PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS

Second sem / lesson 1 - ___ / midterms / PPT & lecture based

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 1

- describes, shows, and summarizes the basic  Identify highest and lowest
features of a data set found in a given study, value
presented in a summary that describes the  Look for class interval width =
data sample and its measurements. range/ sqrsamplesize
 Range=highest value – lowest
- The prime purpose of descriptive statistics is to value
convey information regarding a data set. It  Calculate class intervals:
helps in reducing a large chunk of data into a lower limit <= a < upper limit
few relevant pieces of information.  Add the class interval and
lowest value
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS 2

- a field of statistics that uses analytical tools for  Count the frequency
drawing conclusions about a population by
examining random samples.  Relative frequency distributions
- The goal of inferential statistics is to make o the proportion of data for a variable’s
generalizations about a population. values or class intervals.
o rf = f/
DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL
(fa + fb + fc + fd)
STATISTICS STATISTICS
 Quantifies  Make =%
characteristics conclusions
of the data about the  Cumulative frequency distribution
 Measures of population using o how often observations fall below
central tendency analytical tools, certain values.
and measures of hypothesis
dispersion are testing, and
the tool used regression
 Describe analysis
characteristics  Make inferences
of the sample about unknown
 Measures are population
variance, range,  Measures are t-
mean, median, tests, z-test, 2. CENTRAL TENDENCY
etc. linear o Finds the mean, median, mode
regression, etc.  MEAN - μ = ∑X/n
 MEDIAN = divided by 2
 MODE = Mo = L+h + (fm – f1)______
TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS (fm – f1) + (fm – f2)

1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS 3. MEASURES OF VARIABILITY

o Describes the number of observations Variability – describes how far apart data points lie
for each possible value of a variable. frim each other and from the center distribution
o Depicted using graphs and tables
 RANGE
TYPES OF FREUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS o difference between the highest and
lowest values
 Ungrouped frequency distributions
 INTERQUARTILE RANGE (IQR)
o Categorical variables
o is the third quartile (Q3) minus the first
o Number of observation for each value
quartile (Q1).
of the variable
 STANDARD DEVIATION
 Grouped frequency distributions
o Quantitative variables can aemploy
this style of FD o
o No. of observation made for variable;’s
various class intervals  VARIANCE
STEPS:
RAMOS, MAE RACQUEL GRACE E. / AB PSYCHOLOGY 1 – SECOND SEM / LA CONSOLACION UNIVERSITY
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PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS
Second sem / lesson 1 - ___ / midterms / PPT & lecture based
o one for X variable and another for Y
___________________________________________
Z SCORE
- how the relationship between a value and the
given mean of a set of variables.
- Greater than the mean = positive, less than
mean = negative
- strength between the two variables in
CORRELATION
- helps to analyze the covariation of two or more
variables.
TYPES:
 POSITIVE
o the independent variable increases in
value, so does the dependent variable.
 NEGATIVE
o Independent variable increases in
value, the dependent variable falls in
value.
 LINEAR
o linear when the amount of change in
one variable tends to bear a constant
ratio to the amount of change in the
other.
 NON LINEAR
o the amount of change in one variable
does not bear a constant ratio to the
amount of change in the other
variable.
 SIMPLE
o 2 variables are being studied
 MULTIPLE
o 3 or more variables being studied
 PARTIAL
o three or more variables, but only two
are considered while keeping the other
variables constant,
METHODS OF STUDYING CORRELATION
 SCATTER DIAGRAM METHOD
o A graph of observed plotted points
where each point represents the
values of X and Y as a coordinate. It
portrays the relationship between
these two variables graphically
 GRAPHIC METHOD
RAMOS, MAE RACQUEL GRACE E. / AB PSYCHOLOGY 1 – SECOND SEM / LA CONSOLACION UNIVERSITY
o the individual values of the two
variables are plotted on a graph paper.
variable.
 KARL PEARSON’S COEFFICIENT OF
CORRELATION
o Karl Pearson
o known as the Product Moment
Correlation Coefficient
o measures the degree of linear
relationship between two variables.
o Measures the value that shows the
a correlation
o most common, in determining the
relationship of variable
o denoted by- r -1 ≤ r ≥ +1
USE WHEN
o If both variables are quantitative (e.g:
interval scale)
o The variables are normally distributed
o If the relationship is linear
o Both descriptive and inferential
 SPEARMAN’S RANK CORRELATION AND
COEFFICIENT
o Charles Spearman,
o Nonparametric measure of rank
correlation.
o It evaluates the capability of a
monotonic function to express the
relationship between two variables.
o requires that your data be continuous
data with a monotonic relationship or
ordinal data.
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MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
 LINEAR REGRESSION
o predict the value of one variable using
the knowledge of another.
o Only two continuous variables—an
independent variable and a dependent
variable—can be utilized in a linear
regression.
o The parameter that is utilized to
calculate the dependent variable or
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PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS
Second sem / lesson 1 - ___ / midterms / PPT & lecture based
result is known as the independent
variable.
 MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
o known simply as multiple regression,
is a statistical technique that predicts
the outcome of a response (dependent
variables) using several explanatory
variables (independent variables).
o an extension of linear regression that
employs only one explanatory
variable.
o widely used in econometrics and
financial analysis.
 LIMITATIONS
o Linearity
 It assumes that there is a
linear relationship between the
dependent and independent
variables.
o Multicollinearity
 occurs when the
predictor/independent
variables are highly correlated
with each other. When this
happens, it becomes difficult
to distinguish the independent
effects of each independent
variable on the dependent
variable.
o Outliers
 are observations that are
significantly different from the
other observations in a data
set.
o Causality
 The major conceptual
limitation of all regression
techniques is that one can
only ascertain relationships,
but never be sure about the
underlying causal mechanism.
MULTIPLE LINEAR LINEAR REGRESSION
REGRESSION
 An extension of  (One-to-one)
Simple Linear  One IV/ one DV
Regression
 (many-to-one)
 Two or more IV/
one DV
INTERPRETATING THE RESULT
RAMOS, MAE RACQUEL GRACE E. / AB PSYCHOLOGY 1 – SECOND SEM / LA CONSOLACION UNIVERSITY
 The Model Summary Table reports the
strength of the relationship between the model
and the dependent variable.
 R in regression analysis is called the multiple
correlation coefficient, which indicates thE
linear correlation between the observed and
model-predicted values of the dependent
variable.
 R-Squared (R2 or the coefficient of
determination) is a statistical measure in a
regression model that determines the
proportion of variance in the dependent
variable that can be explained by the
independent variable
 Adjusted R-Squared is a corrected goodness-
of-fit (model accuracy) measure for linear
models. It identifies the percentage of variance
in the target field that is explained by the input
or inputs.
 Unstandardized coefficients are those that the
linear regression model produces after its
training using the independent variables, which
are measured in theiroriginal scales, i.e., in the
same units in which we are taking the dataset
from the source to train the
model.
 Unstandardized beta (B). This value
represents the slope of the line between the
predictor variable and the dependent variable.
 The standard error is an estimate of the
standard deviation of the coefficient, the
amount it varies across cases. It can be
thought of as a measure of the precision with
which the regression coefficient is measure
 Beta coefficients or beta weights are the
estimates resulting from a regression analysis
where the underlying data have been
standardized so that the variances of
dependent and independent variables are
equal to 1.
 The t statistic is the coefficient divided by its
standard error. The standard error is an
estimate of the standard deviation of the
coefficient, the amount it varies across cases.
 The sign of a linear regression coefficient tells
you whether there is a positive or negative
correlation between each independent variable
and the dependent variable.
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