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Load Flow Studies of A Grid Interfaced W
Load Flow Studies of A Grid Interfaced W
Submitted by
Supervised By
ENGR. MOKHI MAAN CHANG
Co-Supervised By
ENGR. MAHESH KUMAR RATHI
JANUARY 2015
1
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work presented in this project report/thesis report on
Submitted by
________________________________
Chairman
Department of Electrical Engineering
Mehran UET, Jamshoro
Date:___________________
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the outset, I pay homage and guidance to ALLAH ALMIGHTY, the most
merciful, compassionate, gracious and beneficial whose help enabled to complete this
thesis.
We are also thankful to all our teachers of our department who helped us to fulfill this
thesis.
And finally we are thankful to Engr. Mushtaq Ahmed Kerrio, Plant Manager and
Engr. Shahid Ali, Sub-engineer at Zorlu Wind Power Farm.
3
ABSTRACT
Wind power has evolved as a significant renewable energy source for the generation
of electrical energy due to the growth of environmental concerns. Large wind farms
with several hundred megawatts of rated power have been connected to grid, fulfilling
the energy demands of a region or a country.
The injection of new produced power into the existing power system resulting
challenges regarding voltage levels, thermal limits, stability and constancy of
frequency. In the same way when wind farms are connected to the existing power
system introducing the new power to the system it also offers some challenges like
reactive power compensation, fluctuations in active and reactive power and control
strategies.
It is therefore necessary to go through steady state and dynamic analysis to map the
impacts of newly injected power of wind farms on the existing system.
Thus the objective of this thesis is to carry out the load flow analysis of the wind farm
integrated to the power grid, in order to study their overall impacts on the power
system.
For this purpose, a wind farm of 110MW having two aggregates of 24MW and three
aggregates of 21MW connected offshore to the power grid by means of a power
cable. Initially the steady state load flow analysis is carried out and then dynamic
simulation is carried out to determine the fault ride through capability of the wind
farm. All this simulation and load flow is performed using a software i.e. PSS/E by
Siemens PTI.
The results of the simulation are analyzed to study the Impacts of grid interfaced wind
farm on the power system.
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title ................................................................................................................................ i
Certificate ...................................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgement ....................................................................................................... iii
Abstract ........................................................................................................................ iv
Table of Contents ...........................................................................................................v
List of Figures ............................................................................................................. vii
List of Tables ............................................................................................................. viii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem Statement ............................................................................................1
1.3 Objectives ..........................................................................................................2
1.4 Thesis Outline ....................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Offshore Wind Farms ........................................................................................3
2.2 Transmission Strategies .....................................................................................4
2.3 LVRT .................................................................................................................6
2.4 Grid Integration ..................................................................................................7
2.5 HVAC Transmission ..........................................................................................9
2.6 Reactive Power Compensation ..........................................................................9
2.7 FACTs Devices ................................................................................................10
2.8 Power Flow Analysis .......................................................................................11
CHAPTER 3
INTRODUCTION TO PSS®E
3.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................19
3.2 What is PSS®E? ..............................................................................................19
3.3 File types used in PSS®E ................................................................................21
3.4 Explanation of Tabs .........................................................................................22
3.5 Major system security tools offered in PSS®E ...............................................27
5
CHAPTER 4
PSS®E MODEL CONFIGURATION
4.1 Wind Farm Modeling Approach ......................................................................30
4.2 PSS®E Modeling .............................................................................................31
4.3 Grid Structure...................................................................................................32
4.4 Wind Farm Model ............................................................................................37
4.5 Wind Turbines .................................................................................................38
4.6 Layout of the Offshore Wind Farm .................................................................40
4.7 HVAC Transmission System ...........................................................................41
4.8 STATCOM for Steady State Simulation .........................................................42
4.9 Diagram of the Grid .........................................................................................44
4.10 Modeling for Dynamic Analysis ......................................................................45
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS & OBSERVATION
5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................51
5.2 Power Flow Simulation Results .......................................................................51
Case1 Wind Farm without Reactive Power Compensation ........................................54
Case2 Wind Farm with Shunt Reactor .......................................................................60
Case3 Wind Farm with STATCOM ..........................................................................65
5.3 Dynamic Results ..............................................................................................70
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
6.1 Conclusion .......................................................................................................80
6.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................81
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................82
6
LIST OF FIGURES
7
LIST OF TABLES
8
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Not until recently, the contribution of wind power generation on the system stability
was considered to be small. However with increasing in the wind farm capacity it is
clear that disconnecting a large wind farm will result in loss of a big part of power
generation in grid, which can aggravate instability problems. Due to increasing
portion of wind power, wind turbines have to contribute in reactive power support
during transient conditions.
The grid connection procedure is changing and adaption to a large scale wind power
expansion is continually made. This adaption will most likely lead to requirements of
information regarding the wind power unit‟s electrical behavior and then to determine
the impact of adding wind generation, and establish how the system can be upgraded.
Therefore a simulator tool (PSS/E) is used to perform the load flow and to study the
dynamic behavior of the grid interfaced wind farm.
This thesis describes modern wind power systems, presents requirements of wind
turbine connection and analyzes the impacts on grid integrated wind-farm.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
9
The overall objective for this thesis is to illustrate the dynamic impacts from the wind
farms on the existing power system.
Chapter 2 includes Literature Review in which offshore wind farms, LVRT, steady-
state and dynamic analysis, grid codes and compensation devices are discussed and it
mainly focuses on the challenges which are faced to integrate the wind farms to power
grid.
Chapter 4 includes PSS/E modeling approach, discussing the Grid and wind farm data
for the analysis and establishing a model in order to perform the desired analysis.
Chapter 5 includes the steady-state and dynamic analysis results of a power system
connected with 110MW wind farm. Analysis is performed and results are discussed.
10
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
The challenges involved in offshore wind power development may be divided into
three key categories.
The first is that of cost. Because offshore wind turbines are installed within ocean
environments, the cost is said to run roughly twice that of onshore facilities. This
includes the wind turbines themselves, the foundations (bases submerged in the
waters), submarine cable installation work and other project aspects. In addition, the
operation and maintenance (O&M; referring to parts replacement and other upkeep)
work also differs from onshore wind turbines insofar as the demand for heavy
expenditures [12,13].
Costs likewise vary by distances from the shore, water depth and other elements.
Because recent offshore wind farms in Europe are steadily moving further away
from continental areas and into deeper waters, installation costs are also on the rise.
The second challenge category is technology. With early offshore wind turbines
suffering frequent breakdowns in their step-up gears, generators, development of
technology was advanced for means of raising reliability involving salt damage
countermeasures and monitoring of wind turbine conditions. In addition, when
moving installation locations from shallow to deeper waters, there is a need to
increase per-turbine power generation in order to lower cost. This makes increased
size and improved reliability a major theme in developing the technology for offshore
wind turbines.
The third challenge concerns social acceptance. Clearly, offshore wind power
generation will never be realized without the understanding of fisheries
11
operators and other marine users. To earn their supports, environmental assessments
are a must.
The extension of wind power can have severe impacts on the transmission system
because of the remote sitting and the possible problems for system security.
Due to the fact that electrical energy cannot be stored in a substantial way, the need
for short and long term power balancing can require an adjustment of the operational
strategy of power systems with a high wind power penetration level. Besides, in case
of windstorms or system disturbances (such as voltage drops), there exists the
increased risk of a sudden and uncontrolled shutdown of the wind farms, which can
severely affect the security of the system.
Wind generation also has an influence on the network‟s Voltage control capability.
On one hand, wind turbine generators (WTG) can demand a large amount of reactive
power (depending on the technology) and on the other hand they replace conventional
thermal power plants that have excellent voltage control capabilities.
In order to reduce the impact of wind generation on the transmission system, the
connection through HVDC based on voltage source converters (VSC) seems a
promising solution. The major benefit of this technology is its ability to vary the
reactive power supplied and, as a consequence, to help in supporting the voltage at the
point of common coupling with the transmission network [12,13].
The AC connection is the solution adopted mostly by existing wind farms and has the
following features:
12
because of the high capacitance of the cable, resonances between the onshore
and the offshore grid can occur, leading to distortion of the shape of the
voltage;
The AC local wind turbine grid and the main grid are synchronously coupled
and all faults in either grid are noticed in the other;
The major advantage is the low costs for substations when compared to
DC solutions. On the other hand, costs for cables are higher than for DC
alternatives.
The main advantages of the DC link with respect to the AC link are the
following:
The losses and the voltage drop in the DC link are very low and there is no
charging current in the DC cable. There is virtually no limitation of the
connection distance, only practical restraints of cable manufacturing and
laying put a maximum to this distance;
There is no resonance between the cables and other AC equipment
Since the collection system and the main grid are not synchronously coupled,
the WTG‟s do not contribute significantly to short-circuit currents in the main
grid;
The DC link provides faster control of active and reactive power than the AC
link. Voltage source converters are able to control reactive power over the
complete operation range, for „classical‟ thyristor-based HVDC this is
somewhat limited. This control capability makes it easier to comply with
connection requirements.
The thyristor-based HVDC solution is a technology that has proven itself on land but
seems not particularly well suited for offshore applications. Converter stations and
auxiliary equipments have demanding space requirements, which will lead to
enormous offshore converter platforms. Moreover this technology is highly
susceptible to AC network disturbances (resulting in commutation failures in the
inverter station), which can cause a temporary shutdown of the HVDC system; for
these reasons this technology has not been considered further in this paper.
On the contrary HVDC technology based on VSC‟s seems to be very promising for
offshore applications because it requires less auxiliary equipment and the converters
themselves take less space than the thyristor-based version. The VSC‟s are able to
13
independently control both the active and reactive power exchanged with the AC grid
and therefore they can take part in voltage regulation. The major drawback of this
technology is the high converter losses, caused mainly by switching losses that
depend on the switching frequency of the semiconductor devices [9].
LVRT is short for Low Voltage Ride Through and describes the requirement that
generating plants must continue to operate through short periods of low grid voltage
and not disconnect from the grid.
Short term voltage dips may occur, for example, when large loads are connected to the
grid or as a result of grid faults like lightning strikes or short circuits. In the past,
renew- able generating plants such as wind turbines were allowed to disconnect from
the grid during such a fault and try to reconnect after a certain period of time.
Today, because of the significant share of renewable, such a procedure would be
fatal. If too many generating plants disconnect at the same time the complete network
could break down, a scenario which is also called a “blackout”. For this reason the
LVRT requirement has been established which is meant to guarantee that the
generating plants stay connected to the grid. Additionally many grid codes demand
that the grid should be supported during voltage drops. Generating plants can support
the grid by feeding reactive current into the network and so raise the voltage.
Immediately after fault clearance, the active power output must be increased again to
the value prior to the occurrence of the fault with- in a specified period of time.
14
These requirements which at the beginning only applied to wind turbines, now also
have to be fulfilled by photo- voltaic systems (PV) and most recently, by combined
heat and power plants (CHP).
Figure 1 shows the result of a voltage drop test at a PV system. In this diagram the
voltage drops to about 20% of the nominal voltage for a time of approx. 550ms. The
PV inverter recognizes the voltage drop and feeds a reactive current of approx.
100% of the nominal voltage into the system for the duration of the fault in order to
support the grid. After fault clearance the active power output is increased to the
value prior to the occurrence of the fault within 160ms [10].
15
2.4.1 Grid Connection Requirements
Until some years ago wind farms were allowed to disconnect from the grid during a
disturbance in the grid. This has changed significantly, due to the addition of large
amounts of installed wind power capacity. The disconnection of a large wind farm
would result in a significant loss of generation that could cause some stability
problems to the network. Transmission system operators require nowadays for wind
farms to stay connected under certain disturbances in the grid. These requirements are
known as the fault ride through capability of the wind farm and are generally
regulated in grid codes. As established in most grid codes, only under certain
circumstances shall wind farms be disconnected from the grid following a grid fault,
remaining otherwise connected in order to assist in the stabilization of the grid
frequency or the voltage during fault, providing voltage back-up [7].
Apart from the fault ride through capability, other technical requirements must be
fulfilled by the wind farm, since the increasing size of wind farms means that the
rating of such installations will be comparable to that of traditional generating plants
on the grid. These requirements include:
Control of active and reactive power (operation under a specified range for
power factor);
Frequency range (with time durations for extreme conditions, permissible
reduction at frequency extremes)
Contribution to network stability;
AC voltage control capability.
As the proliferation of wind power increases, wind farms will be bound to meet these
demands, which may prove difficult depending, to greater extent, on the transmission
system used between the wind farm and grid. The charging currents affecting AC
cables represent a limitation for the HVAC cables and so some form of compensation
for the surplus reactive power generated by the cable is necessary to met grid
requirements [7].
16
2.5 HVAC TRANSMISSION
2.5.1 General Aspects
Connecting the wind farm to the grid by an AC cable is the most straightforward
technical solution, as both the power generated by the wind farm and the onshore
transmission grid are AC. The HVAC transmission offers some advantages:
On the other hand there are some limitations of the HVAC system
17
reactor is the simplest device but the progress in FACTS (Flexible AC transmission
system) devices, such as SVC (Static VAR compensator) or STATCOM (Static
Synchronous Compensator), considerably extends the reactive power and voltage
control possibilities offered by the switched shunt reactors.
The similarity of the SVC and STATCOM devices led to them being sometimes
referred generally as “Static VAR Compensators”. These are, however, different
equipments. The SVC is based on conventional capacitor banks together with parallel
thyristor controlled inductive branches. These inductive branches can either be TCR
(Thyristor Controlled Reactor), used for linear injection of reactive power or TSC
(Thyristor Switched Capacitor), used for stepwise injection of reactive power. A SVC
device is represented in Figure where a linear diagram and an SVC installation (in an
offshore wind farm) are represented [7].
18
Fig 2: Schematic Diagram of an SVC
The STATCOM device uses a power electronic voltage source (VSC). The converter
uses semiconductors with turn-off capability, such as Insulated Gate Bipolar
Transistors (IGBTs). The benefits of the STATCOM (commercially known as “SVC
δight” by ABB or “SVC Plus” by Siemens), compared with the SVC, are the fact that
the capacitor banks used are smaller and also there is no need for big air-cored
inductors. Further advantages of the STATCOM are also found in the dynamic
behavior (such as faster transient response). A simplified schematic diagram of a
STATCOM is shown in Figure 3(a & b).
19
solve power flow analysis. The methods are Newton-Raphson method, Fast-
Decoupled method and Gauss-Seidel method. This sub-chapter will discuss all three
methods generally on formula or mathematical step in order to solve power flow
problem [15].
The Newton-Raphson method using the bus admittance matrix in either first or second
– order expansion of Taylor series has been evaluate as a best solution for the
reliability and the rapid convergence.
f(x)=c (1)
If x(0) is an initial estimate of the solution, and ∆ x(0) is a small deviation from the
correct solution, we must have
Expanding the left-hand side of the above equation in Taylor‟s series about x(0) yields
Assuming the error ∆ x(0) is very small, the higher-order terms can be neglected,
which result in
where
∆ c(0)=c - f(x(0))
Adding ∆ x(0)to the initial estimate will result in the second approximation
20
Successive use of this procedure yields the Newton-Raphson algorithm
In power system analysis, J(k) is called the Jacobian matrix. Element of this matrix are
the partial derivatives evaluated at X(k). It is assumed that J(k) has an inverse during
each iteration. Newton‟s method, as applied to a set of nonlinear equations reduces
the problem to solving a set of linear equations in order to determine the values that
improve the accuracy of the estimates [15].
To illustrate the technique, consider the solution of the nonlinear equation given by
F(x)=0 (10)
Above function is rearrange and writes as
x=g(x) (11)
A solution is obtained when the difference between the absolute value of the
successive iteration is less than a specified accuracy, i.e.,
21
The process is repeated until the change in variable is within the desired accuracy. So
the Gauss-Seidel method needs much iteration to achieve the desired accuracy, and
there is no guarantee for the convergence [15].
The Fast decoupled power flow solution requires more iterations than the Newton-
Raphson method, but requires considerably less time per iteration and a power flow
solution is obtained very rapidly. This technique is very useful in contingency
analysis where numerous outages are to be simulated or a power flow solution is
required for on-line control [15].
For large scale power system, usually the transmission lines have a very high X/R
ratio. For such a system, real power changes ∆P are less sensitive to changes in
voltage magnitude and are most sensitive to changes in phase angle ∆δ. Similarly,
reactive power is less sensitive to changes in angle and most sensitive on changes in
voltage magnitude. Incorporate of these approximations into the Jacobian matrix in
Newton-Raphson power flow solution makes the elements of the sub-matrices J12 and
J21 zero.
22
In well-designed and properly operated power transmission system:
i) Angular differences between typical buses of the system are usually so small.
ii) The line susceptances Bij are many times larger than the line conductances Gij
so that Gij sin ij << Bij .
iii) The reactive power Qi injected into any bus i of the system during normal
operation is much less than the reactive power which would flow if all lines
from that bus were short circuited to reference.
2
That is Qi << Vi Bii .
∂Pi
Y V
=− V sin (θ + − ) (16)
i
ij i j j j i
∂ j
∂Qi ∂Pi
Y
V =− V V sin(θ + − )= (17)
i
j j ij i j ji
∂V j ∂ j
In Eq.(16) and Eq.(17), the off diagonal elements of J11 and J22 are given by
∂Qi ∂Pi
Y
V =− V V sin(θ + − )= (18)
j ∂V j j ij i Ij j i ∂ j
23
Using the identity sin(α + β)= sinα cos β + cosα sin β in Eq.(18) gives us
∂Pi ∂Qi
V
= V =− V B cos( − ) + G sin( − ) (19)
i i
j i j j j i j ji
V
∂ j ∂j
The approximation listed above then yield the off diagonal elements
∂Pi ∂Qi
= V = − VV B (20)
i
j i j j
V
∂ j ∂j
∂Pi
= ∑n Y VV
ij i j sin(θ ij + j − i ) (21)
∂ i j=1
j≠i
∂Qi ∂Pi 2
V =− −2 V B =Q− V 2B (22)
i ∂V ∂ i i ii i i ii
24
The diagonal elements of J11 and J22
2
Applying the inequality Qi << Vi Bii
∂Pi ∂Qi
≅ V ≅− V2B
∂ i∂ i ii
i i
are shown in Eq. (8) and Eq. (9) respectively. to those expressions yields (23)
Substitute Eq. (19) and Eq. (20) into Eq. (14) and Eq. (15), we obtain
We can also modify Eq. (24) and Eq. (25) to two decoupled systems of equations for
n-bus network.
25
And
These were the basic introduction to all the related literature to understand the further
work of our thesis in chapter 4 and 5.
26
CHAPTER 3
INTRODUCTION TO PSS®E
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The software tool PSS®E (Power Systems Simulation for Engineering) made by
Siemens is heavily utilized to perform system studies. This software is used by many
power companies. The reason that so many companies rely on PSS®E is because of
the many features and abilities that it has to offer. The functionality and performance
of PSS®E doesn‟t come at a cheap price. The software costs roughly $90,000 per
computer. Luckily for our thesis studies we have got university version of this
software limited up to 50 buses.
The hardest part of our thesis was actually learning how to use PSS®E. We spent
numerous hours outside of PSS®E just reading the help files that in our opinion are
somewhat difficult to apply to create a power-flow study. We learned how to use
PSS®E to perform power-flow study. Our study involves adding a wind farm to the
existing power grid. We were able to draw several conclusions about the feasibility of
this addition [6].
In this chapter our focus will primarily be on power flow, steady-state and dynamic
simulations. PSS®E uses a graphical user interface that is comprised of all the
functionality of state analysis; including load flow, fault analysis, optimal power flow,
equivalency, and switching studies.
27
In addition, to the steady-state and dynamic analyses, PSS®E also provides the user
with a wide range of auxiliary programs for installation, data input, output,
manipulation and preparation [6].
Power flow studies are important because they allow for planning and future
expansion of existing as well as non-existing power systems. A power flow study also
can be used to determine the best and most effective design of power systems [6].
28
The dynamic simulation program includes all the functionality for transient, dynamic
and long term stability analysis. The purpose of the dynamics is to facilitate operation
of all dynamic stability analytical functions.
The dynamic modeling simulation is used to ensure the reliability of electricity supply
and to predict the performance of the system under a wide range of conditions and to
identify any problems and scope measures needed for reliability [6].
Sliders are visual displays of the grid. It includes buses, branches, lines, loads,
Generators, transformers etc... All components should be color coded based on
voltage flow. The slider file can also show the operational ratings (power flowing
across the component relative to the capacity) of the listed components.
29
*.dat – Input data file
PSS®E accepts large volumes of data from external sources time to time. Such large
volumes of data could be typed directly into the PSS®E working case using the
Spreadsheet View but this could be an onerous task. Voluminous data is best
assembled in an input data file independent of PSS®E before PSS®E is started up.
This file may then be used as the input source for PSS®E to feed the data through the
appropriate input activity into the PSS®E working case [6].
2.4.1 Buses
Followind are few important parameters of Buses used in PSS®E:
30
2 - Generator or plant bus (either voltage regulating or fixed Mvar)
3 - Swing bus
4 - Disconnected (isolated) bus
3.4.3 Load
Following are few important parameters of the Load:
31
This displays the Bus Number (where the load resides) outside
of the brackets and displays the bus name as well as the bus
voltage in kV inside the brackets.
3.4.4 Machines
The machines tab can be used to:
1. Add machines at an existing generator bus (i.e., at a plant).
2. Enter the specifications of machines into the working case.
3. To divide and distribute the total plant output power limits proportionally
among the machines at the plant. The important parameters for the machines
tab are described below:
32
This displays the Bus Number (where the machine is located)
outside of the brackets and displays the bus name as well as the
bus voltage in kV inside the brackets.
This shows the active power that the generator is putting out;
entered in MW.
This shows the minimum active power that the generator can
output; entered in MW.
This shows the maximum active power that the generator can
output; entered in MW.
This shows the reactive power that the generator is putting out;
entered in MVAR.
This shows the minimum reactive power that the generator can
output entered in MVAR.
This shows the maximum reactive power that the generator can
output; entered in MVAR.
33
The transformer data record block can be accessed by clicking on the two Winding
transformer tab. The important parameters for this tab are explained below:
This states the first bus number outside of the brackets with the
bus name and bus kV enclosed in brackets. It is connected to
winding one of the transformers included in the system. The
transformer‟s magnetizing admittance is modeled on winding
one. No default is allowed.
This states the second bus number outside of the brackets with
the bus name and bus kV enclosed in brackets. It is connected
to winding two of the transformers included in the system. No
default is allowed.
34
3.5 MAJOR POWER SYSTEM SECURITY TOOLS OFFERED BY PSS®E
This section briefly describes three power system topics that are usually covered at
the undergraduate level which are offered b PSS®E. The three topics are: load flow
analysis, transient stability analysis, and short circuit analysis.
After performing the load flow concepts, the maximum power transfer capability of
any system could be determined.
DC Power Flow: PSSE offers DC power flow options which could be used to
perform fast contingency analysis to identify potential thermal overloads on the
system. They can also compare the accuracy between the AC and DC load flow
calculations [14].
35
Fig 5: PV Analysis Curve
The Equal Area Criterion can be used to determine the transient stability of a SMIB if
the synchronous machine is represented as a classical generator, i.e., a constant
voltage source behind a transient reactance. The Equal Area Criterion states that for a
36
given contingency, the area corresponding to the destabilizing effect of the fault must
not exceed the area corresponding to the restorative strength of the post-fault system.
The critical clearing time is defined when the fault is cleared so that the generator is
just marginally stable. The generator angle at the critical clearing time is known as the
critical clearing angle.
The Equal Area Criterion is, however, only applicable for a single-machine-infinite-
bus system. When there are multiple generators, the time domain simulation
technique must be used. This is the method which is used by PSSE.
37
CHAPTER 4
PSS®E MODEL CONFIGURATION
Impact of the Wind Farm connection on the power system security and
reliability of supply.
Based on grid code and wind grid code requirements a new connection (a generator or
load) could be connected into the transmission network if the following conditions are
fulfilled:
System operation security after the connection shall not be negatively affected.
The quality and reliability of demand supply shall comply with grid code
requirements
The steady state and transient stability of power system should have sufficient
security margin.
All relevant planning data will be used for detailed modeling of Wind Farms using
PSS®E simulation platform. In this case two common calculations are essential for
assessing the impact of Wind Farm on security and reliability of power system:
38
4.1.1 Power Flow Calculations
A power flow calculation is to determine the power flows on transmission lines and
transformers and the voltage profile of system bus bars. This calculation is
fundamentally important for the planning and design of the connection of wind farms
to the transmission grid. N-1 Security criterion (system should be able to withstand
the loss of any single components like lines, transformers, cables or generators) is
essential for the proper design of transmission networks to ensure the security and
reliability of power supply. System performance is compared to operating limits and
criteria. Short Circuit calculations also play a very significant role for the proper
selection of high voltage equipment and the setting of protection relays [8].
The software used to model the system and perform the simulations in the work of
this thesis is the PSS®E software. PSS®E stands for Power System
Simulator/Engineering and it is a software tool provided by Siemens Power
Technologies International (PTI). It is used by most utilities in the world to perform
power system simulations, as it allows the performance of power flow analysis,
dynamic simulations and stability studies, among other features. PSS®E is composed
of a comprehensive set of programs for studies of power system transmission network
39
performance in both steady-state and dynamic conditions, which is an obvious reason
for its widespread use by transmission and distribution systems operators [1].
Additional changes to the original “savnw” network were performed since the wind
farm rated at 110MW will be placed in a bus where the existing generation is of 750
MW.
Therefore, adjustments in active and reactive power of the network are required,
which can be made by adapting the power of the loads and the shunt compensators.
The voltage levels were changed from 500 kV, 230 kV and 22 kV to,
respectively, 400 kV, 220 kV and 33 kV. These voltage levels are common in
most Asian Grids, including Pakistan
The 110 MW offshore wind farm was added, replacing an existing power
plant of 750 MW
4.3.1 Lines
As a result of changing the grid frequency to 50 Hz, the reactance and the susceptance
of the branches have to be converted, since these parameters depend on the grid
frequency. So new parameters (except those of 400kv lines) are given in table 1 using
following equations [1]
40
X50Hz = X60HZ × (ω50Hz / ω60Hz)
B50Hz = B60HZ × (ω50Hz / ω60Hz)
Line
X50Hz B50Hz
From To
[p.u.] [p.u.]
Bus Bus
41
4.3.2 400KV Line Parameters
The values for the 400 kV line parameters calculated are shown in Table 2
Line
R [p.u] X [p.u] B [p.u]
From
To bus
bus
42
4.3.3 Transformers
For the two-winding transformers in the “savnw” grid, the transformer reactance is
frequency dependent, so their values also have to be adapted to the 50 Hz frequency,
according to Equation
The values of the results of the calculations for the transformers in the grid are shown
in Table 3
Buses X50Hz
[p.u.]
From To
Bus Bus
43
4.3.4 Loads and Shunt Compensators
Addition of the wind farm rated at 110 MW to bus 102 of the grid in the place of the
existing 750 MW conventional power plant leads to an imbalance of active and
reactive powers. This imbalance can be compensated by reducing the consumed
power in the loads.
As so, the values of the load powers of the grid are presented in Table 4.
The shunt compensators are also regulated in order to maintain the voltage in the
buses at values within reasonable values (between 0.95p.u and 1.05p.u). Table 5
outlines the values of the shunt compensators of the grid [1].
Pload Qload
Bus
[MW] [Mvar]
153 200 100
154 500 450
154 400 350
203 200 100
205 1000 700
3005 100 50
3007 200 75
3008 100 50
Bus Bshunt
[Mvar]
151 0
153 150
154 300
201 300
203 100
205 300
44
4.4 WIND FARM MODEL
The model for the offshore wind farm is based in an existing installation: the
Lillgrund Wind Farm.
This wind farm is located off the coast of Sweden, at a distance of 9 km from the
Point of Connection in the onshore grid and the transmission is achieved by a
combination of an AC sea cable (7 km long) and an AC land cable (2 km long). With
48 wind turbines, rated at 2, 3 MW each, the total capacity of the wind farm is 110
MW. Figure 6 depicts the layout of the wind turbines in the Lillgrund wind farm, used
as a reference here.
As can be seen in Figure 6, the internal grid of the Lillgrund wind farm consists of 33
kV sea cables divided in five feeders and each of these feeders connects 9 or 10 wind
turbines to the offshore substation. The total is 48 wind turbines rated at 2, 3 MW.
The modeled wind farm is based on this layout. The turbines are joined in aggregates
and then connected to the offshore substation bus via 33 kV AC cables [1].
45
4.5 WIND TURBINES
The wind turbines used are the GE 1.5 MW model, available in the PSS®E Wind
package. This model is of a DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator) wind turbine
developed by General Electric and released for PSS®E simulation and testing.
In order to match the 110 MW of the reference wind farm, a total of 74 1.5 MW wind
turbines were used in the model. These are joined in five aggregates: two aggregates
of 24 MW (16 wind turbines for each aggregate) and three of 21 MW (14 wind
turbines per aggregate). This actually adds up to 111 MW, which is the value assumed
hereby for the wind farm power.
For PSS®E simulation of the wind farm, two distinct models are designed for the
wind turbines: the
Steady-state model (which allows the power flow simulations) and the transient
model (used for Dynamic simulations) [1].
Note that the values in Table were calculated considering the values in the Individual
WTG Power
Flow Data of the PSS®E Wind User Guide and multiplying by the number of lumped
elements, as recommended by the PSS®E guide.
Since the model used is of a DFIG wind turbine, both the active and reactive power
can be controlled. As so, for the wind turbine aggregates, for the HVAC transmission
system, the wind turbines were regulated for a unit power factor, which means no
reactive power is generated by the wind turbines. The reason is that the AC cable
already produces a significant amount of reactive power, so an additional quantity of
reactive power generated by wind farm would deteriorate the system behavior [1].
46
24MW 21MW
Aggregates Aggregates
Pgen{MW} 24 21
Pmax{MW} 24 21
Pmin{MW} 1.1 1
Qgen{Mvar} 0 0
Qmax{Mvar} 0 0
Qmin{Mvar} 0 0
Mbase{MVA} 26 23
Xsource{p.u} 08 08
47
4.6.2 33 kV Cables
The cables used to link the five buses where the wind turbines are connected to the
offshore bus are 33 kV AC cables. The cable parameters are presented in Table 8
Cable
Length
Rp.u Xp.u Bp.u
From To [km]
Bus Bus
48
4.8 HVAC TRANSMISSION
The HVAC transmission is the simplest alternative for the transmission of the
electrical power of the offshore wind farm to the onshore grid. The main components
are the AC transmission cable and the two transformers: onshore and offshore. Figure
8 illustrates the HVAC transmission scheme, with the AC cable and both
transformers. For proper compensation of the reactive power generated in the cable,
shunt reactors (or a STATCOM device) were applied to one or both ends of the cable.
They are not however represented here [1].
Cable
Rkm Xkm Ckm Length
Rp.u Xp.u Bp.u
From To [Ω/km] [Ω/km] [µF/km] [km]
Bus Bus
49
4.8.2 Onshore and Offshore Transformers
The offshore transformer adapts the voltage from the 33 kV of the internal grid to the
150 kV of the power cable. As for the onshore transformer, it is used to increase the
voltage from the 150 kV of the cable to the 400 kV of the onshore grid. Table10
shows the offshore and onshore transformers data [1].
Buses Rated
Rated X{p.u.}
Voltage Rating
Voltage 100MVA
From Location Impedance {MVA}
To Bus {KV} Based
Bus {%}
The parameters presented in Table 11 are the most important values used in power
flow analysis of the STATCOM and they are obtained using PSS®E Manual for
FACTS devices
50
Parameter Rectifier
Device Number 1
Terminal Bus 0
Bridge Max 0
51
4.10 DIAGRAM OF THE GRID
The resulting grid, after the changes performed, is presented in the single-line diagram
shown in Figure, in which the offshore wind farm is already included. Bus 102
referred above, is marked in the figure 10. The legend of the colors used in the figure
for each voltage value is presented in Table 12
Fig 10: Single line diagram of the wind Farm connected to the Grid
52
Rated
Color
Voltage {KV}
RED 440
BLACK 220
PURPLE 150
DARK GREEN 33
BLUE 20
ORANGE 13.8
53
4.11.1 PSS®E Dynamic model of DFIG
The variable speed wind turbine using DFIG are more popular technology which is
used word-wide due to advantages such as high energy efficiency and controllability.
DFIG is basically a standard, wound rotor induction generator with a voltage source
converter connected to the slip-rings of the rotor. The stator winding are coupled
directly to the grid and the rotor winding is connected to power converter as shown in
figure 11.
The steady-state and dynamic characteristics of DFIG are dominated by the power
converter. The converters allow the machine to operate over a wider range of speed,
and control active and reactive power independently. This means that DFIG have the
capability to participate in steady-state and dynamic VOLT/VAR control. In some
DFIG designs, a crow-bar or DC chopper circuit may be used to short the rotor-side
converter during a close-in transmission fault to avoid excessively high DC link
voltage and keep the machine running. If the rotor-side converter is shorted, the
dynamic behavior is similar to an induction generator. During a low voltage event, the
converter tries to retain full in control of active and reactive currents. DFIG can be
designed to meet low voltage ride-through requirements without external reactive
power support. Converters are current-limited devices, and this plays a major role in
the dynamic response of DFIGs to grid disturbances. DFIGs also have a pitch control
to optimize energy capture [8].
The PSS®E wind turbine model WT3 was used for the dynamic simulation study with
the objective of simulating the dynamic performance of a wind Farm employing
DFIG technology. The generic WT3 model is included as a standard model in the
Dynamic Model Library of PSS®E version 33. The WT3 model can only be used
54
when the generator is specified as a wind generator and not as conventional generator
in the power flow data file. As shown in the fig 12
The WT3 generic wind turbine model consists of the following main modules:
55
Figure 13 shows the interaction between these modules.
Tables 13, 14, 15, 16, show the dynamic data for Double Fed Inductive Generator
based on WT3 Generic Wind Model. Values for the parameters of these models were
based on typical values given in the PSS®E Wind manual. The number of aggregated
wind turbines was changed in the models to 14 for the 21 MW aggregates and 16 for
the 24 MW aggregates [8].
56
Symbol Value Unit
Vw 1.25 p.u
H 4.95 MW*sec/MVA
DAMP 0 p.u P/pu
Kaero 0.007 Const.
Theta 2 21.98 Deg.
Htfac 0.875 Hturb.h
Freq 1.8 HZ
DSHAFT 1.5 P.U P/pu
57
Symbol Value Unit Symbol Value Unit
58
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS & OBSERVATIONS
This chapter presents the results of the steady-state simulations performed on the grid
with the offshore wind farm, as described in Chapter 4. Results are analyzed and
discussion of the results is also performed.
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The power flow analysis carried out comprehends numerical calculations of active
and reactive power flows and node voltages. PSS/E software is used, in the scope of
this thesis, for the power flow analysis of power grid with an offshore wind farm.
Special attention is given to the Point of Common Coupling (hereby designated as
PCC), i.e., the point of connection of the wind farm with the remaining grid. The
voltage at the PCC, the active power injected and the reactive power
injected/absorbed in the PCC is analyzed as a part of the power flow study. Power
losses for each transmission system are also assessed.
The power flow results are presented by the single-line diagrams of the network (from
the PSS/E load flow software). The active and reactive flows at each end of the
branches and the voltage magnitude and angle at each bus are depicted in each figure
of this chapter. Figure depicts how each of the values from the power flow
calculations are represented in the power flow result figures [1].
59
studied with the objective to compensate the reactive power flow at different buses of
Wind farm so as to keep the voltage in to the desires range of 0.95pu to 1.05pu.
The main criteria for the choice of the value of the compensation device is the power
factor at the PCC, which is chosen to be approximately of 0.9, a typical value in grid
integration of wind farms. As so, the shunt reactor chosen for offshore compensation
only absorbs certain amount of reactive power, as the 0.9 power factor at the PCC is
guaranteed with this value.
An estimate of the reactive power produced by the 150 kV AC cable can be made
taking into account Equation. The approximate amount of reactive power produced by
the 100 km cable is given by equation below
Note that, for HVAC power flow, the wind turbine generators supply no reactive
power, since there is already an excess of reactive power, as a consequence of the
shunt capacitance of the AC cable. Therefore, the capability of the DFIG machines of
providing voltage support to the grid, by supplying reactive power, is not considered
for the present study.
Different strategies are made in order to compensate the reactive power produced due
to the power cable that is interconnecting the wind farm to the grid. This reactive
power needs to be compensated in order to keep the voltage profile of all the buses
and generators at the wind farm into desired range of 0.95pu to 1.05pu. It must be
noted that in this study of wind farm, doubly fed induction generators are used which
have the capability to control the reactive power flow but for the wind farms of larger
capacity like 110MW wind farm this approach of compensating the reactive power
seems less effective. Due to which different compensation devices are connected to
keep the control of reactive power flow in order to keep the voltages at all the buses
of the power system into desired limits.
Here in this study three cases are discussed which are as follows:
Wind farm without compensation devices
Wind farm with shunt reactor
Wind farm with STATCOM
60
These cases are created to analyze the importance of the external compensation
devices into the wind farms.
Each case simulation describes the reactive, active power flows at different buses and
voltages at different branches and buses. It also uses „„Enable contour‟‟ facility of
PSSE to show the voltage level of different buses.
61
CASE1
WIND FARM WITHOUT REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION
After developing the steady-state model of the power system having wind farm
connected to it, the load flow analysis is performed in order to carry out the impact
studies. Full Newton-Raphson method is used to perform the power flow studies. In
Case 1 the wind farm can be seen connected to the power system. In this case no
compensation device is connected to the wind farm and the results are obtained as
shown in fig15.
In table given 17 the result of voltages at different buses can be observed. It can be
seen that at all the buses of the wind farm the voltages are extremely high as
compared to the desired value of the voltages. The voltage is as high as 1.19pu
whereas the desired voltage limit is 1.05pu. The voltage reaches to the extreme value
due to high capacitive reactive power produced by the power cable, which needs to be
compensated in order to bring the voltage under normal ranges.
62
Bus Angle
Bus Name Base KV Code Voltage(p.u)
Number (deg)
63
3006 RURAL 220.0 1 0.9816 -5.71
Bus Voltage
Bus Name Code PGen(MW) QGen(MW)
Number (p.u)
64
Figure 16 color display of the voltages at the different parts of the power system. Here
it can be seen that color at all the buses of the wind farm is red which indicates that
voltages at these buses are very high as compared to the normal voltage range.
This is the power flow program which shows the convergence of the solution. The
method used was full Newton-Raphson power flow method.
65
SIEMENS POWER TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL
66
0.00003( 206 ) 0.00000( 206 )
9 0.0000( 205 ) 0.0002( 206 )
67
CASE 2
WIND FARM WITH SHUNT REACTOR
In case a shunt reactor is connected to the offshore bus to compensate the reactive
power. As discussed earlier the value of the shunt reactor is chosen so to obtain the
power factor of 0.9 lag at Bus 102 (point of common coupling, PCC). Same Full
Newton-Raphson method is used to perform the load flow and the results are
obtained. The Active and reactive power flows and voltage at all the buses can be
observed.
Fig 17: power Flow results of wind farm with Shunt reactor
Figure 18 shows the color display of the voltages at the different parts of the power
system. Here it can be seen that color at all the buses of the wind farm changed from
dark red to sky blue by the use of the static VAR compensator of proper rating at the
offshore bus, which indicates that the voltages are under the normal ranges.
68
The table 19 shows the voltages at different buses of the power system including that
of the wind farm buses. It can be observed that by the use of the shunt reactor at the
offshore bus, the voltages are brought below the max voltage limit of 1.05pu.
69
3004 WEST 400.0 1 1.0095 2.31
The table 20 gives details of the active and reactive power generated by different
generators. It is observed that no reactive power is generated by the WTGs and none
of the generator is overloaded.
70
This is the power flow program which shows the convergence of the solution. The
method used was full Newton-Raphson power flow method.
71
0.00035( 206 ) 0.00004( 206 )
8 0.0000( 205 ) 0.0029( 206 )
72
CASE3
WIND FARM WITH STATCOM
In the third case the strategy which is used is the replacement of the shunt reactor with
the STATCOM at the offshore bus for the compensation of the reactive power to keep
the voltages closer to the nominal values. The power flows and voltages can be seen
in the figure 19.
Figure 20 shows the color display of the voltages at the different parts of the power
system. Here it can be seen that color at all the buses of the wind farm changed from
dark red to light green by the use of the static synchronous compensator (STSTCOM)
of proper rating at the offshore bus, which indicates that the voltages are under the
normal ranges.
73
Table 21 shows the voltages at all the buses of the power system after the use of the
STATCOM at the offshore bus for the purpose of reactive power compensation. It can
be observed that voltage at all the buses of the wind farm is in the desired range of
0.95pu to 1.05pu.
Bus Angle
Bus Name Base KV Code Voltage(p.u)
Number (deg)
1 PARK 1 33.0 1 1.0160 12.25
2 PARK 2 33.0 1 1.0159 12.22
3 PARK 3 33.0 1 0.0156 12..18
4 PARK 4 33.0 1 1.0155 12.16
5 PARK 5 33.0 1 1.0153 12.13
20 BUS OFFSHORE 150.0 1 1.0200 6.81
21 BUS ONSHORE 150.0 1 1.0315 3.09
101 NUC-A 33.0 2 1.0200 3.35
102 NUC-B 33.0 1 1.0151 12.11
151 NUCPANT 400.0 1 1.0276 1.31
152 MD500 400.0 1 1.0139 4.46
153 MD230 220.0 1 0.9964 5.68
154 DOWNTN 220.0 1 0.9701 9.24
201 HYDRO 400.0 1 1.0400 2.87
202 EAST500 400.0 1 1.0197 4.74
203 SUB500 220.0 1 0.9975 7.76
204 SUB230 400.0 1 1.0142 4.99
205 URBGEN 220.0 1 0.9800 8.63
206 HYDRO_G 18.0 2 1.0300 3.64
211 MINE 20.0 2 1.0395 2.77
3001 E-MINE 220.0 1 1.0301 1.62
3002 S-MNE 400.0 1 1.0269 2.31
3003 WEST 220.0 1 1.0249 2.59
3004 WEST 400.0 1 1.0098 4.74
3005 UPTOWN 220.0 1 0.9998 5.76
74
3006 RURAL 220.0 1 0.9977 5.71
3007 CATDOG 220.0 1 0.9801 8.14
3008 MINE_G 220.0 3 0.9824 8.18
3011 CATDOG_G 220.0 -2 1.0400 0.00
3018 GEN BUS1 0.7 -2 1.0350 4.20
90001 GEN BUS2 0.7 -2 1.0160 12.65
90002 GEN BUS3 0.7 -2 1.0158 12.62
90003 GEN BUS4 0.7 -2 1.0156 12.53
90004 GEN BUS5 0.7 -2 1.0153 12.48
The table 22 gives details of the active and reactive power generated by different
generators. It is observed that no reactive power is generated by the WTGs and none
of the generator is overloaded.
Bus Voltage
Bus Name Code PGen(MW) QGen(MW)
Number (p.u)
75
This is the power flow program which shows the convergence of the solution. The
method used was full Newton-Raphson power flow method.
76
0.00346( 206 ) 0.00045( 206 )
7 0.0001( 205 ) 0.0346( 206 )
77
5.3 DYNAMIC RESULTS
After undergoing the Steady-state simulation and observing the results of that study,
dynamic simulations are performed on the grid under analysis. The response of the
wind farm and that of the grid to a symmetrical short circuit fault on a grid is analyzed
and results are discussed.
5.3.1 Introduction
The analysis of the dynamic behavior of the offshore wind farm comprehends the
response of the wind farm to voltage and frequency disturbances in the grid.
The study of this work is focused on the response of both the offshore wind farm and
the onshore grid to a three-phase fault in an onshore bus, bus 3005, as marked in
Figure 21
78
Fig 21: Single line diagram of the grid used for the dynamic simulations. Note: Bus
3005, where the fault occurs is marked in the orange rectangle
79
Behavior of the following parameters of the grid and wind farm is analyzed here
during and immediately following the disturbance:
The analysis is carried out with the objective of assessing the fault ride through
capability of the offshore wind farm, i.e. the requirement for the wind farm to stay
connected to the grid during the disturbance, thus contributing to the reestablishment
of the normal operation. The fault ride through capability of the wind turbines in the
offshore wind farm is guaranteed by the under/over voltage disconnection relays of
the wind turbine generators. These devices allow the operation of the wind turbines
even when the terminal voltage decreases. This capacity of “riding through” a fault is
limited to defined voltage dips and fault durations. So, and according to the
implemented fault ride through characteristic (as defined in Figure), the wind turbine
will only trip if the fault that occurs across the terminals of the machine are outside
the defined limits.
Following are the results of different parameters during and after the occurrence of
fault:
5.3.2 Response of voltage during the fault at the faulty bus, Bus 9005
After the occurrence of the three-phase short circuit at the Bus 9005, the voltage drop
occurs almost in the entire transmission system. More precisely, the closer the
location of the fault, the greater will the voltage drop be. This transient voltage drop
lasts as long as the time of activity of protective relays in order to isolate the fault. In
graph 1, is shown the impact of short circuit fault at the faulted bus. Response of
voltage could be see during and after the occurrence of Fault. After 1 sec when the
fault occurs, the voltage of bus 9005 drops down to (0 p.u) and after the clearance of
fault the voltage restores to its normal value.
80
Graph1: Response of voltage during the fault at the faulty bus, Bus 9005
81
5.3.4 Response of voltage at 400 KV onshore bus, Bus 21:
Graph 3 shows that during the fault on bus 3005, the 150KV offshore bus voltage
drops to 0.63pu. After fault clearance, the voltage gradually recovers to around 0.98pu
82
5.3.5 Response of voltage at terminals of WTG1 during the fault:
Graph 4 shows that during the fault at bus 3005, the WTG terminal voltage shows a
similar pattern, except that during the fault the minimum terminal voltage is 0.18pu
approximated to 0.2pu. The range of terminal voltage drop to other WTGs is from
0.2pu to 0.23pu, depending on location of the installed units. The simulation results
indicate that all DFIGs have the ability to ride through the fault, which is in
compliance with Wind Grid Code requirements.
83
5.3.6 WTG1 active power response during the fault:
Graph 5 shows that during the fault the WTG electrical power output suddenly
decreases to a very low value (0.001pu). The difference between the mechanical input
power and electrical output power causes an increase in the rotor speed and therefore
the rotor starts to accelerate. The torsion oscillation in the drive-train model is
reflected in the output power of the wind turbine. Oscillation of power output after the
fault is cleared will cause mechanical stress in the drive train system. Approximately
ten seconds after the fault is cleared, the power output recovers to the pre-fault value
of 16MW.
84
5.3.7 WTG1 reactive power response during the fault:
During the fault, the rotor speed increases, giving a larger negative slip. This is
because the electric power has decreased to almost zero whereas the mechanical
power is assumed to be the same. As a result, WT3P module responds by altering the
blade pitch to decrease mechanical power. The reactive power output from selected
wind turbine generator WTG1 is shown in graph 6. Before the fault occurs, the
generated reactive power is near zero and the wind farm operates at unity power
factor. It can be seen that each WTG units during the fault provide reactive power
support to the grid, as is required by the Wind Grid Code.
85
5.3.8 WTG1 speed response during the fault
Graph 7 shows the generator rotor speed response after the fault occurs. The generator
speed is oscillating for about 5 seconds after the fault. 16 seconds after fault is
cleared, the rotor speed recovers to the pre-fault value after some 16 seconds.
86
5.3.9 Pitch angle response after fault event
As can be seen in graph 8, the turbine blade pitch angle is increased during the fault in
order to reduce the power input from the wind turbine. The pitch angle oscillates in
response to the oscillation of the speed of the turbine. For a few seconds after fault
clearance, the turbine shaft speed decreases while the pitch angle increases due to the
effect of pitch compensation controller trying to reduce the input power to the turbine
by increasing the pitch angle.
87
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 CONCLUSION
Wind power has evolved as a significant renewable energy source for the generation
of electrical energy due to the growth of environmental concerns. Large wind farms
with several hundred megawatts of rated power have been connected to grid.
When wind farms are connected to the existing power system introducing the new
power to the system, it offers some challenges like reactive power compensation,
fluctuations in active and reactive power and Voltage control strategies.
It is therefore necessary to go through steady state and dynamic analysis to map the
impacts of newly injected power of wind farms on the existing system.
Thus the objective of this thesis is to carry out the load flow analysis of the wind farm
integrated to the power grid, in order to study their overall impacts on the power
system.
For this purpose, a wind farm of 110MW having two aggregates of 24MW and three
aggregates of 21MW connected offshore to the power grid by means of a power
cable. Initially the steady state load flow analysis is carried out considering three
cases which are
On the basis of these three Cases the voltages and power Flows at different buses
were determined and it was ensured that Reactive power and voltages are in the
normal ranges.
Then dynamic simulation is carried out by creating a fault at a grid bus for a second in
order to determine the fault ride through capability of the wind farm. For all this
Steady-State and Dynamic simulation Siemens PTI software Known as PSS®E is
used.
88
The results of the simulation are analyzed to study the Impacts of grid interfaced wind
farm on the power system.
6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
In our thesis HVAC transmission system was used to interconnect the offshore wind
farm to the power grid and results were studied. For the future work we would
recommend that DC link converter could be taken in PSS/E and HVDC transmission
model could be developed to interconnect the offshore wind farm to the Grid, and
then the results of both HVAC and HVDC transmission systems could be compared
to see the impacts of each on the power system.
89
REFERENCES
6. Creation of a Power Flow Study. BY: Ben Pilato & Bryan Lake (Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University)
8. Wind Farm Modeling for Steady State and Dynamic Analysis. By: G. Kabashi
K. Kadriu
http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/60799391/wind-farm-modeling-
steady-state-dynamic-analysis
9. Case Studies of Wind Park Modeling. By: Yuriy Kazachkov, Siemens PTI
12. Transmission System for offshore wind farms in the Netherlands. By: Wil
Kling
14. Teaching Undergraduate Power System Courses with the help of Siemens PTI
PSS/E-University simulator software. By: Chi Tang, Adam Freeman, Jerome
Spence, Matthew Bradica, and Donge Ren (McMaster School of Engineering
Technology)
15. Power flow analysis using MATLAB. By: Mohammad Shahimi Bin
Mohammad Isa (University Malaysia Pahang)
90