FOUNDATION ANALYSIS

Complex Engineering
Problem
Different recommendations for foundation and soil improvement
were given in this document.
DATE: 08 /02 /20 23

Project Members

Names Registration No Sections

Dure Kamla Siddiqui 19PWCIV5237 U
Ammara Amir 19PWCIV5241 U
Ahmad Zaman Khan 19PWCIV5235 T
Hafsa Saeed 19PWCIV5313 T

Overview
A structural plan of two storey building on a soft clayey soil was given and by
using geotechnical equations a foundation design is formulated.

Submitted to:
Sir Adeel Arshad
 FOUNDATION ANALYSIS CEP

PROBLEM STATEMENT:
A village council plans to construct a community hall and has requested to perform geotechnical investigation of
the proposed site. The proposed building will consist of two stories (Ground + 1st Floor). Building plan and
elevation is provided in figure-1 below. Each column is assumed to carry a design load of 54tons. Due to limited
resources and time, a single borehole of 45 ft depth is drilled. Now we will provide recommendations for the
design of foundation and other geotechnical aspects of the proposed construction.

STEP 1 : GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS:

▪ Standard Penetration Test carried out in field is given as:

▪ Gradation, Atterberg limits, Direct Shear Test and Consolidation Test have been carried out in
geotechnical laboratory. The results are:

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STEP 02: FOUNDATION RECOMMENDATION

First Preference (Isolated Footing):

As a first choice we will propose a shallow foundation (square footing) and will perform bearing capacity analysis
considering the following two criteria:

▪ The first criterion is the prevention of shear failure of the soil underneath the footing with ample margin
of safety.
▪ The second criterion is to limit the foundation settlement to 25 mm (1 inch) for the shallow foundation.

Given Parameters:
P= 54 tons

=4.4°

c= 539 psf

bulk = 120.4 pcf

W= 25.6%

Eo= 0.533

Gs=2.521

FOS=3

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Shear Criteria:
Assume a square footing having dimensions:

Breadth=Length=12’

Depth=8’

To find H we use

𝐵 
𝐻 = 2 (tan⁡(45 + 2)) = 6.45′

Z= 2’

H> z so this is case 5.

(𝐺 + 𝑒𝑜)⁡𝑤
𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = ⁡ = 120𝑘𝑐𝑓
1 + 𝑒𝑜
𝑏
𝑑 = = 95.85𝑘𝑐𝑓
1+𝑤

By using Meyerhof bearing capacity equation, determine the settlement criteria

1
𝑞𝑢(𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠)⁡ = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 𝑠𝑐 𝑑𝑐 𝑖𝑐 + 𝐷𝑁𝑞 𝑠𝑞 𝑑𝑞 𝑖𝑞 + 𝐵𝑁 𝑠 𝑑 𝑖
2

𝐁𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐂𝐚𝐩𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 (𝐍𝐪, 𝐍𝐜 , 𝐍 )

 4.4
𝑁𝑞 = 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 tan2 (45 + ) = 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛4.4 tan2 (45 + ) = 1.485
2 2

𝑁𝑐 = (𝑁𝑞 − 1)𝑐𝑜𝑡⁡ = ⁡ (1.485 − 1) cot(4.4) = 6.23⁡

𝑁 = (𝑁𝑞 − 1) tan(1.4) = (1.485 − 1) tan(1.4 × 4.4) = 0.05⁡

�
�
�  4.4
𝐾𝑝 = tan2 (45 + ) = ⁡ tan2 (45 + ) = 1.166
� 2 2
𝐚 𝐵
𝑠�𝑐 = 1 + 0.2𝐾𝑝 = ⁡1 + 0.2 × 1.166 = 1.23⁡
𝐿
𝐩
𝐵
𝑠�𝑞 = 𝑠 = 1 + 0.1𝐾𝑝 𝐿 = 1.1166
𝐞
�

𝐅
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�
𝐚
�
 FOUNDATION ANALYSIS CEP

𝐃𝐞𝐩𝐭� 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 (𝐝𝐪 , 𝐝𝐜 , 𝐝 )

D
dc = 1 + 0.2√K p B (for any ∅) = 1.14

D
dq = d = 1 + 0.1√K p = 1.07
B

𝐈𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 (𝐢𝐪, 𝐢, 𝐢 )

There is no inclination, so

ic = iq = i = 1

By putting all the above factors in Meyerhof equation, we get

1
𝑞𝑢(𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠)⁡ = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 𝑠𝑐 𝑑𝑐 𝑖𝑐 + 𝐷𝑁𝑞 𝑠𝑞 𝑑𝑞 𝑖𝑞 + 𝐵𝑁 𝑠 𝑑 𝑖
2

For 2nd term use:  = 95.85⁡𝑝𝑐𝑓

(×𝑧𝑤) +(𝑠𝑢𝑏 ×(𝐻−𝑧𝑤 ))

For 3rd term use:  = ⁡ 𝐻
= 69.32⁡𝑝𝑐𝑓

𝑞𝑢(𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠) = 6075⁡𝑝𝑠𝑓

𝑞𝑢⁡(𝑛𝑒𝑡) = ⁡ 𝑞𝑢(𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠)⁡ − ⁡𝐷⁡ = 6075 − 766.8 = 5308.2𝑝𝑠𝑓⁡

𝑃𝑢⁡(𝑛𝑒𝑡) = 𝑞𝑢⁡(𝑛𝑒𝑡) × 𝐴 = 764380⁡𝑙𝑏𝑠 = 382.19⁡𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝑷𝒖(𝒏𝒆𝒕)
𝑷𝒔𝒂𝒇𝒆 ⁡ = ⁡ ⁡ = ⁡𝟏𝟐𝟕. 𝟑𝟗⁡𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔⁡(OKǃ)
𝑭𝑶𝑺

Settlement Criteria:
Immediate Settlement

Equation of settlement from the theory of elasticity [e.g., Timoshenko and Goodier (1951)] is as follows:

1 − µ2
𝐻𝑖 = 𝑞𝑜 𝐵 𝑚𝐼
𝐸𝑠

𝑚⁡ = ⁡4

𝐵
𝐵′ = = 6′ = 1.83𝑚
2

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𝐿
𝐿′ = = 6′ = 1.83𝑚
2
𝐿′
=1
𝐵′
𝐻
= 2.83
𝐵′

µ = 0.33

𝑃⁡ 529559.1
𝑞𝑜⁡ = ⁡ = = ⁡39.6⁡𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐴 13.38

𝐼 = 0.37(𝐵𝑦⁡𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝐸𝑠⁡ = ⁡300(𝑁 + 6) = ⁡3360⁡𝑘𝑃𝑎(𝐹𝑜𝑟⁡25𝑓𝑡)

Put values in above equation:

1 − 0.332
𝐻𝑖 = 39.6 × 1.83 × 40.37 = 0.0284⁡𝑚 = 28.4⁡𝑚𝑚(𝑁𝑜𝑡⁡𝑂𝑘)
3360

Consolidation Settlement:

Considering the clay to be Normally Consolidated (NCC):

𝐻𝑜 𝑜 + 𝛥𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔
𝐻𝑐 = 𝐶𝑐 log ( )
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑜

35
𝑜 = 10 × 95.85 + ⁡ (69.32 × ) = 2171.6⁡𝑝𝑠𝑓
2

𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10) = 0.315

𝑒𝑜 = 0.533

Slope 2:1 Method

𝑄 54
𝑧 = 2
= = 0.058⁡𝑡𝑠𝑓 = 116𝑝𝑠𝑓
(𝐵 + 𝑍) (12 + 18.5)2

Calculating the Consolidation Settlement:

18.5 2171.6 + 116

𝐻𝑐 = 0.533 log ( )⁡
1 + 0.533 2171.6

𝑯𝒄 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟏𝒎𝒎(𝑵𝒐𝒕⁡𝑶𝒌)

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Second Preference (Matt Footing):

𝑅 = ⁡ 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 = 108⁡𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝑃2 × 𝐿
𝑥= = 15⁡𝑓𝑡
𝑃1 + 𝑃2

Similarly for other two

𝑅 = 108 + `108 = 216⁡𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝑃2 × 𝐿
𝑥= = 18⁡𝑓𝑡
𝑃1 + 𝑃2

Shear Criteria:
1
𝑞𝑢(𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠)⁡ = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 𝑠𝑐 𝑑𝑐 𝑖𝑐 + 𝐷𝑁𝑞 𝑠𝑞 𝑑𝑞 𝑖𝑞 + 𝐵𝑁 𝑠 𝑑 𝑖
2

1 = 95.59⁡𝑝𝑠𝑓

(95.85 × 2) + (14.19 × (120 − 62.4))

2 = ⁡ = 62.29⁡𝑝𝑐𝑓
16.19
 4.4
𝐾𝑝 = tan2 (45 + ) = ⁡ tan2 (45 + ) = 1.166
2 2
𝐵 
𝐻= (𝑡𝑎𝑛⁡(45 + )) = 16.19′
2 2
 4.4
𝑁𝑞 = 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 tan2 (45 + 2) = 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛4.4 tan2 (45 + 2
) = 1.485

𝑁𝑐 = (𝑁𝑞 − 1)𝑐𝑜𝑡⁡ = ⁡ (1.485 − 1) cot(4.4) = 6.23⁡

𝑁 = (𝑁𝑞 − 1) tan(1.4) = (1.485 − 1) tan(1.4 × 4.4) = 0.05⁡

𝑠𝑐 = 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑒⁡𝑎𝑠⁡𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

𝑠 = 𝑠d = 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑒⁡𝑎𝑠⁡𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

D
dc = 1 + 0.2√K p B (for any ∅) = 1.057

D
dq = d = 1 + 0.1√K p = 1.028
B

ic = iq = i = 1

c = 539 psf

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=4.4°

Put values in equation

1
𝑞𝑢(𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠)⁡ = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 𝑠𝑐 𝑑𝑐 𝑖𝑐 + 𝐷𝑁𝑞 𝑠𝑞 𝑑𝑞 𝑖𝑞 + 𝐵𝑁 𝑠 𝑑 𝑖
2

𝑞𝑢(𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠)⁡ = 5779.06

𝑞𝑢⁡(𝑛𝑒𝑡) = ⁡ 𝑞𝑢(𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠)⁡ − ⁡𝐷⁡ = 5779.06 − 766.8 = 5014.39⁡𝑝𝑠𝑓

𝑃𝑢⁡(𝑛𝑒𝑡) = 𝑞𝑢⁡(𝑛𝑒𝑡) × 𝐴 = 4512600⁡𝑙𝑏𝑠 = 2046.88⁡𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝑷𝑢(𝑛𝑒𝑡)
𝑷𝒔𝒂𝒇𝒆 ⁡ = ⁡ 𝑭𝑶𝑺
⁡ = ⁡𝟔𝟖𝟐. 𝟐𝟗⁡𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔⁡(OKǃ)

Settlement Criteria:
Immediate Settlement

Equation of settlement from the theory of elasticity [e.g., Timoshenko and Goodier (1951)] is as follows:

1 − µ2
𝐻𝑖 = 𝑞𝑜 𝐵 𝑚𝐼
𝐸𝑠

𝑚⁡ = ⁡4

𝐿′ 30/2
= =1
𝐵′ 30/2

𝐻 17
= = 1.137
𝐵′ 30/2

µ = 0.33

𝑃⁡ 218225.6
𝑞𝑜⁡ = ⁡ = = ⁡23.333⁡𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐴 83.612

𝐼 = 0.211(𝐵𝑦⁡𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝐸𝑠⁡ = ⁡300(𝑁 + 6) = ⁡3360⁡𝑘𝑃𝑎(𝐹𝑜𝑟⁡25𝑓𝑡)

Put values in above equation:

9.14 1 − 0.332
𝐻𝑖 = 23.33 × × 40.25 = 0.01687⁡𝑚 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟖𝟕⁡𝒎𝒎(𝑵𝒐𝒕⁡𝑶𝒌)
2 3360

Consolidation Settlement:

Considering the clay to be Normally Consolidated (NCC):

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𝐻𝑜 𝑜 + 𝛥𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔
𝐻𝑐 = 𝐶𝑐 log ( )
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑜

35
𝑜 = 10 × 95.85 + ⁡ (69.32 × ) = 2171.6⁡𝑝𝑠𝑓
2

𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10) = 0.315

𝑒𝑜 = 0.533

Slope 2:1 Method

Calculating the Consolidation Settlement:

18.5 2171.6 + 𝛥𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔

𝐻𝑐 = 0.533 log ( )
1 + 0.533 2171.6
2171.6 + 𝛥𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔
0.02135 = log ( )
2171.6

𝛥𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 109.28

𝑃
𝑧 =
(𝐵 + 𝑍)2

𝑃 = 𝑧 (𝐵 + 𝑍)2

𝑷 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖. 𝟓𝟐⁡𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔

Third Preference (Soil Improvement):

ELECTRO-OSMOSIS:
The use of electro-osmosis for treatment of soft clay soils is a common ground improvement technique. A
number of chemical, physical and mechanical interactions occur during the improvement of soil by this
technique. Since soil stability and strength depend on effective stress, they are inversely connected to changes
in pore water pressure. Dewatering is a method for altering
the water content and pore water pressure of soil to improve
soil behaviour.
When a direct current is applied to a porous medium saturated
with water, the water moves towards the negative electrode
(cathode) . This phenomenon is termed as electro-osmosis.
Electro-osmosis is used during dewatering to facilitate the
movement of water. It accelerates the movement of water
through the soil into an installed drain or well point .The ions
with positive charges produced by applying a direct current will cause the water in the soil's pores to flow out.

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Since water cannot access the anode (positively charged electrode) of the system, the soil's water content
decreases. This causes the soil to consolidate. Due to its ability to reinforce the soft, saturated clayey soil and
help facilitate consolidation, electro-osmosis has an advantage over other methods (Estabragh, 2014).

Construction and Demolition Waste :

Construction and demolition waste (CDW), which accounts for roughly 36-40% of the global total of solid waste
disposal due to the fast spread of urban sprawl, has therefore become a problem in modern society. It is usual
practice to employ sand or other granular elements to enhance the compressibility behavior and related
settling, drainage, and shear strength of weak soil. Natural sand supplies have recently been depleted due to
extensive use in the construction of various civil engineering structures, which has caused their price to rise and
disturbed the ecological balance. In one of the research Recycled fine aggregates of concrete, brick and mortar
from CDW with proper size and proper mixing ratio with soil give a satisfactory result in improving different
geotechnical properties of the existing soil ( (Mohammadinia, 2018) (Varaprasad, 2019)and column. CDW in the
soil samples improved consolidation settlement, and reduced settlement time and compression index.
Increments in the pre-consolidation pressure, consolidation rate, and permeability of the clay-CDW mixtures
were also remarkable.
• Clay containing 40% CDW shows the lower values of liquid limit and plastic limit.
• Settlement is 30% less than the original clay.
• The coefficient of permeability increases with the increase in CDW by 36%. (Islam, 2022)

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References

Estabragh, A. (2014). Improvement of clay soil by electro-osmosis technique. Applied Clay Science.

Islam, S. (2022). Improvement of consolidation properties of clay soil using fine-grained construction
and demolition waste. Heliyon.

Mohammadinia. (2018). Alkali activation of lime kiln dust and fly ash blends for the stabilisation of
demolition wastes.

Varaprasad. (2019). Soil improvement by fine fraction residue from recycling construction and
demolition waste. Int. J. Sci. Technol.

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