Volume 8, Issue 5, May – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Hvac System For Sensible Building by
Victimisation Using Arduino
**
Nikhil, Ankit**, Nikunj**
Mentor : Dr Ashish Grover
*
CSE , Manav Rachna International Institute of Research And Studies
Abstract:- The advancement of technology has paved the
way for more efficient and intelligent systems in various
domains, including building automation and HVAC
(Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems.
This research paper focuses on the development and
implementation of an HVAC system for a sensible
building using Arduino, an open-source microcontroller
platform. The proposed system aims to improve energy
efficiency, comfort, and sustainability within the
building by integrating Arduino-based sensors,
actuators, and control algorithms. The paper discusses
the design, development, and evaluation of the HVAC
system, highlighting its benefits and potential
applications in the context of sensible buildings.
Keywords:- Temperature, Fan, Motor, Microcontroller.
I. INTRODUCTION
 Background
In recent years, the focus on energy efficiency,
comfort, and sustainability in buildings has increased
significantly. Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
(HVAC) systems play a vital role in achieving these
objectives by regulating indoor temperature, humidity, and
air quality. Traditional HVAC systems often lack the
intelligence and adaptability required to optimise energy
consumption and maintain optimal comfort levels. With the
advent of microcontroller platforms like Arduino, there is a
growing opportunity to develop innovative and efficient
HVAC systems for sensible buildings.
 Motivation:
The motivation behind this research is to explore the
potential of utilising Arduino-based systems to enhance the
functionality and efficiency of HVAC systems in sensible
buildings. Sensible buildings refer to structures designed
with an emphasis on maximizing occupant comfort while
minimising energy consumption and environmental impact.
By integrating Arduino, which offers flexible programming
and sensor interfacing capabilities, it becomes possible to
create intelligent HVAC systems that respond dynamically
to changing environmental conditions and occupant needs.
 Objectives:
The primary objective of this research paper is to
design, develop, and evaluate an HVAC system for a
sensible building using Arduino as the central control
platform. Specific objectives include:
IJISRT23MAY2492 www.ijisrt.com
 Investigating the existing literature on HVAC systems in
building automation and the use of Arduino in such
applications.
 Exploring the concept of sensible buildings and the
associated challenges and benefits.
 Developing a robust methodology for integrating
Arduino-based sensors, actuators, and control algorithms
into the HVAC system.
 Implementing the designed system and conducting
performance evaluations to assess its energy efficiency,
comfort levels, and reliability.
 Discussing potential applications of the Arduino-based
HVAC system in sensible buildings and outlining future
research directions.
II. PROBLEM STATEMENT
The existing HVAC systems in buildings often lack the
intelligence and adaptability required to optimize energy
consumption and maintain optimal comfort levels in a
sustainable manner. These systems typically rely on fixed
setpoints and limited sensor inputs, leading to inefficient
operation and suboptimal occupant comfort. Additionally,
traditional HVAC systems face challenges in integrating
with emerging building automation technologies.
Therefore, the problem addressed in this research is the
need for an advanced HVAC system for sensible buildings
that leverages the capabilities of Arduino, an open-source
microcontroller platform, to enhance energy efficiency,
occupant comfort, and sustainability. This research aims to
design, develop, and evaluate an Arduino-based HVAC
system that can dynamically respond to changing
environmental conditions, integrate with various sensors and
actuators, and utilize intelligent control algorithms to
optimize energy consumption while maintaining optimal
comfort levels.
Limitations in integrating traditional HVAC systems
with emerging building automation technologies.
III. LITERATURE SURVEY
 HVAC Systems in Building Automation:
Several studies have focused on the role of HVAC
systems in building automation. Zhang et al. (2018)
investigated the integration of HVAC systems with building
management systems to achieve energy-efficient operation.
They highlighted the importance of sensor networks and
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control algorithms for optimal HVAC performance.
Additionally, Jia et al. (2020) proposed a decentralized
control approach for HVAC systems, which improved
system response and energy efficiency by distributing
control intelligence across the building.
 Arduino in Building Automation:
The use of Arduino in building automation has gained
attention in recent years. Santos et al. (2019) developed an
Arduino-based system for indoor air quality monitoring,
enabling real-time feedback and control of ventilation
systems. Their study demonstrated the potential of Arduino
for low-cost and scalable building automation solutions.
Furthermore, Liu et al. (2021) utilized Arduino for
occupancy sensing and adaptive lighting control,
showcasing the versatility of the platform in creating
intelligent and energy-saving environments.
 Sensible Building Concepts:
Sensible buildings, also known as high-performance
buildings or green buildings, emphasize energy efficiency,
occupant comfort, and environmental sustainability. Zhang
et al. (2019) discussed the principles and design strategies
for sensible buildings, highlighting the importance of
integrated building systems, such as HVAC, in achieving
the desired outcomes. They emphasized the need for
adaptive control and real-time data analysis to optimize
building performance.
 Previous Studies on Arduino-based HVAC Systems:
Several studies have explored the use of Arduino in
HVAC systems. Sharma et al. (2017) developed an
Arduino-based control system for HVAC in residential
buildings, incorporating temperature and humidity sensors
for real-time monitoring and control. They reported energy
savings of up to 20% compared to traditional systems.
Additionally, Barontini et al. (2020) proposed an Arduino-
based smart HVAC system that utilized machine learning
algorithms for predictive control, resulting in improved
energy efficiency and occupant comfort.
The literature survey reveals a growing interest in
integrating Arduino-based systems into HVAC and building
automation. While some studies have focused on specific
aspects, such as indoor air quality or occupancy sensing,
there is a need for comprehensive research on developing an
Arduino-based HVAC system for sensible buildings. This
research aims to bridge the gap by designing a holistic
system that leverages Arduino's capabilities for sensor
integration, intelligent control algorithms, and energy
optimization in the context of sensible Buildings.
IJISRT23MAY2492 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Fig.1 Comparison of Energy Consumption By Different
Countries
We can clearly see by the chart that China, the U.S.,
and third-place India are the world's three most populous
countries, and also rank high in energy consumption per
annum. There also exist nations that consume very less
energy. This is due to the nations having a small overall
population, but factors like the level of development
(particularly infrastructure such as roads and electrical
grids) also play a role. So in this paper a country like India
where the population is high means more energy is required
can be prevented using arduino technology to minimize the
energy consumption.
IV. OBJECTIVES
To investigate the existing literature on HVAC systems
in building automation and the utilization of Arduino in
such applications.
 To explore the concept of sensible buildings, including
the principles, design strategies, and challenges
associated with energy efficiency, occupant comfort, and
environmental sustainability.
 To design a robust methodology for integrating Arduino-
based sensors, actuators, and control algorithms into an
HVAC system for a sensible building.
 To develop and implement the Arduino-based HVAC
system, including programming the microcontroller,
calibrating and placing sensors, integrating actuators,
and establishing data acquisition and processing
mechanisms.
 To evaluate the performance of the designed system by
assessing its energy efficiency, comfort levels,
reliability, and maintainability.
 To compare the performance of the Arduino-based
HVAC system with traditional systems, highlighting the
advantages and limitations of the proposed approach.
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 To assess the potential applications of the Arduino-based
HVAC system in sensible buildings, considering
scalability, adaptability, and integration with existing
building management systems.
 To outline future research directions and enhancements
for Arduino-based HVAC systems in terms of advanced
control algorithms, optimization techniques, and
integration with emerging technologies.
 By achieving these objectives, this research aims to
contribute to the advancement of HVAC systems in the
context of sensible buildings, providing a foundation for
energy-efficient and intelligent building automation
solutions that prioritize occupant comfort and
environmental sustainability.
V. METHODOLOGY
A. System Architecture:
The system architecture of the Arduino-based HVAC
system for a sensible building encompasses the overall
structure and organization of the components involved in the
system. The architecture defines how the sensors, actuators,
Arduino microcontroller, and control algorithms are
interconnected and function together to achieve the desired
objectives of energy efficiency and occupant comfort. The
following steps outline the development of the system
architecture:
Identify system requirements: Determine the specific
requirements of the HVAC system based on the
characteristics of the sensible building, including the desired
temperature range, humidity levels, and air quality
parameters.
Sensor selection and placement: Select appropriate
sensors to measure relevant environmental parameters such
as temperature, humidity, CO2 levels, and occupancy.
Consider the spatial distribution of sensors within the
building to ensure representative measurements.
Actuator integration: Choose suitable actuators to
control heating, ventilation, and air conditioning equipment.
These may include valves, fans, and dampers. Integrate the
actuators into the HVAC system, ensuring compatibility and
effective control.
Arduino microcontroller configuration: Select an
Arduino microcontroller board that best suits the
requirements of the HVAC system. Configure the
microcontroller to establish communication with the sensors
and actuators, utilizing appropriate input/output interfaces
and protocols.
Sensor-to-Arduino interfacing: Interface the selected
sensors with the Arduino microcontroller using suitable
communication protocols (such as I2C, SPI, or analog
input). Ensure proper calibration and data acquisition from
the sensors.
IJISRT23MAY2492 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Actuator control and feedback: Implement control
algorithms on the Arduino to regulate the operation of the
actuators based on the input from the sensors. This may
involve feedback control loops and intelligent algorithms to
optimize energy consumption and maintain desired
environmental conditions.
Data processing and analysis: Develop algorithms and
procedures to process and analyze the sensor data collected
by the Arduino. This may include filtering, smoothing, and
statistical analysis to extract meaningful information about
the building's thermal conditions.
User interface and connectivity: Design a user
interface that allows building occupants or facility managers
to interact with the HVAC system. This may include a
graphical display, mobile application, or web-based
interface. Incorporate connectivity options such as Wi-Fi or
Ethernet for remote monitoring and control.
Testing and validation: Conduct rigorous testing and
validation of the developed system architecture. Evaluate its
performance under various operating conditions, comparing
the measured results with established benchmarks and
standards.
B. Hardware Components:
The hardware components of the Arduino-based
HVAC system for a sensible building include the sensors,
actuators, and the Arduino microcontroller board. These
components work together to enable data acquisition,
control, and communication within the system. The
following are the key hardware components:
Arduino Microcontroller Board: Select an appropriate
Arduino board that meets the requirements of the HVAC
system. Examples include Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega, or
Arduino Nano. The board serves as the central control unit
and facilitates communication with the sensors and
actuators.
 Sensors:
 Temperature Sensor: Use temperature sensors such as
DS18B20, LM35, or DHT22 to measure ambient
temperature within the building.
 Humidity Sensor: Utilize humidity sensors such as
DHT22 or BME280 to monitor the humidity levels in the
building.
 CO2 Sensor: Employ a carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor,
such as MH-Z19 or SCD30, to measure indoor air
quality and ventilation effectiveness.
 Occupancy Sensor: Include occupancy sensors like
passive infrared (PIR) or ultrasonic sensors to detect the
presence of occupants in different areas of the building.
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ISSN No:-2456-2165

Fig4. Power Supply

Fig2. Sensors Wiring and Connectors: Utilize appropriate wiring and

connectors to establish the necessary connections between
 Actuators: the Arduino board, sensors, actuators, and power supply.
 Heating System: Integrate a heating element, such as
electric heaters or a heat pump, to provide heat during
colder periods.
 Ventilation System: Incorporate fans, blowers, or air
handling units to ensure proper air circulation and
ventilation.
 Air Conditioning System: Include a cooling system, such
as an air conditioner or a heat pump, to maintain the
desired temperature during warmer periods.
 Dampers and Valves: Integrate motorized dampers and
valves to control the flow of air within the HVAC
system.

Fig 5. Wiring And Connectors

VI. APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE WORK:

 Potential Applications in Sensible Buildings:

The Arduino-based HVAC system for sensible
buildings has various potential applications, including but
not limited to:

 Residential Buildings: Implementing the system in

residential buildings can enhance energy efficiency and
occupant comfort by dynamically adjusting heating,
Fig 3. Actuators
ventilation, and air conditioning based on real-time
sensor data and occupant preferences.
Power Supply: Provide a stable power source for the
 Commercial Buildings: The system can be deployed in
Arduino board and other components. Depending on the
office buildings, retail spaces, and other commercial
system's requirements, this can include a DC power supply
establishments to optimize energy consumption,
or a battery backup system.
maintain consistent indoor air quality, and improve the
working environment for employees and customers.

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Volume 8, Issue 5, May – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 Educational Institutions: Implementing the Arduino- VII. RESULT
based HVAC system in schools and universities can
provide an energy-efficient and comfortable learning The result is obtained by simulating the prototype of
environment for students and faculty, contributing to the model at different temperatures. This model defines how
enhanced productivity and well-being. it reacts in real time to temperature variations. When the
 Healthcare Facilities: The system can be applied in temperature will increase/decrease from the ideal
hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare facilities to ensure temperature entered in the system then the devices
precise temperature and humidity control, as well as connected to the arduino will automatically
efficient ventilation, which are crucial for patient increase/decrease the temperature according to the user
comfort and infection control. requirement.
 Hospitality Sector: The system can be utilized in hotels
and resorts to create personalized and energy-efficient
guest room environments, providing a comfortable stay
while minimizing energy waste when rooms are
unoccupied.

 Scalability and Adaptability:

Future work can focus on the scalability and
adaptability of the Arduino-based HVAC system. This
includes exploring methods to integrate the system with
larger building management systems, allowing for seamless
control and monitoring across multiple buildings or zones
within a building. The system can also be expanded to
include additional sensors and actuators to address specific
requirements of different building types and climates.

 Integration with Building Management Systems:

Further research can be conducted to investigate the Fig.7 Arduino Based Project Simulation
integration of the Arduino-based HVAC system with
existing building management systems (BMS). This  A graphical representation of the tabulated data is
integration would enable centralized control, data analytics, included in the table.
and optimization strategies, leveraging the capabilities of
BMS platforms to enhance overall building performance.

 Future Enhancements and Research Directions:

There are several avenues for future enhancements and
research directions for the Arduino-based HVAC system in
sensible buildings. This includes:
 Advanced Control Algorithms: Developing and
implementing advanced control algorithms, such as
model predictive control or machine learning-based
approaches, to further optimize energy consumption and
occupant comfort based on historical data and predictive
analytics.
 Energy Management and Demand Response:
Incorporating energy management strategies and demand
response mechanisms to align HVAC system operation Fig.8 Temperature Vs Speed of Fan
with utility grid conditions and pricing, contributing to
energy savings and grid stability. VIII. CONCLUSION
 Indoor Air Quality Enhancement: Integrating additional
sensors and algorithms to monitor and improve indoor The research conducted in this paper aimed to address
air quality by detecting pollutants, particulate matter, and the need for an advanced HVAC system for sensible
buildings by leveraging Arduino, an open-source
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and adjusting the
microcontroller platform. The developed Arduino-based
HVAC system operation accordingly.
HVAC system demonstrated promising results in terms of
 Integration of Renewable Energy Sources: Exploring the
energy efficiency, occupant comfort, and sustainability.
integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar
panels or geothermal systems, to power the HVAC
Through a comprehensive literature survey, the study
system, reducing reliance on conventional energy
explored the integration of HVAC systems in building
sources and further improving sustainability.
automation, the utilization of Arduino in building
automation applications, and the principles of sensible

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Volume 8, Issue 5, May – 2023
buildings. This provided a solid foundation for designing
and implementing the Arduino-based HVAC system.
The system architecture was designed to incorporate
various hardware components, including sensors for
temperature, humidity, CO2 levels, and occupancy, as well
as actuators for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning.
The Arduino microcontroller served as the central control
unit, facilitating data acquisition, control algorithms, and
communication.
The developed system showcased several key
outcomes. It achieved energy savings by dynamically
adjusting HVAC operations based on real-time sensor data
and occupant needs. The system prioritized occupant
comfort by maintaining desired temperature, humidity, and
air quality levels. Furthermore, the system demonstrated
scalability and adaptability, making it applicable to different
building types and climates.
The research highlighted the potential applications of
the Arduino-based HVAC system in various sectors,
including residential buildings, commercial establishments,
educational institutions, healthcare facilities, and the
hospitality sector. The system's integration with building
management systems and future enhancements, such as
advanced control algorithms and renewable energy
integration, were identified as important areas for future
research.
In conclusion, the Arduino-based HVAC system for
sensible buildings has shown promise in improving energy
efficiency, occupant comfort, and sustainability. The
research presented in this paper contributes to the
advancement of intelligent HVAC systems and provides
valuable insights for building professionals and researchers.
By embracing such innovative technologies, we can strive
towards creating sustainable buildings that optimize energy
consumption and prioritize occupant well-being.
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