. He worked as a clock works. This
was the world of business. It was not a human world, or the world
of nature.
When the dinner hour was near, things grew quieter.
Maxwell stood by his table with his hands full of papers and
his hair hanging over his face. His window was open, for it was the
time of year when the weather was beginning to turn warm.
And through the window came a soft sweet smell of flowers.
For a moment the broker was held there, without moving. For this
smell of flowers belonged to Miss Leslie. It was hers and hers only.
The smell seemed almost to make her stand there before him.
The world of business grew smaller and smaller. And she was in the
next room—twenty steps away.“I’ll do it now,” said Maxwell, half
aloud. “I’ll ask her now. I wonder why I didn’t do it long ago.”He
121
rushed into the other room. He stopped beside the secretary.She

looked up at him with a smile. Warm color came into her face, and
her eyes were soft and kind.
Maxwell’s hands were still full of papers. “Miss Leslie,” he
began quickly, “I have only a moment. I want to say something in
that moment. Will you be my wife? I haven’t had time to make love
to you in the usual way. But I really do love you. Talk quick, please.
I have to get back to my work.”
“Oh, what are you talking about?” cried the young lady. She
rose to her feet and looked at him, round-eyed.
“Don’t you understand?” said Maxwell. “I want you to marry
me. I love you, Miss Leslie. I wanted to tell you. So I took this
moment when I wasn’t too busy. But they’re calling me now. Tell
them to wait a minute, Pitcher. Won’t you, Miss Leslie?”
The secretary acted very strangely. At first she seemed lost in
surprise. Then tears began to run from her wondering eyes. And then
she smiled through her tears, and one of her arms went around the
broker’s neck.
“I know now,” she said, softly. “It’s this business. It has put
everything else out of your head. I was afraid at first. Don’t you
remember, Harvey? We were married last evening at eight, in the
Little Church around the Corner.”
122
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FACULTY OF TRANSLATION AND PHILOLOGY

TRANSLATION AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION CHAIR

A.M. Kurkimbayeva, M.M. Smagulova, A.A. Anuarbekova

“Specialist in cross-cultural communication” (minor for the bachelor

The minor “Specialist in cross-cultural communication” is aimed to

Lecture 1. Intercultural communication: challenges and

P ro j e c t 1. The Project work is • Ideas are arranged logically; 25 %

STRUCTURE OF THE PROJECT

№9-10 Recommendation part of Offering your own possible solutions,

Module I. Intercultural communication and the formation of a

-passive because the society is aware of its powerlessness in the

8. How do you think does language shape the way we think or

lock of senior-level oversight in the area may unravel years of hard

In inductive research, conceptualization is an important part of the

is concerned with the sorts of mechanisms central to meaning

conceptual integration evolved biologically to reach a threshold,

2. Investigate the following video material and answer the

4. What is the type 3 grammar (which is in the bottom of the

objects.” However, some Nigerians believe the objects are safer in

Task 5. Give adequate translation of the given

Task 6. Find the right equivalents of the given clichés in

Today, a growing number of people do not have clear racial,

3. Sharifian, Farzad. The Routledge handbook of language

QUESTIONS TO THE VIDEO

5. How gender designations in languages differ? What makes

Special task for written communication:

being used for slave labour and of the enforced sterilisation

decide how to respond. To convey disapproval, an East Asian might

avoid a more violent confrontation between their nations. In short

Of course, you don’t have to make all the concessions yourself.

QUESTIONS TO THE VIDEO

We are expansive. We are a collective of liberators who

Task 2. Translating your personal favorite YouTubers

“Douglas swallowed hard”.b) “It was a quiet morning, the town

time pressure we seem to find ourselves under, would probably

as regards non-verbal communication. These time perceptions

Answer the questions

Special task for written communication:

Module II. Translator editor jobs.

 Capitalize the pronoun I, including when it is used in the

Names of Structures and Buildings

Answer the questions

In 1802 a disgruntled former employee reported that

Baffin Island—and named it Helluland, which means “Land of

Task 4. Read the post “How to teach English in Japan”

anyone looking for a new career or an opportunity to live overseas.

phenomena such as Harry Potter and animated Disney films

• If you cannot produce a professional translation using

2. Try translating the following paragraphs into English

Translation studies do not appear as an independent branch

• Denotative equivalence (is one in which the SL and TL

• Concepts and equivalence models.

translation_toolkit_that_anyone_can_use and write a review about

Task 5. Read the article by Kayleigh Alexandra “Running

localize your site.Your website should be responsive. People access

important section of your website-the single biggest factor that will

and society of the source language.A fascinating challenge when

Method of softening is closely related to dynamic equivalence

is “the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and

3. Why was it necessary to invent a special term for something

2. Translate these sentences paying attention to highlighted

3. Post-writing phase: begins immediately after the writing

Editors will not: