CH-1 Part-3

Chapter 1
Computer Networks and the Internet

Overview
▪ What is the Internet? What is a protocol?
▪ Network edge: hosts, access network, physical media
▪ Network core: packet/circuit switching, internet structure
▪ Performance: loss, delay, throughput
▪ Protocol layers, service models
▪ Security
▪ History
Chapter Goal
Get “feel,” “big picture,” introduction to terminology
- more depth, detail later in course
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Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• What is Internet?
How Do Packet Delay and Loss Occur?
• What is protocol?
• Network Edge
• Network Core
▪ Packets queue in
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
router buffers, waiting
• Security
• History for turn for Packet being transmitted (transmission delay)
Application Layer transmission A
Transport Layer
▪ Queue length grows
Data Plane &
Control Plane: The
when arrival rate to link
(temporarily) exceeds
B
Network Layer
The Link Layer and output link capacity

LANs
Wireless and Mobile ▪ Packet loss occurs Packets in buffers (queueing delay)
Networks
when memory to hold
Free (available) buffers: arriving packets
queued packets fills
dropped (loss) if no free buffers
up
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Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
Packet Delay: Four Sources
• Network Edge 𝒅𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒄 : processing delay
transmission
• Network Core
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
▪ Check bit errors
A
• Security
• History
propagation
Application Layer ▪ Determine output link
Transport Layer
▪ Typically < microsecs
B
Data Plane &
Control Plane: The
Network Layer
nodal
The Link Layer and
LANs processing queueing
Wireless and Mobile
𝒅𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒖𝒆 : queueing delay
Networks
𝑑𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 = 𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐 + 𝑑𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑢𝑒 + 𝑑𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 + 𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝 ▪ Time waiting at output
link for transmission
▪ Depends on
congestion level of
router
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Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
Packet Delay: Four Sources 𝒅𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔 : transmission delay
▪ L: packet length (bits)
• Network Edge
transmission
• Network Core
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
▪ R: link transmission rate
A
• Security
• History
propagation (bps)
Application Layer
𝐿
Transport Layer
▪ 𝑑𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 =
𝑅
B
Data Plane &
Control Plane: The
Network Layer
nodal
The Link Layer and
LANs processing queueing 𝒅𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑 : propagation delay
Wireless and Mobile
Networks
𝑑𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 = 𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐 + 𝑑𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑢𝑒 + 𝑑𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 + 𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝 ▪ d: length of physical link
▪ s: propagation speed
(~2x108 m/sec)
𝑑
▪ 𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝 =
𝑠
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Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
McD Drive-Thru Caravan Analogy
• Network Edge
• Network Core
• Performance
• Protocol Layers 5m 5m
• Security
• History
Application Layer
ten-car waiting in line 1st counter 2nd counter 3rd counter
Transport Layer
(aka 10-bit packet) (aka link)
Data Plane &
Control Plane: The ▪ Car ~ bit; caravan ~ packet; ▪ Time to “push” entire caravan
Network Layer
The Link Layer and

counter ~ link transmission through toll booth onto highway
LANs
▪ Each counter takes 12 sec to = 12*10 = 120 sec
Wireless and Mobile
Networks
service the car’s order (bit ▪ Time for last car to propagate
transmission time) from 1st to 2nd counter:
▪ “propagate” at 5 m/hr 5m/(5m/hr) = 1 hr
▪ Question: How long until caravan ▪ Answer: 62 minutes
is lined up before 2nd counter?
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Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
McD Drive-Thru Caravan Analogy
• Network Edge
• Network Core
• Performance
• Protocol Layers 5m 5m
• Security
• History
Application Layer
ten-car waiting in line 1st counter 2nd counter 3rd counter
Transport Layer
(aka 10-bit packet) (aka router)
Data Plane &
Control Plane: The
Network Layer
▪ Suppose cars now “propagate” at 10 m/hr
The Link Layer and
LANs
▪ And suppose toll booth now takes one min to service a car
Wireless and Mobile
Networks ▪ Question:
Will cars arrive to 2nd booth before all cars serviced at first booth?
▪ Answer:
Yes! After 7 min, first car arrives at second booth; three cars still at first
booth
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Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
Packet Queueing Delay (revisited)
average queueing delay

• Network Edge
• Network Core
▪ a: average packet arrival rate
▪ L: packet length (bits)
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security
• History
Application Layer ▪ R: link bandwidth (bit transmission rate)

Transport Layer
𝐿.𝑎 𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠
Data Plane &
Control Plane: The
𝑅
=
𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠
“traffic intensity”
Network Layer
The Link Layer and

𝐿.𝑎 traffic intensity = La/R 1
LANs
▪ ~ 0: avg. queueing delay small
Wireless and Mobile 𝑅
Networks
𝐿.𝑎 𝐿. 𝑎
▪ ≥ 1: avg. queueing delay large 𝑅
~0
𝑅
𝐿.𝑎
▪ > 1: more “work” arriving is more
𝑅
than can be serviced - average delay
𝐿. 𝑎
infinite! ≥1
𝑅 74
Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
“Real” Internet Delays and Routes
• Network Edge
• Network Core
▪ What do “real” Internet delay & loss look like?
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security
• History
▪ Traceroute program: provides delay measurement from source
Application Layer to router along end-end Internet path towards destination.
Transport Layer
For all i:
Data Plane &
Control Plane: The
Network Layer
▪ Sends three packets that will reach router i on path towards
The Link Layer and
LANs
destination (with time-to-live field value of i)
Wireless and Mobile ▪ Router i will return packets to sender
Networks
▪ Sender measures time interval between transmission and reply
3 probes 3 probes
3 probes
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“Real” Internet Delays and Routes
• Network Edge
• Network Core
traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.fr
• Performance 3 delay measurements from
• Protocol Layers
• Security gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu
• History
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
Application Layer 2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 3 delay measurements
3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms to border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu
Transport Layer
4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms
Data Plane & 5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms
Control Plane: The 6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms
Network Layer 7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic link
The Link Layer and
8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms
LANs 9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms
10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms
Wireless and Mobile 11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms looks like delays decrease!
Networks 12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms
13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms Why?
14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms
15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms
16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms
17 * * *
18 * * * * means no response (probe lost, router not replying)
19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms
* Do some traceroutes from exotic countries at www.traceroute.org

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Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
Packet Loss
• Network Edge buffer
• Network Core (waiting area) packet being transmitted
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
A
• Security
• History
Application Layer
Transport Layer
B
Data Plane &
Control Plane: The
Network Layer
The Link Layer and

* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation (on publisher’s website) of queuing and loss
LANs
Wireless and Mobile

Networks ▪ Queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite capacity
▪ Packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost)
▪ Lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by source
end system, or not at all
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Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
Throughput
• Network Edge
• Network Core
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security
• History
Application Layer
Transport Layer link

pipecapacity
that can carry linkthat
pipe capacity
can carry
Data Plane & Rsfluid
bits/sec
at rate Rfluid
c bits/sec
at rate
Control Plane: The server sends bits
Network Layer
(fluid) into pipe (Rs bits/sec) (Rc bits/sec)
The Link Layer and
LANs
Wireless and Mobile

Networks ▪ Throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits are being sent
from sender to receiver
▪ instantaneous: rate at given point in time
▪ average: rate over longer period of time
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Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
Throughput
• Network Edge
• Network Core Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security
• History
Application Layer
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
Transport Layer
Data Plane &

Control Plane: The
Network Layer
Rs > Rc What is average end-end throughput?
The Link Layer and
LANs
Wireless and Mobile

Networks Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
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Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
Throughput: Network Scenario
• Network Edge
• Network Core
• Performance
▪ Per-connection end-end Rs
R
• Protocol Layers
• Security throughput: min (Rc, Rs, ) Rs Rs
• History
10
▪ In practice: Rc or Rs is smaller
Application Layer
Transport Layer
R R
Data Plane &
Control Plane: The than
Network Layer N
The Link Layer and
LANs
▪ Bottleneck link is at network Rc Rc
Wireless and Mobile edge
Rc
Networks
10 connections (fairly) share

backbone bottleneck link R bits/sec
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Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
Protocol “Layers” and Reference Models
• Network Edge
• Network Core Networks are complex, with Question:
many “pieces”:
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security
• History
Is there any hope of
Application Layer ▪ Hosts organizing structure of
▪ Routers
network?
Transport Layer
▪ Links Of various media

Data Plane &
Control Plane: The
▪And/or our discussion

Network Layer
The Link Layer and

LANs
▪ Applications
Wireless and Mobile
Networks
▪ Protocols of networks?
▪ Hardware, Software
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Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
Example: Organization of Air Travel
• Network Edge
• Network Core
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security
• History end-to-end transfer of person plus baggage
Application Layer
Transport Layer
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)
Data Plane &
Control Plane: The baggage (check) baggage (claim)
Network Layer
The Link Layer and

LANs
gates (load) gates (unload)
Wireless and Mobile
Networks runway takeoff runway landing
airplane routing airplane routing
airplane routing
How would you define/discuss the system of airline travel?

A series of steps, involving many services
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Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
Example: Organization of Air Travel
• Network Edge
• Network Core
• Performance
ticket (purchase) ticketing service ticket (complain)
• Protocol Layers
• Security
• History baggage (check) baggage service baggage (claim)
Application Layer
Transport Layer
gates (load) gate service gates (unload)
Data Plane &
Control Plane: The runway takeoff runway service runway landing
Network Layer
The Link Layer and

LANs
airplane routing routing service
airplane routing airplane routing
Wireless and Mobile
Networks
Layers: Each layer implements a service

▪ Via its own internal-layer actions
▪ Relying on services provided by layer below
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Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
Why Layering?
• Network Edge
• Network Core
Approach to designing/discussing complex systems:
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security
• History
▪ Explicit structure allows identification,
Application Layer relationship of system’s pieces
Transport Layer
▪ Layered reference model for discussion
Data Plane &
▪ Modularization eases maintenance,

Control Plane: The
Network Layer
The Link Layer and

LANs updating of system
Wireless and Mobile
Networks ▪ Change in layer's service implementation: transparent to rest of system
▪ e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t affect rest of system
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Layered Internet Protocol Stack
• Network Edge
• Network Core
▪ Application: supporting network applications
▪ HTTP, IMAP, SMTP, DNS
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security
• History application
application
Application Layer ▪ Transport: process-process data transfer
Transport Layer
▪ TCP, UDP transport
transport
Data Plane &
▪ Network: routing of datagrams from source to destination

Control Plane: The
Network Layer
network
The Link Layer and
LANs ▪ IP, routing protocols
Wireless and Mobile link
Networks
▪ Link: data transfer between neighboring network elements
▪ Ethernet, 802.11 (WiFi), PPP physical
▪ Physical: bits “on the wire”
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and the Internet
Services, Layering and Encapsulation
• Network Edge
• Network Core
• Performance
• Protocol Layers M
• Security
• History application Application exchanges messages to implement some application
application service using services of transport layer
Application Layer
Ht M
Transport Layer transport Transport-layer protocol transfers M (e.g., reliably) from one
transport
Data Plane & process to another, using services of network layer
Control Plane: The
Network Layer
network ▪ transport-layer protocol encapsulates network
The Link Layer and
LANs application-layer message, M, with transport
Wireless and Mobile link layer-layer header Ht to create a transport-layer link
Networks segment
• Ht used by transport layer protocol to physical
physical
implement its service
source destination
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Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• Network Edge
• Network Core
• Performance
• Security
• History application application
Application Layer
Ht M
Transport Layer transport Transport-layer protocol transfers M (e.g., reliably) from one
transport
Data Plane & process to another, using services of network layer
Control Plane: The
Network Layer
network Hn Ht M network
The Link Layer and Network-layer protocol transfers transport-layer segment [Ht | M]
LANs
from one host to another, using link layer services
Wireless and Mobile link link
Networks
▪ network-layer protocol encapsulates
physical transport-layer segment [Ht | M] with physical
network layer-layer header Hn to create a
source
network-layer datagram destination
• Hn used by network layer protocol to
implement its service
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Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• Network Edge
• Network Core
• Performance
• Security
• History application application
Application Layer
Ht M
Transport Layer transport transport
Data Plane &
Control Plane: The
Network Layer
network Hn Ht M network
The Link Layer and Network-layer protocol transfers transport-layer segment [Ht | M]
LANs
from one host to another, using link layer services
Wireless and Mobile link Hl Hn Ht M link
Networks
Link-layer protocol transfers datagram [Hn| [Ht |M] from host to
physical neighboring host, using network-layer services physical
▪ link-layer protocol encapsulates network
source datagram [Hn| [Ht |M], with link-layer header Hl destination
to create a link-layer frame
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Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
• Network Edge
• Network Core
• Performance
• Security
• History
application M application
Application Layer message
Ht M
Transport Layer transport Ht M transport
Data Plane & segment
Control Plane: The
Network Layer network Hn Ht M Hn Ht M network
The Link Layer and datagram
LANs
Hl Hn Ht M link
Wireless and Mobile
link Hl Hn Ht M
Networks frame
physical physical
source destination
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Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
Encapsulation: An End-to-End View
• Network Edge
• Network Core source
• Performance
• Protocol Layers message M application
• Security segment
• History
Htt M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
Application Layer
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
Transport Layer
physical
Data Plane &
Control Plane: The link
Network Layer
physical
The Link Layer and
LANs
switch
Wireless and Mobile
Networks
destination Hn Ht M network
M application Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical
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Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
Network security
• Network Edge
• Network Core
▪ Internet not originally designed with (much) security in mind
▪ Original vision: “a group of mutually trusting users attached to a
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security
• History
transparent network”
Application Layer
Transport Layer
▪ Internet protocol designers playing “catch-up”
Data Plane &
Control Plane: The
▪ Security considerations in all layers!
Network Layer
The Link Layer and

LANs
▪ We now need to think about:
Wireless and Mobile
Networks
▪ How bad guys can attack computer networks
▪ How we can defend networks against attacks
▪ How to design architectures that are immune to attacks
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Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
Bad Guys: Packet Interception
• Network Edge
• Network Core
Packet “sniffing”:
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security
• History
▪ Broadcast media (shared Ethernet, wireless)
Application Layer
▪ Promiscuous network interface reads/records all packets (e.g.,
including passwords!) passing by
Transport Layer
Data Plane &

Control Plane: The
Network Layer
The Link Layer and A C

LANs
Wireless and Mobile

Networks
src:B dest:A payload

B
Wireshark software used for our end-of-chapter labs is a (free) packet-sniffer
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Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
Bad Guys: Fake Identity
• Network Edge
• Network Core
IP spoofing:
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security
• History
▪ Injection of packet with false source address
Application Layer
Transport Layer
Data Plane &

Control Plane: The A C
Network Layer
The Link Layer and

LANs
Wireless and Mobile

Networks src:B dest:A payload
B
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Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
Bad Guys: Denial of Service
• Network Edge
• Network Core
Denial of Service (DoS):
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security
• History
▪ Attackers make resources (server,
Application Layer bandwidth) unavailable to
Transport Layer
legitimate traffic by overwhelming
resource with bogus traffic
Data Plane &
Control Plane: The
Network Layer
The Link Layer and 1. Select target

LANs
target
Wireless and Mobile
Networks
2. Break into hosts around the
network (see botnet)
3. Send packets to target from
compromised hosts
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Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
Lines of Defense
• Network Edge
• Network Core
▪ Authentication: Proving you are who you say you are
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
▪ Cellular networks provides hardware identity via SIM card; no such hardware assist
• Security
• History
in traditional Internet
Application Layer
▪ Confidentiality: Via encryption
Transport Layer
Data Plane &

Control Plane: The
▪ Integrity checks: Digital signatures prevent/detect tampering
Network Layer
The Link Layer and

▪ Access restrictions: Password-protected VPNs
LANs
Wireless and Mobile ▪ Firewalls: Specialized “middleboxes” in access and core networks:
Networks
▪ Off-by-default: filter incoming packets to restrict senders, receivers, applications
▪ Detecting/reacting to DOS attacks
… lots more on security (throughout, Chapter 8)

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Internet History
• Network Edge
• Network Core
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
▪ 1961: Kleinrock - queueing theory shows effectiveness of packet-
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security
• History
switching
Application Layer
Transport Layer ▪ 1964: Baran - packet-switching in military nets

Data Plane &
Control Plane: The
Network Layer
▪ 1967: ARPAnet conceived by Advanced Research Projects Agency
The Link Layer and
LANs ▪ 1969: First ARPAnet node operational
Wireless and Mobile
Networks ▪ 1972:
▪ ARPAnet public demo
▪ NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-host protocol
▪ First e-mail program
▪ ARPAnet has 15 nodes
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Internet History
• Network Edge
• Network Core
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
proprietary networks Cerf and Kahn’s
• Security
• History
▪ 1970: ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii internetworking
Application Layer principles:
Transport Layer ▪ 1974: Cerf and Kahn - architecture for ▪ Minimalism, autonomy
Data Plane & interconnecting networks - no internal changes
Control Plane: The
Network Layer
required to
The Link Layer and ▪ 1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC interconnect networks
LANs
▪ Best-effort service
Wireless and Mobile
Networks
▪ Late 70’s: proprietary architectures: DECnet, model
SNA, XNA ▪ Stateless routing
▪ Decentralized control
▪ 1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes
Define today’s Internet
architecture
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Internet History
• Network Edge
• Network Core
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks
▪ 1983: Deployment of TCP/IP
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security
• History
Application Layer ▪ 1982: SMTP e-mail protocol defined

Transport Layer
Data Plane &

▪ 1983: DNS defined for name-to-IP-address translation
▪ 1985: FTP protocol defined
Control Plane: The
Network Layer
The Link Layer and

LANs
▪ 1988: TCP congestion control
Wireless and Mobile
Networks
▪ New national networks: CSnet, BITnet, NSFnet, Minitel
▪ 100,000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
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Internet History
• Network Edge
• Network Core
1990, 2000s: commercialization, the Web, new applications
• Performance
• Protocol Layers ▪ Early 1990s: ARPAnet decommissioned
• Security
• History
▪ 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use of NSFnet (decommissioned, 1995)
Application Layer
Transport Layer ▪ Early 1990s: Web

Data Plane & ▪ hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960’s]
Control Plane: The
Network Layer ▪ HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee
The Link Layer and
LANs ▪ 1994: Mosaic, later Netscape
Wireless and Mobile ▪ Late 1990s: commercialization of the Web
Networks
▪ Late 1990s – 2000s:
▪ More killer apps: instant messaging, P2P file sharing
▪ Network security to forefront
▪ Est. 50 million host, 100 million+ users
▪ Backbone links running at Gbps
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Internet History
• Network Edge
• Network Core
2005-present: scale, SDN, mobility, cloud
▪ Aggressive deployment of broadband home access (10-100’s Mbps)
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security
• History
Application Layer ▪ 2008: software-defined networking (SDN)

Transport Layer
Data Plane &

▪ Increasing ubiquity of high-speed wireless access: 4G/5G, WiFi
▪ Service providers (Google, FB, Microsoft) create their own networks
Control Plane: The
Network Layer
The Link Layer and

LANs ▪ Bypass commercial Internet to connect “close” to end user, providing “instantaneous” access
Wireless and Mobile
to social media, search, video content, …
Networks
▪ Enterprises run their services in “cloud” (e.g., Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure)
▪ Rise of smartphones: more mobile than fixed devices on Internet (2017)
▪ ~18B devices attached to Internet (2017)
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Additional Chapter 1 slides
• Network Edge
• Network Core
ISO/OSI reference model
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security
Two layers not found in Internet protocol
• History
stack!
Application Layer
Transport Layer ▪ Presentation: allow applications to interpret

Data Plane &
Control Plane: The
meaning of data, e.g., encryption,
Network Layer
compression, machine-specific conventions
The Link Layer and
LANs
Wireless and Mobile

▪ Session: synchronization, checkpointing,
Networks recovery of data exchange
▪ Internet stack “missing” these layers!
▪ These services, if needed, must be implemented
in application
▪ Needed?
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Chapter 1
Computer Networks
and the Internet
Additional Chapter 1 slides
• Network Edge
• Network Core
Wireshark
• Performance
• Protocol Layers
• Security application
• History (www browser,
packet email client)
Application Layer
analyzer
Transport Layer
application
Data Plane &
Control Plane: The OS
Network Layer
The Link Layer and packet Transport (TCP/UDP)

LANs capture copy of all Network (IP)
Ethernet frames
Wireless and Mobile (pcap) sent/received Link (Ethernet)
Networks
Physical
102
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Chapter 1

Computer Networks and the Internet

The Link Layer and output link capacity

The Link Layer and

average queueing delay

Application Layer ▪ R: link bandwidth (bit transmission rate)

The Link Layer and

* Do some traceroutes from exotic countries at www.traceroute.org

The Link Layer and

Wireless and Mobile

Transport Layer link

Wireless and Mobile

Data Plane &

Wireless and Mobile

10 connections (fairly) share

▪ Links Of various media

▪And/or our discussion

The Link Layer and

The Link Layer and

How would you define/discuss the system of airline travel?

The Link Layer and

Layers: Each layer implements a service

▪ Modularization eases maintenance,

The Link Layer and

▪ Network: routing of datagrams from source to destination

▪ Physical: bits “on the wire”

The Link Layer and

Data Plane &

The Link Layer and A C

Wireless and Mobile

src:B dest:A payload

Wireshark software used for our end-of-chapter labs is a (free) packet-sniffer

Data Plane &

The Link Layer and

Wireless and Mobile

The Link Layer and 1. Select target

Data Plane &

The Link Layer and

… lots more on security (throughout, Chapter 8)

Transport Layer ▪ 1964: Baran - packet-switching in military nets

Application Layer ▪ 1982: SMTP e-mail protocol defined

Data Plane &

The Link Layer and

Transport Layer ▪ Early 1990s: Web

Application Layer ▪ 2008: software-defined networking (SDN)

Data Plane &

The Link Layer and

Transport Layer ▪ Presentation: allow applications to interpret

Wireless and Mobile

The Link Layer and packet Transport (TCP/UDP)

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