Balanced failure: Balanced section using ES-EN 1992_2015

In a balanced failure, steel reaches a strain of 0.002 and concrete reaches a strain of 0.0035
simultaneously. When both concrete and steel are yielded simultaneously the value of k lim and
 b can be calculated:

x C
d h d Z = d - 0.4x

Cross section Strain distribution Idealized stress block

s  cu 0.002 0.0035
 = 
dx x dx x
From equilibrium, C = T, 0.8xb b fcd = As fyd = ρbbd fyd; but xb = 0.636d
0.509 f cd
Substituting for xb, b 
f yd

If ρ < ρb, x < xb, k < klim-------The section is under-reinforced/ singly reinforced
If ρ >ρb, x > xb, k > klim -------The section is over-reinforced/ doubly reinforced
Control over depth of neutral axis
To ensure rotation of the plastic hinges with sufficient yielding of the tension steel and also to
allow for other factors such as the strain hardening of the steel, Clause 5.5 in EN 1992-1-1 give
limits to the neutral axis depth at the ultimate limit state as a function of the amount of
redistribution carried out in the analysis

The recommended value for

k1 = 0.44, k2 is 1.25 (0.6+0.0014/ecu2), k3 = 0.54, k4 = 1.25 (0.6+0.0014/ecu2)
For fck ≤ 50 Mpa and taking k1 = 0.44 and k2 = 1.25;
Where δ = % moment redistribution, = Moment after redistribution
Original moment or elastic bending moment
When no moment is redistributed, δ = 1. In such a case, or, xu = 0.448d

So the ultimate moment that singly reinforced beam can support is

Mu = 0.8x b fcd (d – 0.4x) = 0.8(0.448d) b fcd [d – 0.4(0.448d)]
Mu = 0.295fcd b d2.
Trail section k =

Eg 1. Determine depth of neutral axis for the section shown in figure. C16/20 concrete and
steel grade of 420 MPa is used.

Solution: d = 400mm b = 200mm

0.85 f ck 0.85 *16
For C16/20, fcd =  = 9.1MPa
c 1.5
fyk = 420 MPa,
f yk 420
fyd =   365.22MPa
s 1.15
From equilibrium, C = T, 0.8xb fcd = As fyd = ρbd fyd

x
As f yd

3 *  (20) / 4* 365.22  236.41mm
2

0.8bf cd 0.8 * 200 * 9.1

OR
0.509 f cd
b  = 0.509*9.1/365.22 = 0.013
f yd
 A 3 *  * 20 2 / 4
  s = = 0.012
bd 200 * 400
   b Therefore the section is under reinforced.
Eg 2. In the previous problem, if the reinforcements provided are 4 numbers of 20 mm
diameter rods, find the depth of neutral axis and the moment carrying capacity of the
section.
Solution: fcd = 9.1MPa; fyd = 365.22 MPa;

x
As f yd

4 *  (20) / 4* 365.22  315.21mm
2

0.8bf cd 0.8 * 200 * 9.1

Also,
 b = 0.013 (as determined in the previous problem

As 4 *  * 202 / 4
  = = 0.0157
bd 200 * 400
  b Therefore the section is over reinforced or doubly reinforced.
Moment capacity = Mu = 0.8x b fcd (d – 0.4x)
= 0.8 * 315.21 * 200 * 9.1* [400 – 0.4(315.21)] * 10-6
= 125.71 kNm
Eg 3. Determine the moment of resistance of the section shown in figure. C20/25 concrete
and steel having fyk = 415 MPa are used.

Solution: d = 310 mm; b = 250 mm;

0.85 f ck 0.85 * 20
For C20/25, fcd =  = 11.33 MPa
c 1.5
For steel fyk = 415 MPa,
 f yk 415
fyd =   360.87MPa
s 1.15

From equilibrium C = T

x
As f yd

3 *  (12) / 4* 360.87  54.03mm
2

0.8bf cd 0.8 * 250 *11.33

Moment of resistance Mu = As fyd [d – 0.4x]

= (3 * π * 122/4) * 360.87 * [310 – 0.4(54.03)] * 10-6 = 35.31 kNm
Eg 4. Calculate the area of steel required for a singly reinforced concrete beam 200 mm
wide and 400 mm deep to resist an ultimate moment of 60 kNm. Concrete mix C20/25 and
steel having fyk = 500 MPa are used. Consider effective cover as equal to 40 mm.

Solution:
Step 1: Calculate the material design strength
0.85 f ck 0.85 * 20
For C20/25, fcd =  = 11.33 MPa
c 1.5

f yk 500
For steel fyk = 500 MPa, fyd =   434.78MPa
s 1.15
Effective depth d = overall depth – effective cover
d = 400 – 40 = 360 mm
Step 2: Use equilibrium of forces to estimate the value of kx (neutral axis depth constant)
From equilibrium of moments

But: ( )

( )

Substitute and rearranging it;

 √

Solving kx for M = 60 kNm

kx = 0..179 < klim =0.636 the section is singly reinforced or under reinforced.
So neutral axis depth x = kx*d = 0.179*360 = 64.3mm
Step 3: Compute the area of reinforcement

Use 12 mm dia of bar

Number of bar

Provide 4 numbers of 12 mm diameter rods. As,pro = = 452.16 mm2 > 412 mm2 OK!
Step 4: Check the minimum and maximum area of reinforcement
 minimum reinforcement
The area of longitudinal tension reinforcement should not be taken as less than As,min

fctm = 0.3 fck2/3 ≤ C50/60 or determine from ES-EN, table 3.1

=0.3 202/3 = 2.2
mm2 0.0013*200*360 = 93.6mm2

Therefore
 maximum reinforcement
As,max = 0.04*Ac but, Ac = b*d = 200*360 = 72,000mm2
= 0.04*72000 = 2,880 mm2 >
Eg 5. A singly reinforced beam of concrete grade C20/25 has to resist an ultimate moment
of 90 kNm. Determine the limiting depth of the section (based on 0 percent redistribution of
moments) and reinforcement if the percentage reinforcement is 0.9% with a steel grade of
fyk = 420 MPa. Consider b = 250 mm.
Solution

Step 1: Calculate the material design strength

0.85 f ck 0.85 * 20
For C20/25 fcd =  = 11.33 MPa.
c 1.5

f yk 420
For steel fyk = 420 MPa, fyd =   365.22MPa
s 1.15
Step 2: Check the section
0.509 f cd
b   0.509 * 11.33 / 365.22  0.0158
f yd

Percentage reinforcement = 0.9% = (As/bd)*100

ρ required in the design = (As/bd) = 0.9/100 = 0.009
   b Therefore the section is under reinforced.

Step 3: Determine the limiting depth of section for 0% redistribution of moments

Mu 90 *106
d   328.19 mm
0.295* b * f cd 0.295* 250 *11.33
Take d = 330mm
Step 4: Calculate the reinforcement
Area of steel required As = ρbd = 0.009 * 250 * 330 = 742.5 mm2
742.5
Number of 16 mm dia rods =  3.69
( *162 /4)
Provide 4 numbers of 16 mm diameter rods.
Eg 6. Design a rectangular beam for 4 m effective span which is subjected to a dead load of
15 kN/m and a live load of 12 kN/m. Use C20/25 concrete and steel having fyk = 400 MPa.

Solution
Step 1: Calculate the material design strength
0.85 f ck
0.85 * 20
For C25, fcd =  = 11.33 MPa
c 1.5
f yk 400
For steel fyk = 300 MPa, fyd =   347.83MPa
 s 1.15
Step 2: Calculate the concrete cover
 Assume; b = 250mm, ɸmain = 20mm diameter of reinforcement and ɸlink=8mm
 Nominal cover, Cnom:
Cnom = Cmin + ΔCdev
Where
Cmin = max [Cmin,b; Cmin,dur; 10mm]
Where
Cmin,b = minimum cover due to bond
= diameter of bar = 20mm Assumed
Cmin,dur = minimum cover due to environmental conditions. Assuming XC3
(moderate humidity) and structural class S4
= 25 mm
Therefore Cmin = 25mm
ΔCdev = allowance in design for deviation. Take the recommended value.
= 10 mm
Therefore Concrete cover = Cnom = 25 + 10 = 35 mm
Step 3: Determine the effective depth
 Assume no compression steel is needed (Singly reinforced)
 Calculate the moment ignoring the self-weight of beam to get the trail value of d
Factored load = 1.35Gk + 1.5 Qk
= 1.35*15 + 1.5*12 = 38.25kN/m
wl 2 38.25 * 4 2
Mu =   76.5kNm
8 8

Mu
Depth required for limiting section d =
0.295 * b * f cd

76.5 *106
  302.58 mm
0.295* 250 *11.33
Consider the effective depth of 305 mm
Trial 1
Over all depth h = d + Cc + ɸlink + ɸmain/2
= 305 + 35 + 8 + 20/2 = 358 mm Round off to 360mm
 Check the depth
Self-weight of the beam = 0.25 * 0.36 * 25 = 2.25 kN/m
Given dead load = 15 kN/m
Total dead load = 15 + 2.25 = 17.25 kN/m
Given live load = 12 kN/m
Factored load = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
= 1.35(17.25) + 1.5 (12) = 41.29kN/m
wl 2 41.29 * 4 2
Mu =   82.58kNm
8 8

Mu
Depth required for limiting section d =
0.295 * b * f cd

82.58 *106
  314.37 mm
0.295* 250 *11.33
Consider the effective depth of 315 mm
Trial 2
Overall depth h = 315 + 35 + 10 + 8 = 368 mm Round off to 370mm
 Check the depth
Self-weight of the beam = 0.25 * 0.37 * 25 = 2.31 kN/m
Given dead load = 15 kN/m
Total dead load = 15 + 2.31 = 17.31 kN/m
Given live load = 12 kN/m
Factored load = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
= 1.35(17.31) + 1.5 (12) = 41.37kN/m
wl 2 41.37 * 4 2
Mu =   82.74kNm
8 8

82.74 *106
Depth required for limiting section d   314.63 mm
0.295* 250 *11.33
Consider the effective depth of 315 mm.
Therefore Overall depth h = 315 + 35 + 10 + 8 = 368 mm Round off to 370mm
Provided effective depth is = d = 370 – 35 – 10 – 8 = 317mm.
Check the depth for the limited span to effective depth ratio (ES-EN 1992 table 7.4)
 For simply supported beam
Span/depth = l/d = 4000/317 = 12.62 < 14 (concrete highly stressed)...…OK!
Step 4: Use equilibrium of forces to estimate the value of kx (neutral axis depth constant)
From equilibrium of moments

Solving kx for M = 82.74 kNm

kx = 0..266 < 0.448 No compressive bar is needed, the section is singly reinforced.
So neutral axis depth x = kx*d = 0.266*317 = 84.3mm
Step 5: Compute the area of reinforcement

Use 20 mm dia of bar

Number of bar

Provide 3 numbers of 20 mm diameter rods. As,pro = 3 = 3*314 = 942.48 mm2 > 843.76
mm2 OK!
Step 6: Check the minimum and maximum area of reinforcement
 minimum reinforcement
The area of longitudinal tension reinforcement should not be taken as less than As,min

fctm = 0.3 fck2/3 ≤ C50/60 or determine from ES-EN, table 3.1

=0.3 202/3 = 2.2
mm2 0.0013*250*317 = 103.03mm2

Therefore
 maximum reinforcement
 As,max = 0.04*Ac but, Ac = b*d = 250*317 = 79,250mm2
= 0.04*79250 = 3170 mm2 >
Eg 1. Calculate the moment of resistance of a doubly reinforced beam of rectangular section of
size 300mm x 480mm, reinforced with 6 – Φ20mm on tension side and 3 - Φ20mm on
compression side. Use C20/25 concrete and steel having yield strength fyk of 400 MPa.
Solution: For C20/25, fck = 20 MPa
0.85 f ck 0.85 * 20
fcd =  = 11.33 MPa
c 1.5
For steel fyk = 400 MPa,
f 400
fyd = yk   347.83MPa
 s 1.15

For balanced section, Cc = 0.8x b fcd; Csc = As2 fyd; T = As fyd

For equilibrium, Cc + Cs = T
( As  As 2 ) f yd
i.e. 0.8x b fcd + As2 fyd = As fyd; Therefore, x 
0.8bfcd

 6 *  (20) 2 3 *  (20) 2 
  
( As  Asc ) f yd  4 4  * 347.83
Assuming that steel yields, x  =
0.8bfcd 0.8 * 300 *11.33
=120.56mm
Considering 4 numbers of rods provided in one row and 2 others provided in another row,
The value of effective cover to tension steel is found as shown.
Effective cover to tension steel = {4(53) + 2(98)}/6 = 68 mm
Therefore effective depth d = 480 – 68 = 412 mm
The effective cover to compression steel d2 = 53 mm
x  d2 120.56  53
εs2 = 0.0035* = 0.0035*
x 120.56
= 0.00225 > {εyd = fyd/Es = 0.00174}
Hence the assumption is correct.
Mu = 0.8x.b.fcd (d – 0.4x) + Asc fyd (d – d2)
= {0.8*120.56*300*11.33*[412 – 0.4(120.56)] + (3*π*202/4)*347.83[412 – 53]}*10-6
= 236.89 kN.m
Eg 2. For the same section given in the previous problem, if the compression steel is 4 -
Φ20mm, determine the moment of resistance of the section.
Solution: Assuming that the compression steel yields,

 6 *  (20) 2 4 *  (20) 2 
  
( As  Asc ) f yd  4 4  * 347.83
x =
0.8bfcd 0.8 * 300*11.33
= 80.37 mm
x  d2 80.37  53
εs2 = 0.0035* = 0.0035*
x 80.37
= 0.00119 < {εyd = fyd/Es =347.83/2x10^5)= 0.00174}
The assumption is not correct.
but for bottom steel
dx 412  80.37
εs = 0.0035* = 0.0035*  0.0144 > εyd
x 80.37
Therefore, fs can be taken as fyd
For equilibrium, Cc + Csc = T;
x  d2
i.e. 0.8x b fcd + Asc 0.0035* Es = As fyd;
x
4 *  ( 20) 2 x  53 6 *  (20) 2
0.8 * x * 300 * 11.33 + * 0.0035* 2*105 = * 347.83
4 x 4
On solving, x = 96.06 mm
 x  d2
Mu = 0.8x b fcd(d – 0.4x) + Asc 0.0035* Es *(d - d2)
x
4 *  ( 20) 2
={0.8(96.06)(300)(11.33)[412-0.4(96.06)]}+ *[0.0035 ]*2*105*(412-53)*10-
4
Mu=239.07 kN.m
Eg 3. Design a rectangular RC section to resist an ultimate moment 360 kNm . The
dimensions of the beam are limited to b/d = 350mm/500mm for architectural reason. Use
C25 concrete and steel grade of 400Mpa. Cover to the reinforcement at both side =55mm.
Solution:

fcd= =11.33MPa , fyd= 400/1.15 =347.83MPa

M1=0.295*350*5002*11.33*10-6 =292.46< 360KNm

The section has to be designed as doubly reinforced. So take

( )

∆M=360 – 292.46 =67.54KNm

No. of 20mm nods= = 7.97 Provide 8 No. of 20mm diameter rods.

⁄

x = 0.448d = 0.448(500) = 224mm

[ ]

=528.13Mpa. > ffd Use fsc=fyd=347.83Mpa.

Provide 3 No. of 14mm diameter rods.

 T-Beams and L- Beams
Example 1. A beam simply supported over a span of 6m carries a super imposed load of
40kN/m. The center to center spacing of beams is 3m. Design the mid span section of an
intermediate beam as a T-beam for the following additional data.
Thickness of the slab=120mm, Width of web= 200mm
Total depth of beam=600mm, Concrete grade= C20/25
Steel grade= fyk = 400
Solution:
f ck  20Mpa , f cd  11.33Mpa f yk  400Mpa , f yd  347.8.Mpa

using stirrup of 6mm and 20mm longitudinal bar

d  600  25  6  10  559mm
lo = 0.15(l1 + l2) = 0.15(3000+3000) = 900mm
b1 = b2 = (3000-200)/2 =1400mm
beff1 = 0.2b1 + 0.1*lo = 0.2*1400 + 0.1*900 = 370mm 0.2*lo = 0.2*900 =180mm < b1 =1400 ok
hence, beff,1 = 180mm
beff,2 = 0.2b2 + 0.1*lo = 0.2*1400 + 0.1*900 = 370mm 0.2*lo = 0.2*900 =180mm< b2 =1400 ok
beff,2 = 180mm
Therefore beff   beff, i  bw  b
b = (l1 + l2)/2 = (3000+3000)/2 = 3000mm
= 180+180+200 = 560mm < b = 3000mm
Dead load of beam = (0.56*0.12 + 0.2* 0.48)*25 = 4.08 kN/m
Imposed load 40 kN/m
Total factored load= 1.35*4.08 + 1.5*40 = 65.51kN/m
wl 2 65.51  6 2
Design Moment M    294.8kNm
8 8
Assuming the neutral axis to fall in the flange,
Mu  0.8xbefcd (d  0.4 x)
294.8  106  0.8x(560)(11.33)(559  0.4 x)
x 2  1397.5 x  145197.64  0
x = 113.04mm OR x = 1284.46mm
Taking the reasonable value x  113.04mm and comparing it with h f  120mm
x  h f . This implies that the neutral axis falls within the flange. Therefore the beam is
designed as a rectangular beam.
0.8xbefcd 0.8  113.04x560  11.33
As    1649.58mm 2
f yd 347.83
 1649.58
Number of  20mm rods=  5.25  6
 (20 2 ) / 4
Therefore, provide 6 20 bars
The provided effective width for placing these bars is = 200  2 * 25  2 * 6  138m
But these bars need 6  5 * s  6  20  5  20  220mm effective width to be placed in single
row. Since this length is greater than the actual effective width let us try a two row arrangement.
For two row arrangement the bars need 3  2 s  3  20  2  20  100mm effective width. Which
is less than the effective width and it shows that the two row arrangement is possible.

6mm stirrup

25m
m

20 20
3  (25  6  )  3  (25  6  20  25  )
d' 2 2
6

d '  63.5  64mm

d  D  d '  600  64  536mm
Again assuming the neutral axis in the flange,
Mu  0.8 xbefcd (d  0.4 x)
294.8  106  (0.8) x(560)(11.33)(536  0.4 x)
 x 2  1340x  145197.64  0
x  118.91mm  h f  120mm
Therefore, the neutral axis falls in the flange. the beam is designed as a rectangular beam.
0.8xbefcd 0.8  118.91 560  11.33
As    1735.24mm 2
f yd 347.83
1735.24
No of  20 bars needed =  5.53  6 hence ok.
  20 2
( )
4
Example 2. Design a T-beam with be =1000mm, h f =100mm, bw =250mm, d =450mm. Use
f ck =20N/mm2 and f yd =400 Mpa . M =470kNm
Solution:
Assuming the N.A. to fall in the flange,
Mu  0.8 xbefcd (d  0.4 x)
 470  106  0.8  x  1000 14.1667  (450  0.4 x)
This give rise to a quadratic equation,
x 2  1125x  103676.2266  0
x  101.27mm
0.8x  81.02mm  100mm, h f
Therefore, the beam is designed as a rectangular beam.
0.8xbefcd 0.8  101.27  1000 14.1667
As    2889.41mm 2
f yd 400
No of  24 bars= 6.39  7
Use 7 24 bars
Example 3. Design a T-beam with be =1000mm, h f =100mm, bw =250mm, d =450mm. Use
C20/25concrete and S460 steel. Moment to be resisted is 470 kNm.

Solution:
f cd  11.33Mpa , f yd  400Mpa
Assuming the N.A. to fall in the flange,
Mu  0.8 xbefcd (d  0.4 x)
470  106  0.8  x  1000 11.33  (450  0.4 x)
This give rise to a quadratic equation and after solving it,
x  130.33mm
0.8x  104.26mm  100mm, h f
Therefore, the beam is designed as a T- beam.
f (be  bw)h f 11.33  (1000  250)  100
Asf  cd   2124.38mm 2
f yd 400
M sf  Asf f yd (d  hf )  2124.38  400  (450  100 )  339.9kNm
2 2
M sw  470  339.9  130.1kNm
Now let us provide the reinforcement for this remaining moment M sw

M sw  0.8 xbwfcd (d  0.4 x)

130.1  106  0.8  x  250  11.33  (450  0.4 x)
This give rise to a quadratic equation and after solving it,
x  146.72mm
M sw 130.1  106
Now Asw    831.18mm 2
f yd (d  0.4 x) 400  (450  0.4  146.72)
The total area of reinforcement will sum up to be
As f  As w  2124.38  831.18  2955.6mm 2
One-way slab
Example 1 Design a one-way simply supported RC slab, which has a span of 3m and
carries a variable load 3 kN/m2. Use C20/25 grade of concrete and fyk = 400MPa.
Solution
f ck  20Mpa , f cd  11.33Mpa f yk  400Mpa , f yd  347.8.Mpa

From Table 7.4 N ES-EN

l/d = 20 for Concrete lightly stressed
d= l/20 = 3000/20 = 150mm
take concrete cover for XC1 and structural class S4 = 15mm and Cdv = 10mm and 10mm dia. of
reinforcement
Therefore the total depth of slab is;
h = d + cc + ɸ/2
= 150 + 25 + 5 = 180mm
Dead load of slab = 0.18*25 = 4.5 kN/m2
Design load = 1.35DL + 1.5LL
= 1.35*4.5 + 1.5*3 = 10.575 kN/m2
Design momend = Msd = wl2/8 = 10.575*32/8 = 11.9 kN.m/m

For 1m width slab check the depth required

Mu
Depth required for limiting section d =
0.295 * b * f cd

11.9 * 106
Depth required for limiting section d   59.67 mm < 150m OK!
0.295 * 1000 * 11.33
Trail section k =
= 11.9*10^6/(1000*150^2*11.33) = 0.047 so no compression bar is needed!
The lever arm is calculated as;
[ √ ]

[ √ ]
Check with z = 0.95*d = 0.95*150 = 142.5mm
Therefore;

The assumption that concrete is lightly

stressed is correct.
 CHAPTER THREE EXAMPLES

SHEAR IN BEAMS

Eg: 1. A RC beam 250 mm wide and 400 mm effective depth is subjected to a factored shear
force of 23kN at quarter span. Design the shear reinforcement at that section. If the shear force
at the critical section for shear is 85 kN, find the spacing of 6 mm diameter stirrup at the support.
At quarter span section the longitudinal tension reinforcement to be taken for shear calculations
shall be 6 numbers of 16 mm diameter rods and that at critical section shall be 3 numbers of 16
mm diameter rods. Materials used are C20/25 concrete and fyk 400 steel.

Eg: 2. A RC beam has an effective depth of 300 mm and breadth of 150 mm. It is reinforced
with 4 – 20 mm diameter rods of S400 grade in tension. Determine the shear resistance of
concrete alone and the resistance offered by the section for diagonal compression failure if
(a) C16/20 concrete is used;
(b) C25/30 concrete is used.
(c)
Eg: 3. A RC beam is 200 mm wide and 400 mm effective depth. At a particular section it has
0.9% tension steel and is provided with 8 mm – 2 legged stirrups at 200 mm c/c. Calculate the
shear resistance of the section. Concrete grade C25 and steel having fyk = 400 MPa are used.